E-JOURNALS OF UNIVERSITY SULKHAN-SABA ORBELIANI
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POLITICAL ANOMIE AND CIVIL WAR
No full textThe article critically analyzes the concept of political anomie and examines how such social conditions are influenced by radical changes at the national level, as well as the impact of international dynamics on its emergence. Case study methodology was employed to research the correlation between political anomie and the genesis of armed civil conflict. Using Bosnia-Herzegovina as a case study, empirical evidence was identified that demonstrates how civil war can be, in some cases, determined by political anomie.The article critically analyzes the concept of political anomie and examines how such social conditions are influenced by radical changes at the national level, as well as the impact of international dynamics on its emergence. Case study methodology was employed to research the correlation between political anomie and the genesis of armed civil conflict. Using Bosnia-Herzegovina as a case study, empirical evidence was identified that demonstrates how civil war can be, in some cases, determined by political anomie
THE RECEPTION OF THE REVOLUTION OF 1821 IN THE PROSE OF ANDREAS KARKAVITSAS
No full textAndreas Karkavitsas belongs to the generation of important representatives of Greek prose. Contributed decisively to the successful development of subsequent generations of prose writers. Karkavitsas consciously expressed his patriotism with his lifestyle, his literary work and his articles. His work was influenced by the Great Idea that came from both the creation of the Greek national ideology and the development of nationalisms from the end of the 18th century. After all, we could confidently claim that the Great Idea was the preeminent “legacy” of the Greek Revolution. Within this context the reception of the Greek Revolution undoubtedly created a new perspective in his work. For this reason, the central idea around which his short stories are developed concerns the reception of the Greek Revolution through the offering, participation and collective effort towards thestruggles of the Nation.Andreas Karkavitsas belongs to the generation of important representatives of Greek prose. Contributed decisively to the successful development of subsequent generations of prose writers. Karkavitsas consciously expressed his patriotism with his lifestyle, his literary work and his articles. His work was influenced by the Great Idea that came from both the creation of the Greek national ideology and the development of nationalisms from the end of the 18th century. After all, we could confidently claim that the Great Idea was the preeminent “legacy” of the Greek Revolution. Within this context the reception of the Greek Revolution undoubtedly created a new perspective in his work. For this reason, the central idea around which his short stories are developed concerns the reception of the Greek Revolution through the offering, participation and collective effort towards the struggles of the Nation
THE HARTIAN METHOD FOR RESOLVING HARD CASES
No full textegal systems typically resolve disputes through established legal norms and judicial precedents. However, the legal process occasionally encounters situations where the applicability of these norms or precedents becomes questionable. Legal practitioners and philosophers designate such judicial cases as “hard cases.” This raises critical questions: What methods should courts employ when legislation is silent and no relevant precedent exists? How should they proceed when legal norms exist but are too vague to resolve specific issues without interpretation? Different theoretical approaches to law offer varying definitions of hard cases. Herbert Hart’s theories distinguish themselves from other positivist legal doctrines by acknowledging the social factor within legal norms. His approach to the judicial process addresses categories of cases that cannot be resolved through mere reference to legal norms, while rejecting decisions made “blindly” under the influence of “formalism” or “literalism” in judicial reasoning. The Georgian court system, like courts worldwide, has encountered and resolved numerous contentious cases. Given that achieving completely flawless written law is impossible, even within the most ideal framework, analyzing Hart’s philosophical approach becomes crucial. Furthermore, within the context of legal positivism, the search for and analysis of methods to resolve hard cases holds particular significance.Legal systems typically resolve disputes through established legal norms and judicial precedents. However, the legal process occasionally encounters situations where the applicability of these norms or precedents becomes questionable. Legal practitioners and philosophers designate such judicial cases as “hard cases.” This raises critical questions: What methods should courts employ when legislation is silent and no relevant precedent exists? How should they proceed when legal