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Random graphs with specific degree distribution and giant component size
No full textRandom networks are a powerful tool in the analytical modeling of complex networks as they allow us to write approximate mathematical models for diverse properties and behaviors of complex systems. These models are often used to study stochastic processes like percolation, where the giant connected component breaks down as edges are removed, yet they fail to properly account for the size of that component, even in a deterministic setting where all edges exist. Here, we introduce a simple conceptual step to account for such connectivity constraints in existing models. We distinguish between network neighbors based on two types of connections that can lead, or not, to the giant component, which we refer to as critical and subcritical degrees. The giant component is the largest unique component of a network that scales with the network's size under our model. It is analogous to many properties of interest, such as the largest epidemic possible on a contact network or the connectivity of an infrastructure network. Accounting explicitly for this component also allows us to capture important structural features of the network in a system of only one or two equations. When applied to sparse connected networks, we show that our approach compares favorably with the predictions of state-of-the-art models, like message passing, which require a number of equations that are linear in system size. We discuss potential applications of this simple framework for studying infrastructure networks where connectivity constraints are critical to the function of the system
Athena Disenchanted: Eustathios of Thessalonikeon Ethical and Rhetorical Prudence in Homer and Beyond
No full textHuman-AI coevolution
No full textHuman-AI coevolution, defined as a process in which humans and AI algorithms continuously influence each other, increasingly characterises our society, but is understudied in artificial intelligence and complexity science literature. Recommender systems and assistants play a prominent role in human-AI coevolution, as they permeate many facets of daily life and influence human choices through online platforms. The interaction between users and AI results in a potentially endless feedback loop, wherein users' choices generate data to train AI models, which, in turn, shape subsequent user preferences. This human-AI feedback loop has peculiar characteristics compared to traditional human-machine interaction and gives rise to complex and often “unintended” systemic outcomes. This paper introduces human-AI coevolution as the cornerstone for a new field of study at the intersection between AI and complexity science focused on the theoretical, empirical, and mathematical investigation of the human-AI feedback loop. In doing so, we: (i) outline the pros and cons of existing methodologies and highlight shortcomings and potential ways for capturing feedback loop mechanisms; (ii) propose a reflection at the intersection between complexity science, AI and society; (iii) provide real-world examples for different human-AI ecosystems; and (iv) illustrate challenges to the creation of such a field of study, conceptualising them at increasing levels of abstraction, i.e., scientific, legal and socio-political
