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Assessment of Inflammatory Markers IL- 6 and TNF- Alpha in Newly Diagnosed Type II Diabetics without Hypertension in Comparison with Non-Diabetic Normotensive Subjects
No full textBackground: The present study was conducted to assess inflammatory markers IL- 6 and TNF- alpha in newly diagnosed type II diabetics without hypertension. Subjects and Methods: 68 types of II diabetes mellitus patients and equal numbers of normotensive non-diabetic subjects were also recruited. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, TNF- alpha and IL- 6 were determined. Results: The mean IL- 6 level in group I was 17.4 pg/ml and in group II was 4.2 pg/ml. TNF- alpha level in group I was 35.8 pg/ml and in group II was 12.5 pg/ml. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: TNF- alpha and IL- 6 level was higher among diabetic patients as compared to healthy normotensive non-diabetic subjects. 
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications In Type 2 Diabetes Milletus
No full textBackground: Long-term damage and malfunction of various organ systems can be linked to diabetes and its related complications. The objective is to evaluate the microvascular and macrovascular complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Subjects and Methods: Patients with confirmed diabetes attending OPD were included. A detailed history is recorded for each individual case with diabetes mellitus, obesity, symptoms and family history with individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus. The physical examination was done for sensory and motor signs. Prevalence rates were typically calculated and standardized for age and sex for microvascular and macrovascular complications at baseline. Results: The overall number of patients examined was 100, of which 54% were male and 46% were female. The mean age of the patients in the sample was 53 years. The prevalence of diabetes increased with age. The prevalence of diabetes in elderly patients was maximum for 61 to 70 years of age. 29 percent of patients have a positive history of diabetes in the family. 13% of patients were smokers and all of them were males. The risk factor – Hypertension –19%, Obesity – 25% and hypercholesterolemia – 43% were present at the time of diagnosis. Conclusion: The general risk of microvascular and macrovascular problems is severe in patients with type 2 diabetes that are relatively early in the disease phase. Such findings indicate that the early risk factor may be actively changed, especially in regions with a high prevalence of complications. There are important correlations between predominant diabetes and the rising circumference and body mass index. Coronary artery disease, nephropathy and retinopathy have become particularly prevalent. 
Assessment of the Serum Levels of Nitric Oxide Among Diabetic Patients and its Correlation with Lipid Profile as Well as Oxidative Stress
No full textBackground: Diabetes mellitus is a disease with a rapidly increasing prevalence needing continue research for novel methods to both prevent and treat this disorder. The present study was conducted to assess the serum levels of Nitric Oxide (NO) among diabetic patients and its correlation with lipid profile as well as oxidative stress. Subjects & Methods: 120 patients with diabetes were divided into three groups: Group I typed 2 diabetics with dyslipidemia and hyperuricaemia, group II have typed 2 diabetics with dyslipidemia and normouricaemia and group III was type 2 diabetics with normolipidemic and normouricaemia. A thorough clinical assessment was performed. Lipid profile and nitric oxide were determined. Results: Age group 20-40 years had 10 in group I, 15 in group II and 10 in group III, 40-60 years had 15 in group I, 13 in group II and 20 in group III and age group >60 years had 15in group I, 12 in group II and 10 in group III. There were 25 males and 15 females in group I, 22 males and 18 females in group II and 20 males and 20 females in group II. BMI (Kg/m2) was 18.5- 24.9 seen 2 in group I, 4 in group II and 6 in group III, 25- 29.9 seen 14 in group I, 12 in group II and 22 in group III, 30-34.9 seen 8 in group I, 20 in group II and 10 in group III and >35 seen 16 in group I, 4 in group II and 2 in group III. There was a non-significant difference in HbA1c, TC, TG, HDL and LDL among different differences (P> 0.05). Conclusion: There was a role of Nitric Oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of type -2 diabetes mellitus with dyslipidemia and hyperuricaemia. 