norms exist but are too vague to resolve specific issues without interpretation? Different theoretical approaches to law offer varying definitions of hard cases. Herbert Hart’s theories distinguish themselves from other positivist legal doctrines by acknowledging the social factor within legal norms. His approach to the judicial process addresses categories of cases that cannot be resolved through mere reference to legal norms, while rejecting decisions made “blindly” under the influence of “formalism” or “literalism” in judicial reasoning. The Georgian court system, like courts worldwide, has encountered and resolved numerous contentious cases. Given that achieving completely flawless written law is impossible, even within the most ideal framework, analyzing Hart’s philosophical approach becomes crucial. Furthermore, within the context of legal positivism, the search for and analysis of methods to resolve hard cases holds particular significance
RESOLVING HARD CASES AND AMERICAN LEGAL REALISM
No full textLaw’s inherent ambiguity and indeterminacy generate complex cases that require balancing legal values with empirical evidence. Legal realism expands law’s formal boundaries through creative interpretation that aligns with contemporary reality. While acknowledging written norms, this approach recognizes that law fundamentally governs human relationships and should not prioritize positive law over human welfare.Given law’s social control function, it must reflect current social realities. Legal realist methodology incorporates empirical data and contemporary practices specific to the decision’s temporal and spatial context. In resolving hard cases, judges can supplement positive law and precedent with interdisciplinary insights, particularly from behavioral sciences. This integration of psychological, sociological, and economic research becomes especially crucial in cases involving discrimination or minors.The Georgian legal system increasingly recognizes the necessity of such non-traditional approaches, as demonstrated by the growing incorporation of interdisciplinary scientific findings in judicial reasoning.Law’s inherent ambiguity and indeterminacy generate complex cases that require balancing legal values with empirical evidence. Legal realism expands law’s formal boundaries through creative interpretation that aligns with contemporary reality. While acknowledging written norms, this approach recognizes that law fundamentally governs human relationships and should not prioritize positive law over human welfare.Given law’s social control function, it must reflect current social realities. Legal realist methodology incorporates empirical data and contemporary practices specific to the decision’s temporal and spatial context. In resolving hard cases, judges can supplement positive law and precedent with interdisciplinary insights, particularly from behavioral sciences. This integration of psychological, sociological, and economic research becomes especially crucial in cases involving discrimination or minors.The Georgian legal system increasingly recognizes the necessity of such non-traditional approaches, as demonstrated by the growing incorporation of interdisciplinary scientific findings in judicial reasoning
THE MAIN TRENDS IN RAFIEL ERISTAVI’S LYRICAL WORKS
No full textRafiel Eristavi stands as a pivotal figure who left an indelible mark on Georgian culture, literature, and public life. His first appearance in Georgian press came in 1846 with an essay about Pshav-Khevsureti, after which he devoted himself to public service for the remainder of his life. Beyond publishing poetic works, he contributed scientific publications and served as an ethnographic chronicler of Georgian life, a lexicographer, and an active member of the Georgian literacy movement. His legacy includes establishing Georgia’s professional theater, museum, and library. Throughout his career, he collaborated with prominent figures like Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, and Jacob Gogebashvili to advance national causes and promote Georgian culture. Eristavi’s poetry embodies the national spirit that characterized Georgian literature in the 1860s, primarily focusing on the struggle for Georgian independence and language preservation. His lyrics employ simple folk vocabulary, and while many of his poems draw from folk stories, tales, and narratives, they maintain their originality through his poetic craftsmanship. Several of his works, such as “Bread Harvest” and “Motherland Khevsuri,” achieved widespread popularity across Georgia in various regional versions.This paper examines the principal aspects of Eristavi’s lyrical works, encompassing his poems, short stories, historical poems, plays, and translations. Through his writing, the poet elevates the concepts of national independence and freedom, inspiring in his readers an unconditional love for their country and native land.Rafiel Eristavi stands as a pivotal figure who left an indelible mark on Georgian culture, literature, and