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Advances in photocatalytic research on decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of trifluoroacetic acid and derivatives
No full textTrifluoromethylation stands as a pivotal technology in modern synthetic chemistry, playing an indispensable role in drug design, functional material development, and agrochemical innovation. With the growing emphasis on green chemistry principles, the pursuit of environmentally benign trifluoromethylation strategies has emerged as a critical research frontier. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), characterized by its cost-effectiveness, stability, and low toxicity, has become a promising alternative to conventional trifluoromethylation reagents. This review systematically summarizes advancements in photocatalytic decarboxylative trifluoromethylation using TFA and its derivatives over the past decade, focusing on three key activation mechanisms: single-electron transfer (SET), electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex-mediated pathways, and ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). This paradigm shift is driven by the intrinsic limitations of conventional thermal decarboxylation, particularly its reliance on harsh conditions and significant environmental burdens. In contrast, photocatalytic strategies enable efficient C–CF 3 bond construction under mild conditions, offering a modular platform for synthesizing fluorinated functional molecules. Strategic research priorities should focus on overcoming fundamental challenges, including but not limited to optimizing photosensitizer catalytic efficiency, establishing regioselective manipulation strategies, and engineering multicomponent tandem reaction systems to achieve trifluoromethylation methodologies under mild conditions. Furthermore, the integration of mechanistic investigations with artificial intelligence-driven reaction prediction will accelerate the advancement of precision trifluoromethylation technologies. This progress is anticipated to provide sustainable synthetic solutions for next-generation fluorinated pharmaceuticals and advanced functional materials, effectively bridging the innovation gap between academic research and industrial implementation
Multi-Observer Study on the Assessment of Pediatric Gonadal Tumors Using Higher Harmonic Generation Microscopy as Compared to Conventional Histology
No full textBackground/Objectives: Pediatric gonadal tumors are rare tumors, and germ cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common subgroup. GCTs are heterogeneous tumors and have different subtypes that can be either benign or malignant. Therefore, extensive sampling of the resected tumor is required to obtain an accurate diagnosis. Higher harmonic generation microscopy (HHGM) is an innovative imaging technique that enables rapid visualization of fresh tissue without the need for preparation or staining. This makes it particularly valuable for sample selection, as the tissue can be reused for further analysis. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of pathologists detecting normal gonadal tissue, germ cell tumors, and other pediatric gonadal tumors in HHGM images. Methods: Twenty-eight samples of twenty-two patients with a germ cell tumor or other gonadal tumor were imaged with the HHG microscope and subsequently processed for histology. Overview images of the samples were made in 10 s per mm2, and high-quality images in 1 min per mm2. A multi-observer study was performed with five expert pathologists. Results: Pathologists were able to differentiate between tumor and non-tumor tissue with an accuracy of 75% (21/28) on the HHGM images versus an accuracy of 89% (25/28) on the corresponding histology. Discrepancies mainly concerned teratoma cases for HHGM as well as H&E, indicating that sampling errors of these heterogeneous tumors affected the outcomes of this study adversely. Conclusions: Although the sample size was limited by the rarity of these tumors, our data show that HHGM is a promising technique for the rapid assessment of pediatric gonadal tumor samples, particularly in evaluating their representativeness
Retinal Phosphenes Induced by Transorbital Electrical Stimulation: Influence of Light Adaptation, Electrode Montage, and View Direction
No full textIn this study, the perception of phosphenes was used as a surrogate identifier for stimulation sites for use in retinal-degenerative diseases. We aimed to investigate the influence of adaptation, electrode montage, and direction of view on electrically induced phosphenes. We developed a practical methodology to assess non-invasive ocular electrical stimulation, addressing specific areas in the retina. Phosphene thresholds were identified under light and dark adaptation for non-invasive transorbital electrical stimulation. The location and extent characterized the morphology of electrically induced retinal phosphenes for five directions of view and for seven electrode montages in 62 participants. Our results indicated the lowest phosphene thresholds under light adaptation. Cumulative charts of phosphenes visualized the location of phosphene hot spots and their focality for the investigated directions of view and electrode montages. Under consistent light adaptation, we found changes in electrode montage generated stronger changes in the phosphenes’ morphology and distribution. Adjusting the electrodes in the orbital vicinity was more effective than changing the direction of view to shift the phosphene hot spot location to a pathological region to induce neuronal activity there. In this study, we established the first practical methodology to adapt non-invasive transorbital electrical stimulation to address specific areas in the retina
