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Markets for Children:International Adoption, ART, and U.S. Foster Care
No full textThis paper examines how access to alternative paths to parenthood-international adoption and assisted reproductive technologies (ART)-affects adoption outcomes in the U.S. foster care system. Using a child-level panel from 1998 to 2010, we exploit major shifts in both channels during this period. To address endogeneity, we implement two instrumental variable strategies: a shift-share design leveraging exogenous supply shocks from key international sending countries, and an interactive instrument based on the timing of state-level fertility insurance mandates. Our results show that increased access to international adoption and ART significantly reduces the likelihood that children, especially younger ones, are adopted from foster care. These findings highlight how developments in global adoption policy and reproductive technology can shape domestic adoption outcomes
Linear multistep methods with repeated global Richardson extrapolation
No full textIn this work, we further investigate the application of the well-known Richardson extrapolation (RE) technique to accelerate the convergence of sequences resulting from linear multistep methods (LMMs) for numerically solving initial-value problems of systems of ordinary differential equations. By extending the ideas of our recent work on global Richardson extrapolation, we now utilize some advanced versions of RE in the form of repeated RE (RRE). Assume that the underlying LMM—the base method—has order p and RE is applied ℓ times. Then, we prove that the accelerated sequence has convergence order p+ℓ. The version we present here is global RE (GRE, also known as passive RE), since the terms of the linear combinations are calculated independently. Thus, the resulting higher-order LMM-RGRE methods can be implemented in a parallel fashion and existing LMM codes can directly be used without any modification. We also investigate how the linear stability properties of the base method (e.g., A- or A(α)-stability) are preserved by the LMM-RGRE methods
Who is responsible for addressing climate change?:How party systems shape movement-party cooperations and understandings of democracy in Germany and Austria
No full textHistorically, social movements and political parties had changing understandings of who contributes what to socio-political transitions. For the early workers’ movements, as well as the green ecological movements of the 1980s, it was clear that there had to be a steady strategic communication between parliamentary and extra-parliamentary organization to realize a better society. In contrast, contemporary mobilizations, such as Fridays for Future, make demands towards the parliamentary system but have declared to stay away from party politics. Drawing on a series of qualitative interviews with Fridays for Future activists and party functionaries in Germany and Austria, I compare how perceptions of the functioning of the party systems shape how movement activists and party functionaries form linkages: How do they understand the different roles of movements and parties? Which imaginations of democracy and logics of cooperation between institutions and extra-parliamentary mobilization do they maintain? Who is responsible for what? Results show differences that can be related to the varying openness of the party systems which facilitate or hinder party-movement-cooperations. Whereas German activists remain distant, but cooperate pragmatically with Green or leftist parties, Austrian activists are much more cautious and reject closer movement-party cooperations. By comparing the two party systems, I contribute to the better understanding of how party systems shape party-movement-cooperations and, more generally, how relationships between civil society, movements, and more traditional political channels such as political parties evolve