The Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers
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Exploration of Drying Methods for Preparation of Quick Cooking Germinated Brown Rice
No full textQuick cooking germinated brown rice (QCGBR) having good cooking and sensory qualities is a convenient food for consumers with busy modern life style. This study compares effect of drying methods on different quality parameters of the QCGBR. Quick cooking germinated brown rice was prepared from paddy var. Prativa using different drying methods. Brown rice was soaked for 12 h, germinated for 24 h in an incubator and pressure cooked, followed by storing at 4°C in refrigerated condition for 24 h. Samples were then hot air dried at 70°C, 90°C, and 110°C, microwave dried at 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2 W g-1 power level and freeze dried. The cooking qualities, physico-chemical parameters and sensory attributes of the dried samples were studied. Freeze dried and microwave dried QCGBR were found to be better than hot air-dried samples. Taking into account, all the quality parameters, microwave drying at 3.2 W g-1 power level was found to be the best for preparation of quick cooking germinated brown rice in terms of less cooking time (5±1 min), higher overall acceptability sensory score (7.5±0.58) and higher Gama Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) content (58.8±1.42 mg 100g-1 of dry matter). The quality parameters of freeze dried QCGBR were better in terms of GABA content (62.6±0.31 mg 100g-1 of dry matter), solid loss, water uptake, texture and whiteness index. Peak viscosity (2252±11.6 cP) and final viscosity (3678±18.39 cP) were highest in freeze dried sample. However, with respect to low cost and ease of operation, the microwave drying method at 3.2 W g-1 power level could be adopted for preparation of QCGBR which is a novel convenient health food
Optimization of Operational Parameters of Groundnut Digging Blades in Soil Bin Condition
No full textEfficient groundnut harvesting practices are essential for optimizing yield and reducing operational costs. This study optimizes the operational parameters of groundnut digging blades (V–blade and straight blade) using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), under varying conditions. The effects of soil moisture content on wet basis (6%–9%, 9%–12%, 12%–15%), rake angle (15°, 20°, 25°) and forward speed (0.28, 0.35, 0.42 ms-1) on draft requirement (kgf) were examined for both blade geometries under the soil bin. The central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with a 2-factor interactions model was applied to correlate the independent parameters with the dependent parameter i.e., draft requirement. Ensuring statistical robustness, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the model. The draft requirement for V–blade was lower as compared to that of straight blade. The soil moisture content, rake angle and forward speed, all had a significant effect on the draft requirement for both blade geometries. The draft requirement increased linearly with decreasing soil moisture content and increasing rake angle and forward speed. The optimized parameter for operating groundnut digger was V–blade working at 12%–15% soil moisture content, 15° rake angle and 0.28 m s-1 forward speed with 125.98 kgf draft requirement. This study establishes the groundwork for determining the optimal combination of digging blade parameters. These outcomes, translating to reduced time, energy consumption and costs, hold promise for field evaluations of the prototype digger
Development of a Bag-Opening Device for Apple Young Fruits Bagging System
No full textA mechanized system for bagging fruits is crucial, especially in places where horticultural products are produced and harvested on large scales. In this regard, it is equally important to open the bag without damaging the fruit. The objective of this study was to design an automated device for opening of young apple fruit bags and to analyze its mechanical structure and working principle. This was accomplished by examining factors influencing the bag-opening amplitude and determining key parameters of the device used for bag-opening on paper bags. A single-factor test was conducted to examine how each factor influences the size of the bag-opening amplitude. The optimal combination of parameters was determined by employing orthogonal testing, analysis of variance, response surface analysis, and multi-objective optimization. The observations indicated that the optimal combination consisted of a blowing angle of 6.4°, blowing air pressure of 13.0 kPa, and blowing height of 82.85 mm. There was no damage to bag during the bag-opening test, and the bag-opening amplitude was averaged at 47.80 mm. The study findings showed that the bag-opening effect aligned with the expected outcomes for modern fruit bagging systems aimed at younger fruits
Agricultural Mechanization in Viksit Bharat