Assessment of Association between Thyroid Disorders and Gout
No full textBackground: Thyroid hormones (THs) play their parts in multiple events, including development, growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Recently, attentions have been paid to THs again due to the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases, because THs boost the body energy metabolism. Hence; the present study was conducted for assessing association between thyroid disorders and gout. Subjects and Methods: A total of 50 subjects were enrolled. Complete demographic details of all the subjects were obtained. Out of 50 subjects, 25 subjects were of subclinical hypothyroidism while the remaining 25 subjects were healthy control. Complete demographic details of all the subjects were obtained. The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test was conducted in all the patients. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormonal tests were also carried out. The diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism was performed by the physician by interpreting the results of tests based on increased TSH levels based on the age and normal range of T3 and T4. Serum uric acid levels were obtained from all the patients and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. All the results were obtained and analysed by SPSS software. Results: Mean TSH levels of the subjects of the study group and control group was 9.2 mIU/L and 4.5 mIU/L. Significant results were obtained while comparing the mean TSH levels among the subjects of the study groups. However; non-significant results were obtained while comparing the mean uric acid levels among the patients of the study group and control group. Conclusion: From the above results, authors conclude that no significant correlation exist between thyroid disorders and gout. 
Efficacy of Gensini Score in Assessing the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease
No full textBackground: The present study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the Gensini score in the severity of CAD. Subjects & Methods: 100 hospitalized patients presenting as myocardial infarction (MI) (STEMI and NSTEMI), CAD without MI (CSA and UA) were recruited for the study. Plasma 25-OH Vit D level was measured by using the electrochemiluminesent immunoassay (ECLIA) method. Gensini score was recorded which was based on the percentage of luminal narrowing (25%: 1 point; 50%: 2 points; 75%: 4 points; 90%: 8 points; 99%: 16 points, and total occlusion: 32 points). Results: Severe vitamin D deficiency < 20ng/ml is seen in a total of 17 patients, out of which 9 patients were having SVD, 8 patients were having DVD, none of the patients having TVD and Normal Coronaries. Gensini score is calculated in all patients undergoing CAG. Mean Gensini score for DVD 34.75, for SVD 16. The mean vitamin D levels are correlated with the severity of coronary disease using the Gensini score. There is a trend towards increasing severity of coronary artery disease with decreasing levels of vitamin D levels with an odd ratio of 2.233. Conclusion: Authors found that Gensini score is useful in assessing severity of Coronary artery disease. 
A Study on the Prevalence of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in Medical Students
No full textBackground: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a common yet underdiagnosed mental health problem among women of reproductive age group with a significant potential to perturb the social, occupational, academic and interpersonal milieu of the suffering women. The aim of the study is to determine the frequency and severity of the premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in medical college students. The premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a common yet underdiagnosed mental health problem among women of reproductive age group with a significant potential to perturb the social, occupational, academic and interpersonal milieu of the suffering women. Subjects and Methods: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder was diagnosed based on Penn’s daily symptom rating scale (self-administered for 2 months) and an interview-based on diagnostic and statistical manual -5 diagnostic criteria for the premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Results: Overall 180 subjects were studied. The prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder was wound to be 11.11 % (n= 20). The most common symptoms found were fatigue irritability, mood swings and A significant correlation between the severity of premenstrual and menstrual difficulties was found with PMDD. Conclusion: The current study highlights the need for clinicians to assess for premenstrual dysphoric disorder in females visiting the hospital with premenstrual and menstrual complaints. 
A Study on Biochemical Parametrs in Patients with Rickettsial Infection
No full textBackground: The traditional views of tick-borne rickettsioses as endemic diseases with largely focal distributions and limited host and geographic ranges, predetermined seasonality and defined tick associations became obsolete or at least very incomplete. This expansion of awareness about the existence of other rickettsial agents with varied clinical and epidemiological attributes has been thoroughly reviewed but it has presented new challenges to the medical and public health communities. Subjects and Methods: The clinical presentation and multiple organ dysfunctions in these patients were evaluated with a special focus on the renal manifestation and hepatic manifestations. The study population included all the patients presenting fever, rash and were diagnosed with rickettsial disease by clinical examination. A total of 60 subjects, satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. The sample size was calculated assuming the expected proportion of rickettsial infection as 11% among fever cases as per previously published studies, with a precision of 8% and 95% confidence level. Results: The mean AST in the 80 titre was 140.43 ± 79.92, it was 285.89 ± 184.95 in 160 titre, 364.92 ± 89.69 in 320 titre group and 579.29 ± 106.26 in 640 titre group. The mean difference of AST 145.47 in 160 titre group was statistically significant (p value<0.001), 224.50 in 320 titre group was statistically significant (p value<0.001), and in 640 titre group 438.86 was statistically significant. (P- Value <0.001). Conclusion: The study has highlighted the need to have a high index of suspicion to enhance the diagnosis of ricketsial diseases and also the strong association between weilfelixtitre and liver and renal dysfunction. 
