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Derecho y tecnologías emergentes: desafíos y oportunidades para el marco legal colombiano
No full textThis research book aims to analyze the interaction between law and emerging technologies, with a particular focus on smart contracts, decentralized arbitration, and cybercrime in the Colombian context. Its central purpose is to identify regulatory gaps and propose solutions that enable the effective integration of these innovations into the national legal framework, promoting a more efficient, transparent, and digitally responsive administration of justice.
The relevance of this work lies in the growing impact of disruptive technologies on traditional legal institutions, especially in countries like Colombia, where regulation in these areas is still in its early stages. Through a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, it examines successful international frameworks that may serve as references for the development of national public policies.
Key topics include a theoretical framework that defines essential concepts such as blockchain and cryptographic law (lex cryptographica); a critical analysis of the regulation of smart contracts in Colombia; a reflection on the challenges and opportunities of decentralized arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism; and a study of the legal challenges related to cybercrime and personal data protection.
The significance of its findings lies in the identification of regulatory deficiencies, the formulation of legal reform proposals, and the recognition of the transformative potential that emerging technologies offer to the justice system. From the author’s perspective, the book emphasizes the urgent need to update legal frameworks to ensure the effective protection of citizens’ rights in digital environments.
Moreover, this publication represents the first volume in the Emerging Research from Student Research Groups collection, highlighting its pioneering nature and its contribution to strengthening the dialogue between law and technology. Its conclusions are intended to positively influence legal education, research, and practice in Colombia.Este libro de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la interacción entre el derecho y las tecnologías emergentes, con especial atención a los contratos inteligentes, el arbitraje descentralizado y los delitos informáticos en el contexto colombiano. Su propósito central es identificar vacíos normativos y proponer soluciones que permitan la incorporación efectiva de estas innovaciones en el marco jurídico nacional, promoviendo una administración de justicia más eficiente, transparente y acorde con los desafíos de la era digital.
La obra se justifica en el creciente impacto de las tecnologías disruptivas sobre las instituciones legales tradicionales, particularmente en países como Colombia, donde la regulación en estos temas aún se encuentra en una etapa incipiente. A través de un enfoque comparativo e interdisciplinario, se examinan experiencias internacionales exitosas que pueden servir de referencia para la formulación de políticas públicas locales.
Entre los ejes temáticos destacan: un marco teórico que define conceptos clave como blockchain y lex criptográfica; un análisis crítico de la regulación de los contratos inteligentes en Colombia; una reflexión sobre los retos y oportunidades del arbitraje descentralizado como mecanismo alternativo de resolución de conflictos; y el estudio de los desafíos jurídicos asociados a los delitos informáticos y la protección de datos personales.
La relevancia de sus hallazgos radica en la identificación de vacíos regulatorios, la formulación de propuestas normativas y la valoración del potencial transformador que ofrecen las tecnologías emergentes para la administración de justicia. Desde la perspectiva del autor, se subraya la urgencia de actualizar los marcos legales con el fin de garantizar la protección efectiva de los derechos ciudadanos en entornos digitales.