No full textIndian Agriculture is feeding the world population not by filling stomach only but also providing nutritional and health securities. But, farmers are ageing, and new generations are not so interested in the traditional farming. The percentage of agricultural workers to total workers is likely to be about 30% with women share of 65 % soon, and this shall go down to about 10-15 % by 2047 with significant higher involvement of women in agriculture. The draft animals are also getting invisible slowly from the Indian farms. To keep pace therefore with population increase and changing world order, agriculture needs speed, scale and significance in prioritization. The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Agriculture and Food Processing has foreseen these situations and has set target to achieve the average farm mechanization level to 75% by 2047 from the current one of about 47-48 %. India has emerged though a net exporter of farm machinery including tractor recently, but the country need attention to increase marketing, export of small farm machinery, tools and machines to penetrate more among small farmers, which is highly scattered and unavailable in majority of the states. Mechanized solutions equipped with sensors, AI and robotics suitable for small farms are being developed for the purpose, but they too need speed and larger resource allocation
Drivers of Farm Mechanization
No full textDuring the Green revolution era, Indian Institutes and Industry have done a great job in developing varieties, irrigation and equipment for staple food cultivation of wheat and rice. This has resulted in self sufficiency but has made farmers income dependent on these two major crops. Most of our mechanization has continued for these major crops and machinery for cultivation in terms of tractors and harvesters. Currently more focus has been given to Secondary agriculture in processing farm output. However, many allied areas like storage, logistics for major crops as well mechanization of cultivation of fibre, soyabean, sugar, horticultural and non-cereals besides poultry, animal and fisheries need thrust in terms of development, adoption and manufacturing
Agriculture: A Holistic Vision for Viksit Bharat
No full textIndia has rich agricultural heritage with diverse agro-climatic zones which acts as backbone of Indian economy. In this modern world of technology, innovation and industry, agriculture plays a pivotal role in shaping nation’s economy. As our country is progressing with a vision of “Viksit Bharat”, that means “developed India”, the sector of agriculture acts as a centre stage for transformation with sustainability. Agriculture is not only about food production as it contributes significantly to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Rural development as well as employment generation. The main concern for India as a growing economy lies with the fact that only be empowering agriculture sector, holistic development of the nation that is envisioned by the viewpoint of “Viksit Bharat” cannot be attained without uplifting the agriculture. The vision of our honourable prime minister, for India to become “Viksit Bharat”, need is there for agriculture to must evolve into sustainable and diversified sector to feed a huge population that supports livelihood and contributes towards national progress. The call for Viksit Bharat @ 2047 signifies the enduring vision to uplift India as a self-reliant and developed nation by 2047. As per the World bank, India has a per capita Gross National Income (GNI) of $2390 as of 2022. Thus, to achieve this status of developed nation, a six-fold increase in per capita GNI is a task that calls out for inclusivity in farmers income and growth rate in agricultural GDP
Mycotoxins in Foods: Occurrence, Regulatory Limits, and Methods of Analysis
No full textIntroduction
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that are naturally produced by certain types of moulds (fungi). These are potent, naturally occurring toxic secondary metabolites generated by filamentous fungi (moulds). These compounds present a significant threat to both human and animal health by contaminating a wide array of agricultural commodities. Moulds capable of producing mycotoxins can develop on numerous foodstuffs, including cereals (maize, wheat, rice, barley), oilseeds (peanuts, soybeans), dried fruits (raisins, figs), nuts (almonds, walnuts, pistachios), spices (peppers, nutmeg), and coffee. Mould growth can occur either before or after harvest, as well as during storage, often under warm, damp, and humid conditions. Improper storage practices, such as inadequate drying, poor ventilation, and insect damage, can create favourable environments for mould growth
Atmanirbhar Krishi for Viksit Bharat 2047: Roadmap for Self-Reliance
No full textAs India marches confidently towards its centenary of independence in 2047, the vision of a Viksit Bharat—a developed, inclusive, and empowered nation—is becoming a shared national aspiration. At the heart of this transformation lies a sector that has fed the nation, employed millions and formed the cultural and economic backbone of India: Agriculture or Krishi. But for India to truly become a developed country by 2047, its agriculture must evolve. The mantra that will drive this change is “Atmanirbhar Krishi”— self-reliant agriculture. This vision is not just about achieving food security, but about empowering farmers, modernizing practices, protecting the environment and creating a robust, technology-enabled ecosystem that brings prosperity to rural India
Mechanization: Empowering Small and Marginal Farmers
No full textIndia’s journey toward becoming a Viksit Bharat (Developed India) by 2047 hinges significantly on the transformation of its agriculture sector. At the heart of this transformation lies the challenge— and opportunity—of agricultural mechanization, especially for small and marginal farmers who form the backbone of Indian agriculture
विकसित भारत की रुपरेखाः कृषि यंत्रीकरण प्रगति के स्तंभ के रूप में
No full textविकसित भारत की रुपरेखाः कृषि यंत्रीकरण प्रगति के स्तंभ के रूप मे