American Journal of Trade and Policy
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Inter-Sectorial Linkage of Economic Sectors and Their Contribution to Economic Growth: A Time Series Evidence from Ethiopia and China
Get PDFPurpose: The aim of this paper is to investigate the inter-sectorial linkage of economic sectors and their contribution to the economic growth using time series data from 1978-2014 and 1992-2014.
Design/methodology/approach: This study employed a Johansen cointegration test and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model.
Findings: The Johansen cointegration and multiple regression results indicate that all economic sectors have strong, positive and significant long-run and short-run relationship with economic growth during the study period in both countries. The result revealed that MNF giant is an engine for Chinese economic growth while agriculture took the lion-share for Ethiopian economy. The MNF has bi-directional Granger cause with economic growth, agriculture and SRV for China, while GDP and AGR are the only bi-directional Granger causes variables for Ethiopia.
Implications: Therefore, from a policy perspective, Ethiopian policymakers need to formulate agro-processing industries to ensure the transformation of the AGR to the MNF as well as maintain inter-sectorial linkage and sustain the country’s economic growth.
 
The Wild Differences in Law when Trading in Wild Animals: a US and EU Perspective
Get PDFThis paper aims to show the differences between a regular animal trade and trade in wildlife in the European Union (EU) and in the United States (USA/US). Although the ideas towards using the international sale of animals are similar in the US legal system and in the EU legal system, they have very different foundations. The European model aims for policy – neutral rules of private international law agreed on a multilateral basis, whereas the American approach uses unilateral rules of private international law based on a country’s own domestic interests. Even though there are still no binding international conflict of law rules that would apply to contracts between parties from the US and European countries, this problem could easily be solved in contract law by choosing the law applicable to the contract. However, though the conflict of law rules in the situation where one of the States of the USA is involved might be different in each case. That is the reason why the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was drafted. Unfortunately, the conclusion based on the material presented in the article is that CITES is not effective enough. Therefore, although the law on the sale of animals leads to similar solutions in USA and in EU, even though it is based on different legal systems (common law and civil law countries), it leads to totally different solutions concerning the law on wild animals.
 
Relationship between Remittance and Economic Growth: Evidence from Bangladesh
Get PDFRemittance is one of the major sources of capital especially for the developing countries like Bangladesh. This study attempts to explore the relationship between remittance and economic growth in Bangladesh. Time series data from 1995-2016 extracted from the World Bank database as well as Bangladesh Bank statistics were used to measure the relationship of remittance and gross domestic product (GDP) with some other variables such as gross capital formation, gross domestic saving and household final consumption expenditure. Pearson’s correlation coefficient is estimated between the variables. Moreover, annual growth (%) of remittance earning by Bangladesh has been calculated and compared with the GDP growth of Bangladesh. The study has found that on an average, remittance of Bangladesh has been increased by 10.85% from 1995-2016 which is higher than the average growth of the country’s GDP. It has revealed that there is a positive relationship of remittance with the GDP, gross capital formation, domestic saving and household final consumption expenditure in case of Bangladesh. However, there is a frequent fluctuation of remittance flow in Bangladesh in the recent years. Thus, this study recommends that Bangladesh should take proper initiatives for maintaining an increasing trend of remittance in the coming years which would be useful for the socio-economic development of the country.
 
Entrepreneurial Innovation and Export Diversification: Strategies for India\u27s Global Trade Expansion
Get PDFIndian global trade growth is driven by entrepreneurial innovation and export diversification, according to this report. The study analyzes India\u27s export landscape, examines entrepreneurial innovation\u27s impact on export growth, assesses export diversification challenges, and proposes policy strategies to boost India\u27s global trade competitiveness. Secondary data sources such as academic publications, government reports, and industry analyses are reviewed for the methodology. Significant findings emphasize the importance of entrepreneurial innovation in export competitiveness, export diversification in reducing sectoral concentration risks, and a coherent policy framework that includes trade policy reform, export promotion initiatives, infrastructure development, innovation support, and regulatory reforms. Data availability, localization, policy coordination and implementation, and continual monitoring and assessment are policy implications. This report emphasizes innovation-led diversification for sustained growth and competitiveness in India\u27s global trade expansion
Customers’ Expectation towards Online Marketing: A Study on Some Economic Zone in Bangladesh
Get PDFThis paper attempts to analysis the customers’ expectation towards online marketing in Bangladesh. First, it evaluates the impact of independent variables (factors of online marketing) on dependent variable (customers’ satisfaction). In order to do so a survey was conducted through questionnaire and data collected from 200 respondents’. Samples (Individuals and corporate firms) were selected from three economic zones and multiple regression analysis was conducted for the study. It also evaluates customers’ expectation from online marketers. Moreover the study highlights the online marketing strategies. Next, the study focuses on the benefits from online marketing. It also identifies the problems and challenges to develop online marketing strategies. Online marketing opens huge opportunities for marketer and customer where the ratio of benefit is higher than the ratio of costs. Finally, the study provides specific ways to solve the problems emphasizing on online marketing principles and to avail the opportunity to cope with the today’s competitive market. The strategies require continuous improvement and it is expected to be more dynamic in future.
 
