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A Rapid In‐Field Soil Extraction Procedure to Measure Plant‐Available Soil P and K Using an ISFET Multi‐Sensor
No full textABSTRACT Background Knowledge of plant‐available soil nutrients is important for determining fertilizer requirements. Collecting this data rapidly and directly in the field could be beneficial for improving nutrient utilization efficiency. Aim Evaluation of the comparability of plant‐available soil phosphorus (P pa ) and potassium (K pa ) measurements with a newly developed rapid soil extraction procedure based on a nutrient measurement system using an ISFET (ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistor) multi‐sensor module (“FieldLab”) under quasi‐realistic field conditions with the results of a lab‐based soil analysis. Methods Following calibration of the FieldLab measurement system with the calcium‐acetate‐lactate (CAL) extraction method commonly used in Germany, the ability of the ISFET multi‐sensor module to measure P pa and K pa under in‐field conditions was investigated. For this purpose, a set of dried soil samples from 15 fields in northwest Germany was used, representing very different soil nutrient levels as well as various soil texture and soil organic matter contents. The soils were assessed using the standard lab procedure or the rapid FieldLab extraction, followed by lab measurements or nutrient quantification with the ISFET multi‐sensor, respectively. Results Soil extraction using the FieldLab procedure showed a high correlation with the lab results ( R 2 0.97 and 0.92 for P pa and K pa , respectively). The combination of the rapid soil extraction followed by the ISFET measurement revealed significant correlations with the laboratory data ( R 2 0.80 and 0.79 for P pa and K pa , respectively). Conclusion The developed ISFET‐based FieldLab procedure is an innovative and reliable approach for rapid in‐field nutrient analysis of P pa and K pa , and it has the potential to enable the timely calculation of P and K fertilizer recommendations
Expected tracking performance of the ATLAS Inner Tracker at the High-Luminosity LHC
No full textAbstract The high-luminosity phase of LHC operations (HL-LHC), will feature a large increase in simultaneous proton-proton interactions per bunch crossing up to 200, compared with a typical leveling target of 64 in Run 3. Such an increase will create a very challenging environment in which to perform charged particle trajectory reconstruction, a task crucial for the success of the ATLAS physics program, and will exceed the capabilities of the current ATLAS Inner Detector (ID). A new all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk) will replace the current ID in time for the start of the HL-LHC. To ensure successful use of the ITk capabilities in Run 4 and beyond, the ATLAS tracking software has been successfully adapted to achieve state-of-the-art track reconstruction in challenging high-luminosity conditions with the ITk detector. This paper presents the expected tracking performance of the ATLAS ITk based on the latest available developments since the ITk technical design reports
Stone-assisted drumming in Western chimpanzees and its implications for communication and cultural transmission
No full textChimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) communicate in complex ways, including sounds produced by hand and foot drumming on trees, often combined with loud vocalizations. Recently, a puzzling stone throwing behaviour at trees was observed, resulting in stone piles at tree buttresses. It is a rare case of tool used for communication in animals and suggested to function like buttress drumming in long-distance communication and male displays. We tested this hypothesis by determining the behavioural dynamics in comparison to hand and foot tree buttress drumming in Western chimpanzees in Boé, Guinea Bissau. Using camera traps, we show that in 78% of cases, stones were picked up at trees, not leading to further stone accumulation beyond the already existing stone piles. Stone-assisted and hand and foot drumming occurred separately or were combined in similar behavioural contexts in apparent long-distance communication and highly aroused behavioural contexts. Yet, immediately before stone drumming, chimpanzees swayed less and pant-hooted more while afterwards pant-hooting less compared to the other contexts, suggesting a separate motivation and/or function for stone-assisted drumming. It suggests this unique stone-based activity has its own signal value, separate from hand/foot buttress drumming and, considering the spatial variation, might be culturally transmitted
Human shape perception spontaneously discovers the biological origin of novel, but natural, stimuli
No full textHumans excel at categorizing objects by shape. This facility involves identifying shape features that objects have in common with other members of their class and relies—at least in part—on semantic/cognitive constructs. For example, plants sprout branches, fish grow fins, shoes are moulded to our feet. Can humans parse shapes according to the processes that give shapes their key characteristics, even when such processes are hidden? To answer this, we investigated how humans perceive the shape of cells from the olfactory system of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. These objects are novel to most humans yet occur in nature and cluster into classes following their underlying biological function. We reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) cell models through 3D microscopy and photogrammetry, then conducted psychophysical experiments. Human participants performed two tasks: they arranged 3D-printed cell models by similarity and rated them along eight visual dimensions. Participants were highly consistent in their arrangements and ratings and spontaneously grouped stimuli to reflect the cell classes, unwittingly revealing the underlying processes shaping these forms. Our findings thus demonstrate that human perceptual organization mechanisms spontaneously parse the biological systematicities of never-before-seen, natural shapes. Integrating such human perceptual strategies into automated systems may enhance morphology-based analysis in biology and medicine.H2020 European Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010663Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659Hessisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/50110000349