public life. His first appearance in Georgian press came in 1846 with an essay about Pshav-Khevsureti, after which he devoted himself to public service for the remainder of his life. Beyond publishing poetic works, he contributed scientific publications and served as an ethnographic chronicler of Georgian life, a lexicographer, and an active member of the Georgian literacy movement. His legacy includes establishing Georgia’s professional theater, museum, and library. Throughout his career, he collaborated with prominent figures like Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, and Jacob Gogebashvili to advance national causes and promote Georgian culture. Eristavi’s poetry embodies the national spirit that characterized Georgian literature in the 1860s, primarily focusing on the struggle for Georgian independence and language preservation. His lyrics employ simple folk vocabulary, and while many of his poems draw from folk stories, tales, and narratives, they maintain their originality through his poetic craftsmanship. Several of his works, such as “Bread Harvest” and “Motherland Khevsuri,” achieved widespread popularity across Georgia in various regional versions.This paper examines the principal aspects of Eristavi’s lyrical works, encompassing his poems, short stories, historical poems, plays, and translations. Through his writing, the poet elevates the concepts of national independence and freedom, inspiring in his readers an unconditional love for their country and native land
SANDRO KAKULIA’S PLAY “IT RAINS OR DRIZZLES ON THE BRIDGE”
No full textContemporary Georgian dramaturgy encompasses diverse themes, with violence emerging as a particularly significant focus. Violence has become so deeply embedded in social fabric that it often goes unrecognized as such. This article examines the socio-cultural significance of the interconnections between violence, morality, and personal identity, aiming to reflect contemporary reality and illuminate pressing moral and ethical concerns. Through analysis of Sandro Kakulia’s play “It Rains or Drizzles on the Bridge,” the study explores various manifestations of violence in modern society. The play’s characters serve as archetypal representations of both perpetrators and victims, revealing the pervasive nature of psychological and physical violence. Critical examination of character relationships exposes how societal norms often obscure the recognition of violence, particularly in domestic and intimate settings. By analyzing the psychological portraits of the characters and their interactions, the research demonstrates the profound impact of personal trauma on human lives. The study contributes to broader scholarly discourse on gender, power, and human rights in both Georgian and global contexts.Contemporary Georgian dramaturgy encompasses diverse themes, with violence emerging as a particularly significant focus. Violence has become so deeply embedded in social fabric that it often goes unrecognized as such. This article examines the socio-cultural significance of the interconnections between violence, morality, and personal identity, aiming to reflect contemporary reality and illuminate pressing moral and ethical concerns. Through analysis of Sandro Kakulia’s play “It Rains or Drizzles on the Bridge,” the study explores various manifestations of violence in modern society. The play’s characters serve as archetypal representations of both perpetrators and victims, revealing the pervasive nature of psychological and physical violence. Critical examination of character relationships exposes how societal norms often obscure the recognition of violence, particularly in domestic and intimate settings. By analyzing the psychological portraits of the characters and their interactions, the research demonstrates the profound impact of personal trauma on human lives. The study contributes to broader scholarly discourse on gender, power, and human rights in both Georgian and global contexts
THE FORMATION OF STATE AND LEGAL SYSTEMS IN ANCIENT INDIA
No full textThis article examines the development of state structures and legal systems in ancient India, tracing their evolution from the Vedic period through the medieval era. The study analyzes the distinctive characteristics of ancient Indian jurisprudence, which emerged at the intersection of religious, philosophical, and political principles. Central to this analysis is the varna-caste system, which structured social relations and determined differentiated legal statuses, obligations, and forms of liability across social categories.The research explores the primary sources of ancient Indian law, including Vedic literature, Dharmasūtra texts, Dharmaśāstra treatises, and the Laws of Manu (Manusmṛti). Particular attention is devoted to the concept of dharma as a universal legal, moral, and religious order governing all aspects of human existence. The article demonstrates how dharma established normative frameworks encompassing civil, criminal, and procedural law. The study also examines