Esta publicación representa, además, la primera obra de la colección Investigaciones emergentes de semilleros de investigación, lo que resalta su carácter pionero y su aporte al fortalecimiento del diálogo entre derecho y tecnología. Sus conclusiones están orientadas a impactar positivamente la docencia, la investigación y la práctica jurídica en Colombia
La influencia de la inclusión financiera en el desarrollo económico de Colombia
No full textEl siguiente ensayo tiene objetivo evaluar como la inclusión financiera juega un papel relevante como eje estratégico para el alcance de un desarrollo económico y social en Colombia. Se llevó a cabo un análisis documental de 60 documentos de scopus por lo tanto tiene un enfoque cualitativo, además de analizar diferentes informes en materia de sostenibilidad e inclusión financiera publicados por corporaciones bancarias y entidades públicas nacionales. Se concluye que la inclusión financiera debe asumirse como un instrumento estructural y ético que articula al estado, el mercado, como también la ciudadanía en la búsqueda de un desarrollo equitativo y de forma sostenible. Referente al contexto colombiano representa una gran oportunidad arraigada de manera estratégica para alcanzar una prosperidad compartida y fortalecer la justicia económica y fortalecer una economía más incluyente, innovadora y resiliente, donde diversas corporaciones nacionales han demostrado su compromiso mediante desarrollo de tecnologías y expansión de servicios financieros.The following essay aims to evaluate how financial inclusion plays a relevant role as a strategic axis for achieving economic and social development in Colombia. A documentary analysis of 60 Scopus documents was carried out, therefore it has a qualitative approach, in addition to analyzing different reports on sustainability and financial inclusion published by banking corporations and national public entities. It concludes that financial inclusion should be seen as a structural and ethical instrument that brings together the state, the market, and citizens in the pursuit of equitable and sustainable development. In the Colombian context, it represents a great opportunity, strategically rooted, to achieve shared prosperity and strengthen economic justice and a more inclusive, innovative, and resilient economy, where various national corporations have demonstrated their commitment through the development of technologies and the expansion of financial services.Resumen – Abstract -- Introducción. – Antecedentes -- 1. La inclusión financiera -- 2. Factores institucionales en la implementación de la inclusión financiera -- 3. Medios digitales como herramientas para la inclusión financiera -- 4. Inclusión financiera como mecanismo de reducción de la desigualdad -- 5. Inclusión financiera y crecimiento económico sostenible -- 6. Compromiso corporativo con el fomento de la inclusión financiera -- 7. Conclusión -- 8. Referencias bibliográficasPregradoContador Públic
Desarrollo Juvenil Positivo: Un compromiso, una oportunidad, un reto: reseña del Libro ": “Manual de Desarrollo Juvenil Positivo. Avances en la investigación, políticas y prácticas en contextos globales”
No full textThe text presented, published by Editorial Springer, is an unprecedented collection, which has managed to gather the complete and inclusive empirical evidence on PYD to date, with data from 38 countries representing the voices of 22,083 young people and emerging adults. From almost all regions of the world, allowing the reader to come into contact with vast geographic regions (Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Australia, New Zealand, and the North, Central and South Americas); and with new international perspectives. The people responsible for compiling and organizing this monumental work have been the Editors: Radosveta Dimitrova, from Stockholm University, and Nora Wiium, from the University of Bergen, Norway. Note that Radosveta Dimitrova in 2016 received the award from the Society for the Study of Behavioral Development-ISSBD for her theoretical contributions and for her scientific outreach work. For her part, Nora Wiium, since 2014 has been leading the International Positive Youth Development Project (PYD) that integrates collaborations from more than 30 countries on all continents.El texto que se presenta, publicado por la Editorial Springer, es una colección sin precedentes, que ha conseguido reunir la evidencia empírica sobre PYD más completa e inclusiva hasta el momento, con datos de 38 países que representan las voces de 22.083 jóvenes y adultos emergentes de casi todas las regiones del mundo, lo que permite al lector entrar en contacto con vastas regiones geográficas (Europa, Asia, África, Oriente Medio, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, y las Américas del Norte, Centro y Sur); y con nuevas perspectivas internacionales.
Las personas responsables de recopilar y organizar este trabajo monumental han sido las Editoras: Radosveta Dimitrova, de la Universidad de Estocolmo, y Nora Wiium, de la Universidad de Bergen, en Noruega. Resaltar que Radosveta Dimitrova en 2016 recibió el premio de la Sociedad de Estudios sobre el Desarrollo (Society for the Study of Behavioral Development-ISSBD) por sus contribuciones teóricas y por su labor divulgativa científica. Por su parte, Nora Wiium , desde el año 2014 lidera el Proyecto Internacional de Desarrollo Juvenil Positivo (PYD) que integra colaboraciones de más de 30 países de todos los continentes. 
Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Propolis Extracts from Tame (Arauca) on Oral Biofilm Co-Cultures
No full textOral diseases such as dental caries, stomatitis, and periodontitis are closely associated with biofilms that are resistant to conventional therapeutic approaches. Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans play a key role as primary and secondary colonizers of oral surfaces, respectively, and interact synergistically with other species, including Candida albicans, to promote the establishment and progression of infection. Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of propolis from Tame (Arauca) on biofilms formed in co-cultures from reference strains and co-cultures with clinical isolates of oral pathogens. Methodology: Propolis was collected from Apis mellifera hives placed in rural Tame (Arauca), located in the foothills of the Eastern Andes (Colombia). Ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared in a 0.07 g/mL concentration and biological characterization was performed on single and complex co-cultures of S. mutans (serotype c), S. sanguinis, and C. albicans using disc diffusion test, determination of MIC and BMC, growth curves and biofilm formation. The cell viability and metabolic activity of primary cell cultures derived from a dental pulp explant were evaluated using the MTT assay. Results: EEP exhibited higher inhibition zones than chlorhexidine against S. mutans and C. albicans and lower efficacy against S. sanguinis. Among the microorganisms evaluated, S. mutans showed the lowest MIC and BCM values, followed by C. albicans and S. sanguinis. Growth curves and biofilm formation assays revealed higher inhibition in co-cultures of reference strains (S. mutans + C. albicans), while multi-species cultures (S. mutans + S. sanguinis + C. albicans), or clinical strains (S. mutans clinical isolated + S. sanguinis + C. albicans), showed higher resistance. Cell viability assays revealed low cytotoxicity (<30%) in primary cell cultures. Conclusions: EEPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against relevant oral pathogens, especially in simple co-cultures, supporting their potential as natural therapeutic alternatives. However, their efficacy decreases in the presence of clinical strains and complex co-cultures, highlighting the importance of considering these variables in the development of oral treatments.2. Materials and Methods
Propolis was collected by scraping from Apis mellifera hives in the rural area of Tame (Arauca), a remote municipality located in the eastern Orinoquía region of Colombia. This area lies on a plateau formed by the foothills of the Eastern Andes and is characterized by limited infrastructure, low population density, and restricted accessibility, offering a naturally preserved environment. The hives belonged to the local beekeeper’s association (Colmiel, Tame, Colombia). Samples were stored at 4 °C before characterization tests.
Ethanolic Extract of Propolis (EEP)
Samples of 10 g of raw propolis were submitted for alcoholic extraction using 100 mL of absolute ethanol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). They were immersed in an ultrasound bath for 1 h, followed by incubation at room temperature for 24 h. Filtration was performed using 25-µm Whatman filter paper (Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA). The solvent was evaporated in a reduced-pressure roto evaporator (Heidolph, Schwabach, Germany) at 40 °C to one-third of the initial volume.
To quantify the final concentration of propolis, 10 mL of EEP was dried at 180 °C using a thermal moisture balance (JM Science, Beijing, China). The stable weight value was defined when the variation in the weight was lower than 0.01 mg for 10 min. The final EEP had a 0.07 g/mL concentration and was stored in dark conditions at 4 °C, following protocols to maintain extract stability and bioactivity [58,59].
Microbial strains and growth conditions
Reference strains of Streptococcus mutans (serotype c, ATCC 25175, USA), Candida albicans (ATCC 90028), and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556) were used. In addition, a clinical isolate of S. mutans serotype c (P20S4), obtained from a saliva sample of a patient with caries, was characterized and identified by molecular testing [16]. These strains were reactivated in Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHI Agar, Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain) and incubated at 37 °C in microaerophilia for 48 h with 5% CO2. At the end of the incubation time, microbial suspensions were prepared by transferring microbial cells into 10 mL of BHI broth (Brain Heart Infusion, Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain), until a value of 90 ± 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) was obtained using a turbidimeter (TB1, Velp Scientific, Usmate Velate, Italy). This value is equivalent to a concentration of approximately 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL (Colony Forming Units per milliliter). Standard cell concentrations were obtained as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) [60]. Subsequently, the cell suspensions were diluted 1:100 in 0.9% saline solution to obtain a final concentration of 1.5 × 106 CFU/mL.
