E-JOURNALS OF UNIVERSITY SULKHAN-SABA ORBELIANI
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სასაქონლო ნიშნის რეგისტრაციის გაუქმება მესამე პირის მოთხოვნით (საქართველოს უზენაესი სასამართლოს ერთი განჩინების მაგალითზე)
Full text linkEthiopian Programs, Strategies and Agreements for Sustainable Development: A Study of the Oromia Region
Full text linkThis study examines Ethiopia’s efforts, strategies, and programs for sustainable development, with an emphasis on the Oromia regional state. The economy of Ethiopia is growing at one of the fastest rates on the continent, and it has made significant progress towards achieving the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. The country has initiated several policies, agreements, and initiatives to promote sustainable development for the Oromia people. The development of sustainable farming practices, land-use planning, renewable energy sources, and forest preservation are all prioritized in the majority of the government’s projects, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and strengthening resistance to climate change as a result. The initiatives have also been successful in promoting economic growth, improving food security, and reducing poverty. A number of noteworthy projects have been implemented in the Oromia region. Through the promotion of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, these projects aim to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the consequences of climate change. In order to ensure the population’s general development and well-being, efforts have also been undertaken to increase access to healthcare and education. The Oromia region has many obstacles in the way of achieving sustainable development, despite boasting a diverse population and an abundance of natural resources. This paper examines the initiatives undertaken by the federal government, state and local governments, and other stakeholders to address these problems and promote sustainable development. The research findings enhance comprehension of the challenges faced by the Ethiopian government in defending its long-term objectives for both the country’s citizens and the global community.This study examines Ethiopia’s efforts, strategies, and programs for sustainable development, with an emphasis on the Oromia regional state. The economy of Ethiopia is growing at one of the fastest rates on the continent, and it has made significant progress towards achieving the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. The country has initiated several policies, agreements, and initiatives to promote sustainable development for the Oromia people. The development of sustainable farming practices, land-use planning, renewable energy sources, and forest preservation are all prioritized in the majority of the government’s projects, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and strengthening resistance to climate change as a result. The initiatives have also been successful in promoting economic growth, improving food security, and reducing poverty. A number of noteworthy projects have been implemented in the Oromia region. Through the promotion of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, these projects aim to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the consequences of climate change. In order to ensure the population’s general development and well-being, efforts have also been undertaken to increase access to healthcare and education. The Oromia region has many obstacles in the way of achieving sustainable development, despite boasting a diverse population and an abundance of natural resources. This paper examines the initiatives undertaken by the federal government, state and local governments, and other stakeholders to address these problems and promote sustainable development. The research findings enhance comprehension of the challenges faced by the Ethiopian government in defending its long-term objectives for both the country’s citizens and the global community
IS SALVATION POSSIBLE OUTSIDE THE CHURCH?
No full textExclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism are three widely recognized theories in the field of the theology of religions, exploring different perspectives on truth and salvation across various religious beliefs. Discussions around these theories can lead to diverse conclusions. However, it is essential to bear in mind that the ultimate decision regarding the redemption or non-redemption of individuals rests solely within the jurisdiction of God. Human beings can only engage in speculative contemplation on this matter. These theories essentially emerge from human conjecture based on the teachings of Holy Scripture. Through careful analysis and deliberation of these theories, one can argue that the Church represents the authentic path guiding individuals towards salvation. Nevertheless, it is plausible that God may have numerous other ways and methods of granting salvation to individuals. Exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism are three widely recognized theories in the field of the theology of religions, exploring different perspectives on truth and salvation across various religious beliefs. Discussions around these theories can lead to diverse conclusions. However, it is essential to bear in mind that the ultimate decision regarding the redemption or non-redemption of individuals rests solely within the jurisdiction of God. Human beings can only engage in speculative contemplation on this matter. These theories essentially emerge from human conjecture based on the teachings of Holy Scripture. Through careful analysis and deliberation of these theories, one can argue that the Church represents the authentic path guiding individuals towards salvation. Nevertheless, it is plausible that God may have numerous other ways and methods of granting salvation to individuals. 
