The Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers
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मिलेट्स (श्री अन्न) एक अद्भुत खाद्य पदार्थः अभियंता इसके खेती और मूल्यवर्धन प्रक्रिया को बनाते आसान
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Heat Transfer Characteristics of Cryogenically Frozen Kulfi (A Dairy Dessert)
No full textKulfi was frozen from concentrated milk as well as from reconstituted dry mix with solids content of 60%. The convective heat transfer coefficients during freezing of kulfi by deep freeze and cryogenic methods were determined using one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation. The heat transfer coefficient for cryogenic freezing of kulfi from milk and dry mix concentrates was 210.57 W m-2K-1 and 216.84 W m-2K-1, respectively when compared to 8.33 W m-2K-1 for conventional deep-frozen kulfi. Freezing was achieved in 267 min in deep freeze method, while it reduced to just 185-190 s under cryogenic conditions. The freezing time was predicted using empirical equations, and the prediction accuracies were compared. Cryogenic freezing was nearly 87.66 times faster than deep freezing, and Pham’s model best-predicted the freezing time. Organoleptic evaluation using fuzzy-logic revealed that the order of ranking of quality attributes of kulfi was body and texture (highly important) > melting characteristics (highly important) > flavour and taste (highly important) > colour and appearance (important), and cryogenically frozen kulfi was statistically (p<0.05) superior to conventionally frozen kulfi
Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems: Sustainability, Advancements and Future Prospects
No full textGreen Revolution in India fulfilled food demands through high-yielding crops. However, extensive groundwater irrigation using diesel/electric pumps resulted in environmental issues like air pollution and carbon emissions, among others. In order to address such issues through sustainable solutions, the country is currently turning to solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS), which is an eco-friendly alternative. With 60% of irrigation relying on groundwater and 26 million pumps are powered with coal-fired electricity or diesel, the SPIS offers the potential to reduce fossil fuel reliance and greenhouse gas emissions. Solar drip irrigation, in particular, can conserve 50%-60% water compared to conventional irrigation systems. This study comprehensively reviews technological advancements in irrigation, focusing on photovoltaic and solar thermal systems. Further, it highlights the advantages and limitations of these technologies, particularly in managing water and energy, extending its scope beyond small-farm areas. The study further explores the techno-economic feasibility of SPIS, considering efficiency, water conservation, costeffectiveness, and sustainability. By synthesizing relevant literature, this review paper provides insights into implementing SPIS in agriculture, emphasizing on both technical and economic viability. This review aims to guide sustainable and efficient irrigation practices across diverse farming contexts
Impact of Power Tiller Noise on the Occupational Health of Indian Farmers: A Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir
No full textPower tillers have significantly improved the efficiency of agricultural operations in India. However, their noise emissions pose considerable health risks to operators. This study investigates the impact of power tiller noise on occupational health, and evaluates the effectiveness of various noise protection devices. Noise levels were recorded at different engine speeds, revealing that without protection, noise could reach 103.14 dB(A), surpassing the recommended safe occupational limit of 85 dB(A). Noise reduction capabilities of ear muffs, ear plugs, and moist cotton were assessed. Ear muffs provided highest noise reduction, lowering noise by 40.50%, followed by ear plugs (32.70%) and moist cotton (26.80%). The physiological impact of noise on operators was also measured, showing that ear muffs led to the most significant reductions in elevated blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic blood pressure) as well as increased heart rate. The findings underscore the urgent need for effective noise mitigation strategies in power tiller operations and recommend ear muffs as the most effective protective device for safeguarding operators’ health
Study on Discharge Dynamics and Droplet Characteristics of Various Nozzle Types for Pesticide Application
No full textThis research is aimed at reducing the environmental impact and increasing the efficiency of pesticide application by examining the effects of nozzle type and operating pressure on spray characteristics and discharge rate. Prevalent challenges of applying pesticides had been the subject of prior studies, but the relationships between nozzle types [flat fan, hollow cone, and flower (8-hole)] and operating pressures (2, 3 and 4 kg cm-2) were not widely recognized for greenhouses. This research gap necessitated an experimental approach, measuring spray deposition and discharge rate across three nozzles using a Malvern Spraytec droplet analyzer and spray patternator. Specific surface area (SSA), volume mean diameter [D(4,3)], Sauter mean diameter [D(3,2)], droplet size distribution (Dv10, Dv50, and Dv90), span were characterized and measured. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey\u27s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) tests to determine significant difference between factors for nozzle selection. The results showed that increasing working pressure of flat fan nozzle from 2 to 4 kg cm-2 led to smaller droplets sizes, with Dv10, Dv50 and Dv90 decreasing from 85.61 to 66.41 µm, 165.33 to 142.80 µm, and 424.83 to 376.16 µm, respectively. Increase in SSA correspondingly from 0.387 to 0.524 m² cc-1, indicates more surface area available per unit volume of pesticides. It was found that with increase in discharge rate from 1045.69 to 1360.01 mL min-1, there was a significant increase in pesticide volume delivered. These findings provide important information for enhancing pesticide application procedures by highlighting the significance of carefully choosing operating pressures and nozzle types to establish a balance between spray efficacy and environmental considerations