Never events in control centers
No full textZusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Relevanz und Herausforderungen von Never Events in den Leitstellen für den Brandschutz, die Hilfeleistung, den Katastrophenschutz und den Rettungsdienst im deutschsprachigen Raum dar. Diese Leitstellen fungieren als zentrale Anlaufstellen für medizinische Notfälle und spielen eine entscheidende Rolle in der Gefahrenabwehr sowie der Daseinsvorsorge. Insbesondere bei zeitkritischen medizinischen Notfällen und Tracerdiagnosen wie dem Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand sind sie häufig das erste Glied in der Behandlungskette. Obwohl in den Leitstellen systematische Vorsorgemaßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Ausfällen implementiert sind, liegt der Schwerpunkt zumeist auf technischen Aspekten. Interpersonelle Kompetenzen und deren Bedeutung für die Notfallversorgung sind bislang unzureichend berücksichtigt. Der Begriff „ Never Events “ beschreibt schwerwiegende, vermeidbare medizinische Zwischenfälle, deren Verhinderung auch für die Leitstellen von Bedeutung ist. Von den Autorinnen und Autoren wurde als ein für Leitstellen relevantes Never Event das Unterlassen telefonischer Reanimationsanweisungen identifiziert. Um die Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit von Never Events effektiv zu reduzieren, muss die Implementierung von Qualitäts- und Risikomanagementsystemen in Leitstellen gefordert werden. Dies umfasst die Verbesserung der Kommunikation, die Etablierung von Redundanz, die Einführung standardisierter Verfahren sowie die regelmäßige Schulung des Personals. Zudem wird die Entwicklung eines sektorenübergreifenden Never-Event -Registers angeregt, um systematische Fehler zu identifizieren und zu minimieren. Ein solches Register könnte als wertvolles Instrument zur Verbesserung der Sicherheit in der Notfallversorgung dienen und damit zur Optimierung der Patientenversorgung beitragen.Abstract The present article highlights the relevance and challenges of never events in control centers for fire protection, emergency response, disaster management, and rescue services in German-speaking countries. These control centers function as crucial points of contact for medical emergencies and play a crucial role in hazard prevention and health care. They are often the first link in the treatment chain, particularly in time-critical medical emergencies such as cardiac arrest. Although systematic precautionary measures are implemented in control centers to prevent failures, the focus is mostly on technical aspects. Interpersonal competences and their importance for emergency care have so far been insufficiently considered. The term “ never events ” describes serious, avoidable medical incidents, the prevention of which is also important for control centers. The authors identified the omission of telephone resuscitation instructions as one of the never events relevant to control centers. To effectively reduce the probability of never events occurring, the implementation of quality and risk management systems in control centers must be required. This includes the improvement of communication, the establishment of redundancy, the introduction of standardized procedures, and the regular training of personnel. In addition, the development of an intersectoral never event register is suggested to identify and minimize systematic errors. Such a register could serve as a valuable tool for improving safety in emergency care and, thus, contribute to the optimization of patient care.Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Relevanz und Herausforderungen von Never Events in den Leitstellen für den Brandschutz, die Hilfeleistung, den Katastrophenschutz und den Rettungsdienst im deutschsprachigen Raum dar. Diese Leitstellen fungieren als zentrale Anlaufstellen für medizinische Notfälle und spielen eine entscheidende Rolle in der Gefahrenabwehr sowie der Daseinsvorsorge. Insbesondere bei zeitkritischen medizinischen Notfällen und Tracerdiagnosen wie dem Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand sind sie häufig das erste Glied in der Behandlungskette. Obwohl in den Leitstellen systematische Vorsorgemaßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Ausfällen implementiert sind, liegt der Schwerpunkt zumeist auf technischen Aspekten. Interpersonelle Kompetenzen und deren Bedeutung für die Notfallversorgung sind bislang unzureichend berücksichtigt. Der Begriff „ Never Events “ beschreibt schwerwiegende, vermeidbare medizinische Zwischenfälle, deren Verhinderung auch für die Leitstellen von Bedeutung ist. Von den Autorinnen und Autoren wurde als ein für Leitstellen relevantes Never Event das Unterlassen telefonischer Reanimationsanweisungen identifiziert. Um die Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit von Never Events effektiv zu reduzieren, muss die Implementierung von Qualitäts- und Risikomanagementsystemen in Leitstellen gefordert werden. Dies umfasst die Verbesserung der Kommunikation, die Etablierung von Redundanz, die Einführung standardisierter Verfahren