Study of Clinical Profile of CAPD Patients in Eastern India – A Clinical Observation
No full textBackground: The prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy is rising steadily in developed and developing countries. Currently, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and in-center hemodialysis (HD) are the two major modes of dialysis used to treat ESRD. Only 8% of PD patients are initiated on PD directly, 92% are shifted from HD There are several approaches to measuring peritoneal membrane function like peritoneal equilibration test (PET), the standard permeability analysis (SPA). Successful treatment with PD encompasses several important quality targets like Patient survival, Technique survival, Quality of life, Nutrition status. Complications includes Catheter malfunction, Exit site infection, Peritonitis, Fluid leaks. In this observational study of clinical profile of CAPD patients 40 patients were taken. Of the 40 patients included in study 72.5% were male and 27.5% were female. Various factors for preference of CAPD are remote places, expenditure (35%), cardiovascular morbidity (25%). The observations are out of 52 % had well maintained nutrition, KT/V score ranges from 1.2 to 7 with mean (SD) 3.88 ± 1.59, only 22.5% have peritonitis and catheter exit site infections. None had catheter removal. All our outcome (such as correction of anemia, nutritional status, clinical well-being, absence of edema) and biochemical parameters (for e.g. Peritoneal Equilibrium Test, weekly KT/V) will used to knowing the adequacy which is consistent to results of various national and international studies. 
Evaluation of Urinary Cytokines in Idiopathic Glomerulonephritis in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
No full textBackground: Idiopathic primary glomerular diseases include a group of disorders characterized by pathologic alterations in normal glomerular structure and function, independent of systemic disease processes. Inflammatory cytokines, including MCP-1 and IL-6, plays an important role in glomerular inflammation. In this study we determined whether the measurement of urinary MCP-1 and IL-6 might be useful in assessing the role of these urinary marker in idiopathic primary glomerulonephritis and its relationship with histopathological finding. We found in result the minimum level of MCP-1 and IL-6 was 5.6pg/ml and 7.69pg/ml and the maximum level of MCP-1 and IL-6 was 23.6pg/ml and 60.04pg/ml respectively. The mean and standard deviation were higher in nephrotic range proteinuria than nonnephrotic proteinria. Correlation of urinary MCP-1 and IL-6 with 24 hour urinary protein <3.5gm and ≥3.5gm were analysed. The correlation between urinary IL-6 and histopathological finding of idiopathic primary glomerular diseases were found statiscally significant (p value <0.05). In conclusion, we found that level of urinary MCP-1 was raised in patients with increase degree of interstitial fibrosis and tubulointerstitial infiltrates and urinary IL-6 was noted in high level increase with increase degree of glomerlosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and tublar atrophy. 
Renal Biopsy Findings in Lupus Nephritis and Their Correlation with Clinico-Biochemical Parameters
No full textBackground: This is an observational analysis wherein we contemplated renal biopsy discoveries of 50 patients of lupus nephritis (LN) and these biopsy discoveries were associated with clinical and biochemical parameters of the LN patients. The study included 50 patients of SLE diagnosed to have renal involvement. Renal biopsy was done in every one of the 50 patients and the outcomes were ordered by the ISN/RPS arrangement of LN. Clinical and biochemical parameters were examined in all patients and they were corresponded with renal biopsy discoveries. The different biochemical parameters in our investigation were-proteinuria (100%) , raised serum creatinine (56%). Mean 24 hour protein discharge was 2386+/ - 1810 mg/day at presentation.11(22%) patients had nephrotic range proteinuria and 8 (16%) patients had proteinuria <1gm/day. Nephrotic range proteinuria was seen in LN Class IV and Class V. Hematuria was available most ordinarily in LN Class IV (in 100%) while none of the Class II LN patients had hematuria. Hypertension was most ordinarily connected with Class III and Class IV LN. Mean serum creatinine was 2.53+/ - 1.92 mg/dl. Mean serum creatinine was relatively higher on Class IV LN than in different classes of LN. In our examination most regular kind of renal biopsy finding in lupus nephritis was LN Class IV. Most serious kind of LN is Class IV LN. LN patients may have mixed lesions of Class IV and Class V LN, which was found in 2 patients (4%) in our investigation. LN Class I and LN Class VI are exceptionally uncommon at introduction of LN which were not found in renal biopsy in our examination.