Antimicrobial Activity of ethanolic extracts of propolis
Single co-cultures were prepared with a mixture of two strains: reference strains S. mutans and C. albicans (Sm+Ca), clinical isolate of S. mutans P20S4 (SmCi) and C. albicans (Ca), S. sanguinis and C. albicans (Ss+Ca). In addition, complex co-cultures were prepared using a combination of three strains: reference strains S. mutans, C. albicans and S. sanguinis (Sm+Ca+Ss), clinical isolate of S. mutans P20S4, C. albicans and S. sanguinis (SmCi+Ss+Ca). Co-cultures were performed at the same ratio with a cell concentration of 1 × 106 CFU/mL.
To determine the susceptibility of the evaluated strains against different concentrations of EEP, an agar diffusion test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer method [61]. Co-culture cell suspensions were inoculated on Mueller-Hinton agar plates (MH, Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain). Three filter paper discs of 6 mm diameter (Advantec, Osaka, Japan) impregnated with 10 μL of the EEPs were placed on the agar, 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX, Farpag, Bogotá, Colombia) was used as a positive control, and 0.9% saline was used as a negative control. In addition, discs impregnated with absolute ethanol (EtOH) were seeded to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the solvent present in the extracts. S. mutans and S. sanguinis plates were incubated at 37 °C in microaerophilia (5% CO2) for 24 h, while those of C. albicans were incubated under aerobic conditions. The diameter of the growth inhibition zone (including the 6 mm disk) was measured in millimeters using the calibrated measurement tool in Fiji (version 2.14.0), the open-source distribution of ImageJ software [62].
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bacteriostatic Concentration (MBC)
For the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacteriostatic concentration (MBC) assays, an inoculum of each species was prepared up to a concentration of 1 × 106 CFU/mL, as described above, and serial dilutions of 1:10 were performed until the desired concentration was obtained. Also, 96-well polystyrene plates (Costar, Corning Inc., New York, NY, USA) were used, and 100 μL of the ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) was added in the first 2 rows of the plates and then 100 μL of the inoculum. Serial dilutions of the extract were made from 80 to 0.004 mg/mL (1:1 v/v) and added following the same proportions, dispensed from the most concentrated to the least concentrated solution. CHX (0.2%) was used as a positive control, and BHI broth inoculated with cell suspensions without addition of EEP was used as a negative control. The plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2 [60,63]. After 24 h, the viability of microorganisms was evaluated using a tetrazolium salt reduction method, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, Life technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) [36,38]. The MIC was defined as the lowest EPP concentration at which no growth was detected. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was obtained by seeding 20 μL of the dilution (corresponding to the 1X, 2X and 4X MIC) on BHI agar plates in triplicate. MBC was selected as the lowest EPP concentration at which the substance prevents noticeable growth of microorganisms (greater than 3 CFU/mL). The evaluations were performed in triplicate at three separate times. The results obtained from the EPP were compared with controls.
Growth curves in the presence of extract
Bacterial growth curves were obtained in 96-well polystyrene plates using co-cultures at a concentration of 1 × 106 CFU/mL prepared using the previously described methodology [60], 50 µL of the EEPs were added to each well, and a volume of 200 µL was obtained using the inoculated medium. In addition, BHI broth was seeded with titrated EEP solutions for absorbance blank subtraction, and inoculated BHI was seeded with the co-cultures as a positive control for microbial growth. Some wells were seeded with 50 µL of CX to contrast the effect of the EEPs. Absorbance measurements were performed every 30 min for 18 h at an optical density (OD) of 600 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer (Multiskan GO, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The data were used to construct growth curves and to compare the effect of EEP versus biofilm formation in the co-culture conditions.
Reduction in biofilm formation
To evaluate the reduction in biofilm formation of the co-cultures in the presence of the EEPs, 24-well polystyrene plates (Costar, Corning Inc., New York, NY, USA) with 100 µL of EEP and 900 µL of each of the prepared seeded co-cultures were used. CHX and saline solution were used as positive (C+) and negative (C−) controls, respectively. The plates were incubated for 24 and 48 h at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere.