sowie die regelmäßige Schulung des Personals. Zudem wird die Entwicklung eines sektorenübergreifenden Never-Event -Registers angeregt, um systematische Fehler zu identifizieren und zu minimieren. Ein solches Register könnte als wertvolles Instrument zur Verbesserung der Sicherheit in der Notfallversorgung dienen und damit zur Optimierung der Patientenversorgung beitragen.Abstract The present article highlights the relevance and challenges of never events in control centers for fire protection, emergency response, disaster management, and rescue services in German-speaking countries. These control centers function as crucial points of contact for medical emergencies and play a crucial role in hazard prevention and health care. They are often the first link in the treatment chain, particularly in time-critical medical emergencies such as cardiac arrest. Although systematic precautionary measures are implemented in control centers to prevent failures, the focus is mostly on technical aspects. Interpersonal competences and their importance for emergency care have so far been insufficiently considered. The term “ never events ” describes serious, avoidable medical incidents, the prevention of which is also important for control centers. The authors identified the omission of telephone resuscitation instructions as one of the never events relevant to control centers. To effectively reduce the probability of never events occurring, the implementation of quality and risk management systems in control centers must be required. This includes the improvement of communication, the establishment of redundancy, the introduction of standardized procedures, and the regular training of personnel. In addition, the development of an intersectoral never event register is suggested to identify and minimize systematic errors. Such a register could serve as a valuable tool for improving safety in emergency care and, thus, contribute to the optimization of patient care
Larval diet type and voltinism are linked with adult body size in European Erebidae (Lepidoptera)
No full textAbstract Body size is one of the most characteristic traits of every animal species and strongly influences its ecological niche. Identifying life-history traits that are associated with body size and investigating possible causalities behind such contingencies is thus a central topic in evolutionary ecology. In this study, we examined whether adult body size in Lepidoptera relates with resource type used at larval stage, larval dietary specialisation, voltinism, or adult diel activity. Based on previous findings, we hypothesised that species associated with woody plants are overall larger than those feeding on herbaceous plants or alternative food sources (e.g., lichens, detritus etc.). We further hypothesised that larger body sizes are associated with a lower degree of dietary specialisation, a univoltine life style, and nocturnal activity in adults. To test our hypotheses, we focussed on more than 220 species of European Erebidae moths, one of the taxonomically and ecologically most diverse Lepidoptera families worldwide. Increasing availability of molecular data for this group, coupled with advances in phylogenetic comparative methods, allowed us to study these trait relationships by accounting for shared evolutionary history among species, and– in addition to that– investigate potential causalities driving the detected patterns. We found adult body size to be positively linked with woody plant feeding and a univoltine life cycle, supporting the respective hypothesis. Our results further indicated that resource type affects the evolution of body size, while the latter strongly determines voltinism. Contrary to expectation, body size was neither related with larval dietary specialisation nor with adult diel activity. In conclusion, our study suggests that smaller body sizes, frequently associated with feeding on herbaceous plants or alternative food sources, are of evolutionary advantage as they facilitate the realisation of multiple generations per year and thus allow for faster adaptations to changing environmental conditions
Estimating social network metrics from single-file movements in Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus
No full textWinter wheat shoot and root phenotypic plasticity under fertilized and nutrient-deficient field conditions
No full texthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100022576 BonaRes Centre for Soil Researchhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010771 Federal Agency for Agriculture and Foodhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347 Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschunghttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005908 Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschafthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659 German Research Foundatio
Linking individual- and species-level leaf traits with ontogenetic size to explain tree performance within competitive and environmental contexts
No full textEnding the musical chairs game in higher education: How a data-driven tool improved educational outcomes in Colombia
No full texthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004414 International Monetary Fundhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006070 Universidad de los Andeshttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100020905 Universidad de La Sall