Legal Nature of Appeals in Polish Civil Proceedings
Full text linkThe analysis of the characteristic features of appeals in civil proceedings in Poland gives a way to the conclusion that the system of these measures is extensive. The proper regulation of legal remedies system is important to preserve the right to a court. This is determined by the characteristics of these remedies. The article discusses the most important features, thus, it can be concluded that inadequate regulation of legal remedies mostly concerns the decisions, as the legislator introduced a horizontal complaint (at the expense of the horizontal complaint) too broadly. In certain respects, this standardisation violates the principle of instantiation, which should be the ruleThe analysis of the characteristic features of appeals in civil proceedings in Poland gives a way to the conclusion that the system of these measures is extensive. The proper regulation of legal remedies system is important to preserve the right to a court. This is determined by the characteristics of these remedies. The article discusses the most important features, thus, it can be concluded that inadequate regulation of legal remedies mostly concerns the decisions, as the legislator introduced a horizontal complaint (at the expense of the horizontal complaint) too broadly. In certain respects, this standardisation violates the principle of instantiation, which should be the rul
Legislative Function of the Second Chamber of Parliament of Poland Against the Background of the Solutions of Czech Republic and Romania: de lege lata v. de lege ferenda
Full text linkThe power of a particular parliamentary chamber is determined by its competences, with law-making being most important. In Poland, the adoption of a bicameral solution was not without controversy. There are many theses in the doctrine that puts into question the adopted order, proposing an attempt to remodel the system. The present study represents an attempt to compare the legislative function of the Senate of Poland, Czech Republic and Romania. The research hypothesis is that the Polish second chamber’s competences are most limited in this respect. The choice of these countries is led by their geographical proximity – they are located in Central and Eastern Europe and share a common history. Besides, they also have similar cultural links often. These countries also have bicameral parliaments being uncommon in the region. It is worth noting that these countries had the second chambers of the parliament in their current form since 1990s.The power of a particular parliamentary chamber is determined by its competences, with law-making being most important. In Poland, the adoption of a bicameral solution was not without controversy. There are many theses in the doctrine that puts into question the adopted order, proposing an attempt to remodel the system. The present study represents an attempt to compare the legislative function of the Senate of Poland, Czech Republic and Romania. The research hypothesis is that the Polish second chamber’s competences are most limited in this respect. The choice of these countries is led by their geographical proximity – they are located in Central and Eastern Europe and share a common history. Besides, they also have similar cultural links often. These countries also have bicameral parliaments being uncommon in the region. It is worth noting that these countries had the second chambers of the parliament in their current form since 1990s
Denial of Russia’s Sovereign Immunity in Tort Claims by IDPs in National Courts of Georgian
Full text linkThe occupation of the Abkhazia and Tskhinvali regions by the Russian Federation in 1992-1993 was followed by a complete occupation of 20% of Georgia as a result of the 2008 Russia-Georgia war, when the Russian Federation committed egregious crimes, the genocide of the Georgian people and destruction of their property. By the international community it was recognized as one of the most malicious human rights violations resulting in 300,000 internally displaced persons continuously suffering from material and moral damage due to the ongoing occupation. They are in need of a full and fair restoration of their rights. Therefore, according to international and national law standards, they may be entitled to demand compensation from the Russian Federation for the damages caused by illegal actions in Georgian courts, especially in the conditions when Russia has been expelled from the Council of Europe since March 2022. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) no longer has jurisdiction over new disputes with this country’s involvement since September 17, 2022. Therefore, it will not hear such cases as the only means of compensating the IDPs being lodging with national courts. This research uses a comparative analysis method. The judicial topic is scrutinized by examining decisions of international and foreign courts about the identified problem. The study encompasses an in-depth review of articles focused on this subject, including an exploration of divergent opinions provided in each source.Furthermore, the author presents a perspective on resolving the issue, offering a synthesized viewpoint that enriches the ongoing discourse.The occupation of the Abkhazia and Tskhinvali regions by the Russian Federation in 1992-1993 was followed by a complete occupation of 20% of Georgia as a result of the 2008 Russia-Georgia war, when the Russian Federation committed egregious crimes, the genocide of the Georgian people and destruction of their property. By the international community it was recognized as one of the most malicious human rights violations resulting in 300,000 internally displaced persons continuously suffering from material and moral damage due to the ongoing occupation. They are in need of a full and fair restoration of their rights. Therefore, according to international and national law standards, they may be entitled to demand compensation from the Russian Federation for the damages caused by illegal actions in Georgian courts, especially in the conditions when Russia has been expelled from the Council of Europe since March 2022. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) no longer has jurisdiction over new disputes with this country’s involvement since September 17, 2022. Therefore, it will not hear such cases as the only means of compensating the IDPs being lodging with national courts. This research uses a comparative analysis method. The judicial topic is scrutinized by examining decisions of international and foreign courts about the identified problem. The study encompasses an in-depth review of articles focused on this subject, including an exploration of divergent opinions provided in each source.Furthermore, the author presents a perspective on resolving the issue, offering a synthesized viewpoint that enriches the ongoing discourse
ქონებრივი ზიანის მომტანი ცნობების გავრცელება, როგორც პიროვნული უფლებების დარღვევის დამოუკიდებელი სახე სამოქალაქო სამართალში
Full text linkსამომხმარებლო ხელშეკრულებებში სტანდარტული პირობების სამართლიანობის კონტროლის სისტემა ევროკავშირსა და საქართველოში
Full text linkPolish Fiscal Criminal Law, Legislative Tradition and Special Features
Full text linkThe article refers to the essence and specific characteristics of the Polish Fiscal Penal Code. Polish legislative traditions in this area have been taken as a starting point. The philosophy guiding the fiscal criminal law, including the system of penal sanctions and measures, with the adopted regression of punishment, is extensively analysed. The article discusses the structure of this code, leading characteristics of the substantive, procedural and executive provisions contained therein, and several legal institutions specific to this code that are not found in common criminal law.The article refers to the essence and specific characteristics of the Polish Fiscal Penal Code. Polish legislative traditions in this area have been taken as a starting point. The philosophy guiding the fiscal criminal law, including the system of penal sanctions and measures, with the adopted regression of punishment, is extensively analysed. The article discusses the structure of this code, leading characteristics of the substantive, procedural and executive provisions contained therein, and several legal institutions specific to this code that are not found in common criminal law
Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights in Decisions of the Constitutional Court of Georgia
Full text linkThe article deals with the problem of using the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law by the Constitutional Court of Georgia. For this purpose, the place of the international treaty in the hierarchy of the legal system of Georgia is first reviewed, whereby it is shown that this issue lies in a gray area. In addition, decisions of the Constitutional Court of Georgia are analyzed, where it is found that in their decisions, the ECtHR case law is rarely interpreted. It is also found that since 2012, the Constitutional Court of Georgia has not interpreted the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms or the ECtHR case law at all, even though in many cases at least one side used the ECtHR case law in its argument. In such cases, it seems the Constitutional Court of Georgia would simply state the position of the party but not indicate its own opinion - whether the court shared it or not, or why.The article deals with the problem of using the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law by the Constitutional Court of Georgia. For this purpose, the place of the international treaty in the hierarchy of the legal system of Georgia is first reviewed, whereby it is shown that this issue lies in a gray area. In addition, decisions of the Constitutional Court of Georgia are analyzed, where it is found that in their decisions, the ECtHR case law is rarely interpreted. It is also found that since 2012, the Constitutional Court of Georgia has not interpreted the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms or the ECtHR case law at all, even though in many cases at least one side used the ECtHR case law in its argument. In such cases, it seems the Constitutional Court of Georgia would simply state the position of the party but not indicate its own opinion - whether the court shared it or not, or why