E-JOURNALS OF UNIVERSITY SULKHAN-SABA ORBELIANI
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SOME QUESTIONS OF ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW
No full textIslamic criminal law is one of the important fields of fiqh in Islamic jurisprudence. Islamic criminal law began to take shape in the very first years of the Muslim community, during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad, and as Islam, unlike other religions, quickly became the state religion of the Arab caliphate, the Ottoman Empire, Iran. The uniqueness of Islam as a religion and ideology is that it encompasses any sphere of human life, reaching into every human action. What is not in the revelation of God or in the Qur'an is filled with the explanations (hadiths) of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) (for the Shiites also by the sayings of the righteous Caliph Ali). And what is not described in the holy books can be supplemented by the joint decisions of the authoritative theological scholars and the analogies made in various Islamic schools. Thus, a Muslim judge has a wide range of choices to make.Due to the confessional nature of the population, Islamic law is now fully or partially enforced in many countries of the world or in some regions of some countries. In these states or regions, Islamic criminal law may be enacted in various doses, which is why the study of Islamic criminal law remains a priority for jurists, as well as the study of the history of law.Islamic criminal law is one of the important fields of fiqh in Islamic jurisprudence. Islamic criminal law began to take shape in the very first years of the Muslim community, during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad, and as Islam, unlike other religions, quickly became the state religion of the Arab caliphate, the Ottoman Empire, Iran. The uniqueness of Islam as a religion and ideology is that it encompasses any sphere of human life, reaching into every human action. What is not in the revelation of God or in the Qur'an is filled with the explanations (hadiths) of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) (for the Shiites also by the sayings of the righteous Caliph Ali). And what is not described in the holy books can be supplemented by the joint decisions of the authoritative theological scholars and the analogies made in various Islamic schools. Thus, a Muslim judge has a wide range of choices to make. Due to the confessional nature of the population, Islamic law is now fully or partially enforced in many countries of the world or in some regions of some countries. In these states or regions, Islamic criminal law may be enacted in various doses, which is why the study of Islamic criminal law remains a priority for jurists, as well as the study of the history of law
საქართველოს სისხლის სამართლის კოდექსის 1261 -ე მუხლის კომენტარი
No full textDomestic violence is prevalent in every community and impacts everyone regardless of age, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, gender, race or religion. However, society's attitude towards domestic violence has changed and become intolerant over the years. As a result, legislators paid more attention to aggravating the law, and nowadays, article 1261 (Domestic Violence) of the Criminal Code of Georgia is highly usable in criminal investigations.
The paper contains a detailed overview of article 1261 and Georgian case law about domestic violence.Domestic violence is prevalent in every community and impacts everyone regardless of age, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, gender, race or religion. However, society's attitude towards domestic violence has changed and become intolerant over the years. As a result, legislators paid more attention to aggravating the law, and nowadays, article 1261 (Domestic Violence) of the Criminal Code of Georgia is highly usable in criminal investigations.
The paper contains a detailed overview of article 1261 and Georgian case law about domestic violence
საქმე _ `როუ უეიდის წინააღმდეგ“
No full textThe article discusses the important details of the Roe v. Wade caseსტატია განიხილავს კონკრეტულ საქმეს. საქმე _ `როუ უეიდის წინააღმდეგ
RAHNER’S TRINITY CONCEPTION
No full textOne of the influential catholic theologians of the XX century Karl Rahner wrote extensively about Trinity. We decided to analyze Rahners triadological considerations in the contexts of Augustinian Triadology. Two important circumstances prompted us to make this decision: First, Rahner himself developed his own triadological doctrine in the context of opposition to Augustine of Hippo; Second, Augustine's theology is much better known in Georgia than of Rahner’s one. This will allow Georgian readers to better Understand Runner's innovative ideas. Essential, but not the only, circumstances that distinguishes Rahner’s Triadology from Augustian’s one is that former identifies immanent Trinity with economic Trinity. The article discusses some difficulties, into which this identification leads Rahner’s Triadology. The difficulties could be absent had Rahner remained faithful to Augustine’s view. The main difficulty that Rahners Triadology cannot avoid is that Incarnation is not directly related to the Christ’s soteriological functionOne of the influential catholic theologians of the XX century Karl Rahner wrote extensively about Trinity. We decided to analyze Rahners triadological considerations in the contexts of Augustinian Triadology. Two important circumstances prompted us to make this decision: First, Rahner himself developed his own triadological doctrine in the context of opposition to Augustine of Hippo; Second, Augustine's theology is much better known in Georgia than of Rahner’s one. This will allow Georgian readers to better Understand Runner's innovative ideas. Essential, but not the only, circumstances that distinguishes Rahner’s Triadology from Augustian’s one is that former identifies immanent Trinity with economic Trinity. The article discusses some difficulties, into which this identification leads Rahner’s Triadology. The difficulties could be absent had Rahner remained faithful to Augustine’s view. The main difficulty that Rahners Triadology cannot avoid is that Incarnation is not directly related to the Christ’s soteriological functio