After the incubation time had elapsed, the culture medium was carefully removed and three washes with saline were performed to remove unattached cells. Then, 500 µL of 0.1% crystal violet solution was added, and the cells were incubated for 15 min at room temperature. Three washes with saline solution were performed to remove excess dye and 500 µL of 95% ethanol was added. Subsequently, the sample was left in gentle agitation for 15 min, and the absorbance was read at OD 570 nm in a microplate spectrophotometer. The results are expressed as percentages of biofilm reduction. All assays were performed in triplicate.
Cytotoxicity assay
The MTT assay (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of EEPs. The test was performed using a primary cell culture obtained from a dental pulp explant obtained from an orthodontic patient undergoing mandatory exodontia. Dental pulp from the extracted tooth was obtained by maceration and trypsinization processes to achieve cell isolation. Cell culture was allowed to progress to 80% confluence before trypsinization. Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Bio&Sell, Feucht, Germany) with 2. 3% (v/v) stable glutamine, 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Bio&Sell, Feucht, Germany), and 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin. The cultures were incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere.
To evaluate the cytotoxicity of the EEPs, 100 µL of the EEPs was seeded in a 96-well plate and 100 µL of the cell culture was added at a density of 2500 cell/cm2. In addition, control wells were included, where 100 µL of the culture medium and 100 µL of the cell culture were seeded. In addition, wells were seeded with 100 µL of pure DMSO (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and 100 µL of the cell culture, which were used as negative controls. Cytotoxicity was evaluated after 24 and 48 h of culture incubation using an MTT culture medium ratio (1:10). Subsequently, cells were incubated for an additional 4 h, and MTT was discarded. DMSO was added, and the absorbance was measured at OD 570 nm. Experiments were performed in triplicate. The results are expressed as percentage viability.Microbiología Ora
Locus de controlo e satisfação com a vida
No full textObjective: To explore the relationship between locus of control and life satisfaction in a sample of Spanish residents.
Method: A sample of 231 participants (42% women, 52% men) was assessed with the Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) using Google Forms. This was a correlational, non-experimental, cross-sectional design.
Results: 1) People with higher internal locus of control showed more satisfaction with their lives; 2) internal locus of control was higher with increasing income level; 3) women scored higher on external locus of control than men.
Conclusions: The findings suggest including locus of control as one of the factors to be considered in therapeutic strategies aimed at improving people’s well-being.
Objetivo: explorar la relación entre el locus de control y la satisfacción con la vida en una muestra de adultos residentes en España.
Metodología: se evaluó a una muestra de 231 participantes (42% mujeres, 58% hombres) con la Escala de Locus de Control (Rotter, 1966) y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (Diener et al., 1985), usando la plataforma Google Forms. Se trata de un diseño correlacional, no experimental, de corte transversal.
Resultados: 1) las personas con mayor locus de control interno mostraron más satisfacción con sus vidas; 2) el locus de control interno fue mayor al aumentar el nivel de ingresos; 3) las mujeres obtuvieron una puntuación en locus de control externo superior a los hombres.
Conclusiones: los hallazgos obtenidos invitan a contemplar el locus de control como uno de los factores para tener en cuenta en las estrategias terapéuticas dirigidas a mejorar el bienestar.Objetivo: Explorar a relação entre o locus de controlo e a satisfação com a vida numa amostra de residentes espanhóis.
Método: Uma amostra de 231 participantes (42% mulheres, 52% homens) foi avaliada com a Escala de Locus de Controlo (Rotter, 1966) e a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida (Diener et al., 1985) utilizando a plataforma Google Forms. O estudo foi correlacional, não-experimental e transversal.
Resultados: 1) As pessoas com maior locus de controlo interno mostraram maior satisfação com a sua vida; 2) o locus de controlo interno foi maior com o aumento do nível de rendimento; 3) as mulheres obtiveram maior pontuação no locus de controlo externo do que os homens.
Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem a inclusão do locus de controlo como um dos factores a considerar nas estratégias terapêuticas que visam melhorar o bem-estar das pessoas
Análisis de la brecha ideológica en torno a la identidad de género entre feministas liberales y feministas críticas de género
No full textEste estudio analiza las diferencias en la identidad de grupo entre feministas liberales y feministas críticas de género (TERF), en el contexto de los debates contemporáneos sobre la inclusión de las personas trans dentro del feminismo. Desde la psicología social, se reconoce que la identidad colectiva influye en los procesos de pertenencia, exclusión y cohesión grupal, impactando el bienestar emocional y la dinámica de los movimientos sociales. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en analizar cómo se configura la identidad de grupo en ambas corrientes a través del análisis de artículos académicos. Esta investigación adoptó un enfoque mixto, combinando la revisión sistemática de literatura bajo el protocolo PRISMA con un análisis temático cualitativo. El resultado de la selección final fueron 24 artículos, realizando discriminación de los artículos por medio de la plataforma Rayyan. Los resultados del análisis temático revelaron cuatro temas principales: el radicalismo ideológico, la oposición entre identidad cis y LGBTIQ+, la empatía o exclusión hacia personas trans y la tensión entre ideologías conservadoras y liberales. Se evidenció que el feminismo liberal construye su identidad desde la diversidad y la igualdad jurídica, mientras que el feminismo crítico de género se centra en el sexo biológico como fundamento político. Pese a sus divergencias, ambas corrientes comparten la defensa de los derechos de las mujeres; sin embargo, sus diferencias discursivas generan tensiones que afectan la cohesión del movimiento y reflejan procesos más amplios de exclusión social y resistencia política.This study analyzes the differences in group identity between liberal feminists and gender-critical feminists (TERFs) in the context of contemporary debates on the inclusion of transgender people within feminism. Social psychology recognizes that collective identity influences processes of belonging, exclusion, and group cohesion, impacting emotional well-being and the dynamics of social movements. The overall objective was to analyze how group identity is configured in both currents through the analysis of academic articles. The research adopted a mixed approach, combining a systematic literature review under the PRISMA protocol with a qualitative thematic analysis. The final selection consisted of 24 articles, which were screened using the Rayyan platform. The results of the thematic analysis revealed four main themes: ideological radicalism, the opposition between cis and LGBTIQ+ identity, empathy or exclusion towards trans people, and the tension between conservative and liberal ideologies. It was evident that liberal feminism constructs its identity based on diversity and legal equality, while critical gender feminism focuses on biological sex as a political foundation. Despite their differences, both movements share a commitment to defending women's rights; however, their differing discourses generate tensions that affect the movement's cohesion and reflect broader processes of social exclusion and political resistanceResumen --
Abstract --
Introducción --
Justificación --
Planteamiento del Problema --
Objetivos --
Objetivo General --
Objetivos Específicos --
Metodología --
Enfoque de Investigación --
Diseño de investigación --
Participantes --
Instrumentos --
Procedimiento --
Consideraciones éticas --
Plan de análisis --
Marco Teórico --
Marco conceptual --
Identidad de grupo --
Feminismo liberal --
Feminismo crítico de género --
Marco referencial --
Resultados --
Códigos iniciales relacionados con ambas formas de feminismo --
Códigos asociados con el feminismo crítico de género --
Códigos asociados con el feminismo liberal --
Agrupación de códigos iniciales agrupados en temas --
Tema 1: radicalismo diferenciado por ideología --
Tema 2: Identidad cisgénero en oposición a LGBTIQ+ --
Tema 3: Empatía o exclusión de las personas trans --
Tema 4: Ideología conservadora vs. liberal --
Discusión --
Conclusiones --
Referencias Bibliográficas --
Anexos.PregradoPsicologí
El maestro ignorante o ¿el lugar del supuesto saber?