secular juridical literature, notably Kautilya’s Arthaśāstra, which complemented religious legal sources with theories of statecraft and administration. The article addresses the transformation of Indian legal culture during the medieval period, when Islamic conquests introduced legal pluralism through the coexistence of dharmaśāstra and Sharia law, revealing significant regional variations between northern and southern India.By synthesizing religious texts, epic literature (Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa), and juridical treatises, this study illuminates how ancient Indian jurisprudence developed legal mechanisms within a framework that merged temporal and spiritual authority, continuing to influence contemporary Indian legal traditions.This article examines the development of state structures and legal systems in ancient India, tracing their evolution from the Vedic period through the medieval era. The study analyzes the distinctive characteristics of ancient Indian jurisprudence, which emerged at the intersection of religious, philosophical, and political principles. Central to this analysis is the varna-caste system, which structured social relations and determined differentiated legal statuses, obligations, and forms of liability across social categories.The research explores the primary sources of ancient Indian law, including Vedic literature, Dharmasūtra texts, Dharmaśāstra treatises, and the Laws of Manu (Manusmṛti). Particular attention is devoted to the concept of dharma as a universal legal, moral, and religious order governing all aspects of human existence. The article demonstrates how dharma established normative frameworks encompassing civil, criminal, and procedural law. The study also examines secular juridical literature, notably Kautilya’s Arthaśāstra, which complemented religious legal sources with theories of statecraft and administration. The article addresses the transformation of Indian legal culture during the medieval period, when Islamic conquests introduced legal pluralism through the coexistence of dharmaśāstra and Sharia law, revealing significant regional variations between northern and southern India.By synthesizing religious texts, epic literature (Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa), and juridical treatises, this study illuminates how ancient Indian jurisprudence developed legal mechanisms within a framework that merged temporal and spiritual authority, continuing to influence contemporary Indian legal traditions
The Relationship Between Social Acceptance, Tolerance and Xenophobia in the Tourism Industry
Full text linkSocial acceptance, tolerance and xenophobia are three distinct but interconnected processes within the tourism industry. Social acceptance refers to the attitudes and dynamics in social relations, which are determined by various factors, among them tolerance and xenophobia. This article explores studies and scientific sources on these concepts, analyzing the connections between them, and their origins. It examines how healthy relationships between tourists and locals, as well as local attitudes, impact tourist satisfaction and the development of the tourism industry. The article discusses research on xenophobic social issues in South Africa, identifying the social consequences and the individuals most affected by irrational societal views. The article also analyzes the factors that contribute to xenophobia, which hinder business relations in tourism and impede the establishment of welcoming environments. Research on social acceptance conducted in the Adjara region is also presented, with the primary methodology being the analysis of sources and surveys carried out through questionnairesSocial acceptance, tolerance, and xenophobia are three distinct but interconnected processes within the tourism industry. Social acceptance refers to the attitudes and dynamics in social relations, which are determined by various factors, among them tolerance and xenophobia. This article explores studies and scientific sources on these concepts, analyzing the connections between them, and their origins. It examines how healthy relationships between tourists and locals, as well as local attitudes, impact tourist satisfaction and the development of the tourism industry. The article discusses research on xenophobic social issues in South Africa, identifying the social consequences and the individuals most affected by irrational societal views. The article also analyzes the factors that contribute to xenophobia, which hinder business relations in tourism and impede the establishment of welcoming environments. Research on social acceptance conducted in the Adjara region is also presented, with the primary methodology being the analysis of sources and surveys carried out through questionnaires
Migration Trends in Slovakia: An Analysis of Post-EU Enlargement