Traditional Accounting vs. Computer Based Accounting: Challenges Faced by Accountants
Get PDFTo face much more difficult and challenging the business world in the challenging professional areas, depth knowledge about any particular filed is very much more compulsory. Accounting is essential function for any commerce and industry. All commerce and industries must keep a record of their revenue and expenses.
 
Human Capital Disclosure by the Listed Non-Financial Companies of Bangladesh
Get PDFSuccess of an enterprise very much depends on the composition of human capital of the entity. It is now established that human capital is important for the business organization and it may be disclosed in the annual report of the companies. The specific objectives of the paper are to examine the present status of HC disclosure in corporate annual report of the listed non-financial companies in Bangladesh and to summarize the perceptions of different stakeholders regarding this aspect. Contents analysis has been conducted on annual reports for the year 2008 and 2011 of 82 listed companies in Bangladesh. Perception survey has been conducted on 195 respondents for collecting primary data using five-level Likert scale. Results show that the average disclosure score is below 50 percent and over periods the status is not improving significantly. More than 50 percent companies have achieved less than 40 percent score and there is a large variation in score among the companies’ scores. As disclosure of HC items is a need of the stakeholders, companies should be careful about the matter and concern regulators may take initiative to improve the disclosure status of the companies.
 
Organizational Learning as a Strategic Choice in Public Sector Organization: Changing Cultural Attributes in a State Owned Agricultural Bank of Bangladesh
Get PDFNetwork governance has become an important paradigm in recent reform effort; inter-sectoral collaboration is the key theme of such initiative. As part of the developing world, Government of Bangladesh is taking initiatives to prepare its civil service competent to meet the challenges of a welfare state for a sustainable society. Taking this in an account, this study focuses on the recent reform program in public sector organization initiated by the government. The core objective of this study is to understand the phenomenon of organizational culture that has an influence on organizational learning and innovation from the viewpoint of experienced civil servants who have gone through the change process and become an active implementer of learning and innovation in their organization to meet the desire change situation.
 
Crime Prevention Strategies of Bangladesh: An Analysis
Get PDFThe need to address crime is as old as civilization itself, and while we have always struggled with whether to punish or rehabilitate criminal activity, there has never been any question that the best alternative to ‘crime’ is prevention. The main objective of this study was to identify an alternative analysis of possible effective crime prevention strategies suitable for the socio-economic premises of Bangladesh. Moreover, the study also tried to find out the necessary action for implementation of crime prevention strategies. The comprehensive discussion based on secondary sources as well as documents like journal articles, authentic books. This study finds out the fields of crime prevention include a range of responses developed over many years, includes developmental, environmental, situational, social and community-based crime prevention, and interventions. Although theoretically there are very few crime prevention strategies in Bangladesh in practice, there are various strategies for crime prevention used here institutionally or un-institutionally which includes community-oriented policing and various security measures. Investing in crime prevention could reduce the drawbacks of the conventional criminal justice system. If the crime prevention strategies could ensure properly, crime and criminal victimization could prevent which will reduce the need for formal criminal justice system in Bangladesh.
 
Purchase Intension of Second Hand Product that Unconsciously Move toward Voluntary Simplicity: A Netnographic Observation from Sweden and Bangladesh
Get PDFVoluntary simplicity is one of the desired lifestyle that modern consumers wants to live. But, becoming voluntary simplifiers is not an easy task. There are several ways of becoming voluntary simplifiers and one of the common way is buying second hand products. Purchase intension of second hand consumers is maintained by consumers’ conscious and unconscious mind. Unconscious mind mainly decide whether a consumer will go for the second hand product or not? In this study, consumers of Sweden and Bangladesh has been focused to check their purchase intension of second hand product that unconsciously move them to become voluntary simplifiers. From the Netnographic observation, it has been found that, Bangladeshi consumers are more voluntary simplifiers than that of Swedish consumers because of their unconscious mind.