Search for triple Higgs boson production in the 6 b final state using p p collisions at s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
No full textA search for the production of three Higgs bosons ( H H H ) in the b b ¯ b b ¯ b b ¯ final state is presented. The search uses 126 fb − 1 of proton-proton collision data at s = 13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis targets both nonresonant and resonant production of H H H . The resonant interpretations primarily consider a cascade decay topology of X → S H → H H H with masses of the new scalars X and S up to 1.5 and 1 TeV, respectively. In addition to scenarios where S is off-shell, the nonresonant interpretation includes a search for Standard Model H H H production, with limits on the trilinear and quartic Higgs self-coupling set. No evidence for H H H production is observed. An upper limit of 59 fb is set, at the 95% confidence level, on the cross section for Standard Model H H H production. © 2025 CERN, for the ATLAS Collaboration 2025 CER
Exploring Deep Clustering Methods in Vibro-Acoustic Sensing for Enhancing Biological Tissue Characterization
No full textTemporal autocorrelation is predictive of age—An extensive MEG time-series analysis
No full textUnderstanding the evolving dynamics of the brain throughout life is pivotal for anticipating and evaluating individual health. While previous research has described age effects on spectral properties of neural signals, it remains unclear which ones are most indicative of age-related processes. This study addresses this gap by analyzing resting-state data obtained from magnetoencephalography (MEG) in 350 adults (18 to 88 y). We employed advanced time-series analysis at the brain region level and machine learning to predict age. While traditional spectral features achieved low to moderate accuracy, over a hundred time-series features proved superior. Notably, temporal autocorrelation (AC) emerged as the most robust predictor of age. Distinct patterns of AC within the visual and temporal cortex were most informative, offering a versatile measure of age-related signal changes for comprehensive health assessments based on brain activity.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 501100001659Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 50110000165
On the popping sound and liquid sloshing when opening a beer bottle
No full textThe opening of transparent 0.33 l swing-top bottles, containing home-brewed ginger beer under 2–5 bars of pressure, was recorded with a high-speed camera at frame rates between 3000 fps and 16 800 fps. Simultaneously, the sound was registered with a microphone of a nominal frequency range up to 100 kHz and a sampling rate between 200 and 500 kS/s. The exhaust condensation cloud could be captured, and the main source of the popping sound, the resonating gas pocket in the bottleneck, was identified by image and sound recordings. It is shown that the sound is actually tonal rather than shock-like. Since the bottles were transparent, the interior fluid flows with sloshing and bubble nucleation were visible as well. The videos, acoustic traces, and spectra are compared to computational fluid dynamics simulations using a solver for two-phase, compressible flow from the OpenFOAM package, yielding detailed explanations on the phenomena involved. Simple resonator models can fairly reproduce the observed frequencies if adiabatic expansion cooling of the gas is taken into account.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 10.13039/50110000165
Real‐world management bei Patienten mit Komplettremission unter Immuncheckpoint‐Inhibition bei fortgeschrittenem Melanom
No full textZusammenfassung Hintergrund Bislang wurde die optimale Behandlungsdauer mit Immuncheckpoint‐Inhibitoren (ICI) noch nicht in prospektiven Studien untersucht. In der Routineversorgung muss jedoch immer wieder eine Entscheidung über die Behandlungsdauer bei Patienten mit Komplettremission unter ICI getroffen werden. Patienten und Methodik Zur Ermittlung, wie die Entscheidung über die Behandlungsdauer von ICI bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem Melanom nach Erreichen einer kompletten Remission (CR) getroffen wird und in welchen Intervallen eine radiologische Bildgebung nach Beendigung der ICI durchgeführt werden, wurde eine Umfrage an 80 Hautkrebszentren der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Dermatologische Onkologie (ADO) versandt. Alle 51 Antworten, die bis zum 10. März 2024 eingegangenen waren, wurden berücksichtigt. Ergebnisse Die Dauer der ICI‐Behandlung nach Erreichen einer CR variiert zwischen den Zentren und liegt zwischen 3 und 36 Monaten. Insgesamt setzen 66% der ADO‐Zentren die Behandlung nach Erreichen einer CR mit ICI für bis zu 6 Monate fort. Im ersten Jahr nach Absetzen der ICI führen die meisten Zentren alle 3 Monate Bildgebungen (CT/MRI) durch. Mehr als 60% der Zentren führen diese Bildgebungen auch im 4. und 5. Jahr nach dem Absetzen der ICI mindestens einmal pro Jahr durch. Schlussfolgerungen Es gibt erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen den Zentren bezüglich der Bildgebungsintervalle und der Dauer der ICI‐Behandlungsdauer bei Erreichen einer CR. Es sind prospektive Studien erforderlich, um den optimalen Zeitpunkt für das Absetzen der ICI und die Nachsorge zu bestimmen