Full text linkWhile migration is not a new phenomenon, it remains a key issue on the global policy agenda due to its economic, social, and cultural implications for both sending and receiving countries. Since 2014, the large influx of migrants and asylum seekers from third countries into the EU has contributed to the migration crisis, which is now closely tied to the broader political crisis within the EU. However, the understanding and application of shared values, particularly solidarity, still vary among EU Member States.This article examines migration trends in Slovakia following its 2004 accession to the European Union, focusing on key determinants and implications for the country’s social-economic landscape. Using both qualitative and quantitative data, the research analyzes various types of migration, including labor migration, educational migration, and family reunification. The research findings reveal significant inflows and outflows of migrants, shaped by economic factors such as wage differences and job availability, alongside social factors like educational opportunities and community ties. While Slovakia benefits from a diverse and dynamic labor force, challenges remain in integration and public attitudes toward migrants. The article concludes with policy recommendations to deeper the understanding of migration in Slovakia, offering insights for policymakers in navigating the complexities of the evolving migration landscape.While migration is not a new phenomenon, it remains a key issue on the global policy agenda due to its economic, social, and cultural implications for both sending and receiving countries. Since 2014, the large influx of migrants and asylum seekers from third countries into the EU has contributed to the migration crisis, which is now closely tied to the broader political crisis within the EU. However, the understanding and application of shared values, particularly solidarity, still vary among EU Member States.This article examines migration trends in Slovakia following its 2004 accession to the European Union, focusing on key determinants and implications for the country’s social-economic landscape. Using both qualitative and quantitative data, the research analyzes various types of migration, including labor migration, educational migration, and family reunification. The research findings reveal significant inflows and outflows of migrants, shaped by economic factors such as wage differences and job availability, alongside social factors like educational opportunities and community ties. While Slovakia benefits from a diverse and dynamic labor force, challenges remain in integration and public attitudes toward migrants. The article concludes with policy recommendations to deeper the understanding of migration in Slovakia, offering insights for policymakers in navigating the complexities of the evolving migration landscape
ᲣᲪᲮᲝᲣᲠᲘ ᲘᲜᲕᲔᲡᲢᲘᲪᲘᲔᲑᲘᲡ ᲓᲐᲪᲕᲐ ᲨᲣᲐᲮᲛᲔᲚᲔᲗᲨᲘ ᲓᲐ ᲡᲐᲠᲣᲛᲐᲜᲘᲡ ᲐᲘᲖᲔᲜᲒᲐᲠᲓᲘ: ᲣᲪᲮᲝᲣᲠᲘ ᲘᲜᲕᲔᲡᲢᲘᲪᲘᲔᲑᲘᲡ ᲓᲐᲪᲕᲘᲡ ᲡᲐᲔᲠᲗᲐᲨᲝᲠᲘᲡᲝ ᲡᲘᲡᲢᲔᲛᲔᲑᲘ ᲒᲐᲜᲕᲘᲗᲐᲠᲔᲑᲘᲡ ᲡᲐᲔᲠᲗᲝ ᲛᲡᲝᲤᲚᲘᲝ ᲛᲘᲡᲬᲠᲐᲤᲔᲑᲐᲨᲘ
Full text linkThe need for international guarantees and protective mechanisms for foreign investments became evident following World War II. In 1954, a resolution initiated by the UN Secretary-General identified a significant mismatch between investment flows and regions most in need of development. This resolution encouraged investment-seeking nations to “review and enhance national legislation” to improve their investment climate and implement measures to protect and promote foreign investments within their territories.Despite these early recommendations, foreign investment protection remains a critical challenge in global development. A key obstacle has been the absence of a universally accepted framework for resolving international investment disputes. This article examines the limitations of current investment protection mechanisms through analysis of three major systems: the World Bank, the International Court of Justice, and the Council of Europe. The discussion enriches this analysis through analogies drawn from selected passages in Tolkien’s literary works.The need for international guarantees and protective mechanisms for foreign investments became evident following World War II. In 1954, a resolution initiated by the UN Secretary-General identified a significant mismatch between investment flows and regions most in need of development. This resolution encouraged investment-seeking nations to “review and enhance national legislation” to improve their investment climate and implement measures to protect and promote foreign investments within their territories.Despite these early recommendations, foreign investment protection remains a critical challenge in global development. A key obstacle has been the absence of a universally accepted framework for resolving international investment disputes. This article examines the limitations of current investment protection mechanisms through analysis of three major systems: the World Bank, the International Court of Justice, and the Council of Europe. The discussion enriches this analysis through analogies drawn from selected passages in Tolkien’s literary works