THE QUESTION OF ARRIVAL OF THE ITALIAN MILITARY MISSION IN GEORGIA IN SUMMER 1919
No full textThe defeat of Germany in the First World War and the declaration of capitulation automatically led to the withdrawal of the Germans from the territory of Georgia. The mandate for Georgia was taken by England, however, due to the geopolitical circumstances created at that time, the British soon left Georgia. The government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia has not rejected the idea of replacing the British with other "imperialists". The Italians were the first of the latter and the sending of Italian troops to Georgia was officially announced. The mandate of Italy included Georgia and Azerbaijan, but this country was trying to gain a mandate in Armenia as well. But the domestic situation associated with the Cabinet crisis led to the defeat of the Orlando-Sonino government in June 1919, and the new government of Niti-Titon immediately rejected the idea of Italy's presence in the CaucasusThe defeat of Germany in the First World War and the declaration of capitulation automatically led to the withdrawal of the Germans from the territory of Georgia. The mandate for Georgia was taken by England, however, due to the geopolitical circumstances created at that time, the British soon left Georgia. The government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia has not rejected the idea of replacing the British with other "imperialists". The Italians were the first of the latter and the sending of Italian troops to Georgia was officially announced. The mandate of Italy included Georgia and Azerbaijan, but this country was trying to gain a mandate in Armenia as well. But the domestic situation associated with the Cabinet crisis led to the defeat of the Orlando-Sonino government in June 1919, and the new government of Niti-Titon immediately rejected the idea of Italy's presence in the Caucasu
EPIPHANE CHKHAIDZE ON THE RELATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
No full textRecently, the Georgian Orthodox Church has become especially active in a matter of restoring the monarchy in Georgia. To clarify what lay and ecclesiastical people fighting for autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church thought about the restoration of royal institution, in the present article we recalled and examined the article: Epiphane Chkhaidze, Ecclesiastical Reform (“Sakhalkho Sakme”, №860, 26.VI, 1920, 2-3.)It is prominent with its knowledge of the matter and professionalism naturally leading to a desire to know even a bit about life and activity of its author. The work considers the person of Epiphane Chkhaidze, the main aspects of his biography and his attitude with the institution of the king on the basis of his considerations as a cleriRecently, the Georgian Orthodox Church has become especially active in a matter of restoring the monarchy in Georgia. To clarify what lay and ecclesiastical people fighting for autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church thought about the restoration of royal institution, in the present article we recalled and examined the article: Epiphane Chkhaidze, Ecclesiastical Reform (“Sakhalkho Sakme”, №860, 26.VI, 1920, 2-3.) It is prominent with its knowledge of the matter and professionalism naturally leading to a desire to know even a bit about life and activity of its author. The work considers the person of Epiphane Chkhaidze, the main aspects of his biography and his attitude with the institution of the king on the basis of his considerations as a cler
MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF VICTIM
No full textIt is now a widely acknowledged fact in criminology that media, be it news media formats or social media, overwhelmingly focus on the most severe examples of crime and victimisation. By contrast, lower-level property offences, drug related offences and domestic violence cases that make up the significant majority of recorded crimes and white-collar offences, that comes with great costs for society, are given relatively sparse attention and, in most cases, even ignored altogether. However, interesting is the fact that mass media’s focus on severe crimes is also highly selective and there might be several explanations for this. The impetus of this paper is to describe media practices and tries to find a logical explanation for such a biased approach. In doing so, the paper first briefly considers the development of academic victimology and the various theoretical strands within the discipline. Then it goes with introduction of the socially construct images of victims by the media, as deserving and undeserving victims, and summarises their characteristics. The paper then examines three basic tropes — villain, victim, and hero — that emerge in images, claims, and narratives in media context