No full textA partir de las aventuras de Joseph Jacotot, pedagogo francés del siglo XIX, Jacques Rancière escribe, en 2003, el provocador libro de filosofía El maestro ignorante en el que plantea una relación de igualdad entre las inteligencias del alumno y el maestro como elemento emancipador en la enseñanza y propone que la explicación, recurso tradicional en la enseñanza para remediar la incapacidad de comprender, actúa como un “embrutecedor” del alumno. El profesor explicador contribuye al atontamiento y perpetuación de desigualdades. En esta reseña, pretendemos exponer en términos sencillos las teorías del maestro ignorante para acercar al docente a una compleja e imprescindible lectura
Portafolio diseño Crossmedia
No full textEste portafolio integra diseño crossmedia, infografía y modelado 3D como herramientas de comunicación visual orientadas a transformar conceptos abstractos en narrativas claras y memorables. A través de proyectos que abarcan desde identidad visual hasta animación digital, se evidencia un flujo de trabajo basado en investigación, prototipado y producción, articulando reflexión conceptual con habilidades técnicas. El documento expone la relevancia de la coherencia estética, la narrativa visual y la innovación en la práctica del diseño, consolidando un recurso académico y profesional que proyecta competencias en el campo contemporáneo de la comunicación visual.This portfolio integrates crossmedia design, infographics, and 3D modeling as visual communication tools aimed at transforming abstract concepts into clear and memorable narratives. Through projects ranging from visual identity to digital animation, it demonstrates a workflow based on research, prototyping, and production, combining conceptual reflection with technical skills. The document highlights the importance of aesthetic coherence, visual narrative, and innovation in design practice, consolidating an academic and professional resource that showcases competencies in the contemporary field of visual communication.1. Introducción --
1.1 Contexto --
1.2 Propósito --
1.3 Alcance --
2. Objetivo general --
3. Objetivos específicos --
4. Mapa del marco teórico --
5. Metodología de la investigación --
6. Fases y momentos de la investigación --
7. Implementación o creación de productos --
8. Conclusión --
9. Bibliografía (APA 7ª edición) --
10. Anexos.PregradoDiseñador Crossmedi
Derecho y tecnologías emergentes: desafíos y oportunidades para el marco legal colombiano
No full textThis research book aims to analyze the interaction between law and emerging technologies, with a particular focus on smart contracts, decentralized arbitration, and cybercrime in the Colombian context. Its central purpose is to identify regulatory gaps and propose solutions that enable the effective integration of these innovations into the national legal framework, promoting a more efficient, transparent, and digitally responsive administration of justice.
The relevance of this work lies in the growing impact of disruptive technologies on traditional legal institutions, especially in countries like Colombia, where regulation in these areas is still in its early stages. Through a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, it examines successful international frameworks that may serve as references for the development of national public policies.
Key topics include a theoretical framework that defines essential concepts such as blockchain and cryptographic law (lex cryptographica); a critical analysis of the regulation of smart contracts in Colombia; a reflection on the challenges and opportunities of decentralized arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism; and a study of the legal challenges related to cybercrime and personal data protection.
The significance of its findings lies in the identification of regulatory deficiencies, the formulation of legal reform proposals, and the recognition of the transformative potential that emerging technologies offer to the justice system. From the author’s perspective, the book emphasizes the urgent need to update legal frameworks to ensure the effective protection of citizens’ rights in digital environments.
Moreover, this publication represents the first volume in the Emerging Research from Student Research Groups collection, highlighting its pioneering nature and its contribution to strengthening the dialogue between law and technology. Its conclusions are intended to positively influence legal education, research, and practice in Colombia.Este libro de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la interacción entre el derecho y las tecnologías emergentes, con especial atención a los contratos inteligentes, el arbitraje descentralizado y los delitos informáticos en el contexto colombiano. Su propósito central es identificar vacíos normativos y proponer soluciones que permitan la incorporación efectiva de estas innovaciones en el marco jurídico nacional, promoviendo una administración de justicia más eficiente, transparente y acorde con los desafíos de la era digital.
La obra se justifica en el creciente impacto de las tecnologías disruptivas sobre las instituciones legales tradicionales, particularmente en países como Colombia, donde la regulación en estos temas aún se encuentra en una etapa incipiente. A través de un enfoque comparativo e interdisciplinario, se examinan experiencias internacionales exitosas que pueden servir de referencia para la formulación de políticas públicas locales.
Entre los ejes temáticos destacan: un marco teórico que define conceptos clave como blockchain y lex criptográfica; un análisis crítico de la regulación de los contratos inteligentes en Colombia; una reflexión sobre los retos y oportunidades del arbitraje descentralizado como mecanismo alternativo de resolución de conflictos; y el estudio de los desafíos jurídicos asociados a los delitos informáticos y la protección de datos personales.
La relevancia de sus hallazgos radica en la identificación de vacíos regulatorios, la formulación de propuestas normativas y la valoración del potencial transformador que ofrecen las tecnologías emergentes para la administración de justicia. Desde la perspectiva del autor, se subraya la urgencia de actualizar los marcos legales con el fin de garantizar la protección efectiva de los derechos ciudadanos en entornos digitales.
Esta publicación representa, además, la primera obra de la colección Investigaciones emergentes de semilleros de investigación, lo que resalta su carácter pionero y su aporte al fortalecimiento del diálogo entre derecho y tecnología. Sus conclusiones están orientadas a impactar positivamente la docencia, la investigación y la práctica jurídica en Colombia
Predicción del cáncer de mama utilizando algoritmos de aprendizaje automático en diferentes conjuntos de datos
No full textBreast cancer is a disease that is becoming more and more common day by day, causing emotional and behavioral reactions and having fatal consequences if not detected early. At this point, traditional methods are insufficient, especially in early diagnosis. In this context, this study aimed to predict breast cancer by using machine learning (ML) algorithms on different datasets and to demonstrate the applicability of these algorithms. Algorithm performances were compared on balanced and unbalanced datasets, taking into account the performance metrics obtained in applications on different datasets. In addition, a model based on the Borda Voting method was developed by including the results obtained from four different algorithms (NB, KNN, DT, and RF) in the process. The prediction values obtained from each algorithm were written in different columns on the same excel file and the most repetitive value was accepted as the final result value. The developed model was tested on real data consisting of 60 records and the results were analyzed. When the results were examined, it was seen that higher performance was obtained with the proposed RF model compared to similar studies in the literature. Finally, the prediction results obtained with the developed model revealed the applicability of ML algorithms in the diagnosis of breast cancer.Introducción: El trabajo de investigación “Predicción del cáncer de mama utilizando algoritmos de aprendizaje automático en diferentes conjuntos de datos”, se desarrolló en la Universidad Técnica de Karadeniz en el año 2022.
Problema: El cáncer de mama es una enfermedad cada vez más común, día a día, provocando reacciones emocionales y conductuales y con consecuencias fatales si no se detecta a tiempo. En este punto, los métodos tradicionales son insuficientes, sobre todo en el diagnóstico precoz. Este estudio tiene como objetivo predecir el cáncer de mama mediante el uso de algoritmos de aprendizaje automático (ML) en diferentes conjuntos de datos y demuestra la aplicabilidad de estos algoritmos.
Metodología: se compararon los rendimientos de los algoritmos en conjuntos de datos equilibrados y no equilibrados, teniendo en cuenta las métricas de rendimiento obtenidas en aplicaciones en diferentes conjuntos de datos. Además, se desarrolló un modelo basado en el método Borda Voting al incluir en el proceso los resultados obtenidos de cuatro algoritmos diferentes (NB, KNN, DT y RF).
Originalidad y Limitaciones de la Investigación: En el modelo desarrollado en el marco del estudio se combinaron los valores de los resultados obtenidos de diferentes algoritmos como NB, KNN, DT y RF; el objetivo es aumentar el rendimiento del modelo con este proceso, que se basa en el método Borda Voting.
Resultados: Los valores de predicción obtenidos de cada algoritmo se escribieron en diferentes columnas en la misma hoja de cálculo y se aceptó el valor más repetitivo como valor final del resultado. El modelo desarrollado se probó en datos reales que constaban de 60 registros y se analizaron los resultados.
Conclusión: Cuando se examinaron los resultados, se observó que se obtuvo un mayor rendimiento con el modelo de RF propuesto en comparación con estudios similares en la literatura.