and critically evaluates each one of them. Finally, it analyses positive and negative influences of victim portrayal by the media, including social media and throughout the paper it gives practical recommendations for media, how crime victims shall be represented, so that the revictimisation of the people most affected by the crime be minimised to a large extentIt is now a widely acknowledged fact in criminology that media, be it news media formats or social media, overwhelmingly focus on the most severe examples of crime and victimisation. By contrast, lower-level property offences, drug related offences and domestic violence cases that make up the significant majority of recorded crimes and white-collar offences, that comes with great costs for society, are given relatively sparse attention and, in most cases, even ignored altogether. However, interesting is the fact that mass media’s focus on severe crimes is also highly selective and there might be several explanations for this. The impetus of this paper is to describe media practices and tries to find a logical explanation for such a biased approach. In doing so, the paper first briefly considers the development of academic victimology and the various theoretical strands within the discipline. Then it goes with introduction of the socially construct images of victims by the media, as deserving and undeserving victims, and summarises their characteristics. The paper then examines three basic tropes — villain, victim, and hero — that emerge in images, claims, and narratives in media context and critically evaluates each one of them. Finally, it analyses positive and negative influences of victim portrayal by the media, including social media and throughout the paper it gives practical recommendations for media, how crime victims shall be represented, so that the revictimisation of the people most affected by the crime be minimised to a large exten
MARXISM AND STATUS OF WOMEN
No full textIn the twentieth century Marxist ideology was popular in European countries. Marxism introduced new approaches to several issues. The article discusses the status of women according to Marxist theory. This article aims to show the condition of women in society or the family imagined by Marxists. The study compares the different approaches of the Marxists to the reality created in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was based on Marxist ideology. Though, it turned out that the status of women was different in reality. The paper is based on works that are mostly in English. That makes the research topic more valuable as well as interesting to the general public.In the twentieth century Marxist ideology was popular in European countries. Marxism introduced new approaches to several issues. The article discusses the status of women according to Marxist theory. This article aims to show the condition of women in society or the family imagined by Marxists. The study compares the different approaches of the Marxists to the reality created in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was based on Marxist ideology. Though, it turned out that the status of women was different in reality. The paper is based on works that are mostly in English. That makes the research topic more valuable as well as interesting to the general public
PUBLIC OFFICE AND THE CIVIL SERVANT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: Translated from the Journal: Petru Tãrchilã, Viorica Cornelia Grãjdeanu, Public Office and The Civil Servant in the European Union, Perspectives of Law and Public Administration Volume 8, Issue 1, May 2019, 89-99.
No full textThe article by Petru Tãrchilã and Viorica Cornelia Grãjdeanu (Public Office and The Civil Servant in the European Union, Perspectives of Law and Public Administration Volume 8, Issue 1, May 2019, 89-99) discusses the key issues regarding the public office in the European Union. The European Community Civil Service Status defines European public servants’ rights and obligations in relation to the European Union and its institutions. According to the nature and level of the public office to which they correspond, the positions are divided into two groups: administrative positions and assistant positions.The article deals with the conditions necessary to comply with for holding administrative or assistant positions in the public office in the European Union. Duration of their work is amongst the other important issues discussed in the article. The authors underline the Importance of the EU Regulations setting forth a new career system for European public servants.The article by Petru Tãrchilã and Viorica Cornelia Grãjdeanu (Public Office and The Civil Servant in the European Union, Perspectives of Law and Public Administration Volume 8, Issue 1, May 2019, 89-99) discusses the key issues regarding the public office in the European Union. The European Community Civil Service Status defines European public servants’ rights and obligations in relation to the European Union and its institutions. According to the nature and level of the public office to which they correspond, the positions are divided into two groups: administrative positions and assistant positions.The article deals with the conditions necessary to comply with for holding administrative or assistant positions in the public office in the European Union. Duration of their work is amongst the other important issues discussed in the article. The authors underline the Importance of the EU Regulations setting forth a new career system for European public servants