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The urban transport crisis in emerging economies
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe prosed round table will discuss urban transport issues, policies, and initiatives in some of the world’s major emerging economies: Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, and Vietnam. The round table will aim to include one presentation on each country, focusing on the capital and/or selected major cities. The round table will also serve as a venue to launch a new volume, entitled “The Urban Transport Crisis in Emerging Economies” which has been co-edited by the round table organizers (Dorina Pojani and Dominic Stead) and will be published by Springer in 2016 (before IV WPSC). The volume contributors will be invited to participate in the round table. Among the many “emerging economies,” as defined by think tanks, investment firms, and international organizations, the countries listed above share a range of similar characteristics. They all have: (a) high urbanization rates (including megacities) relative to “developed” countries due to mass rural-urban migration and/or high birth rates; (b) dynamic urban development processes, led mostly by the private sector, with high construction levels; (c) extensive urban sprawl (including decaying large housing estates) and middle and upper class suburbanization; (d) segregated communities (e.g. gated communities for the rich and the middle classes); (e) chaotic traffic patterns, with high car and motorcycle use, and high environmental pollution; (f) rapidly growing motorization; and (g) informality and/or corruption in the formal planning system. In the past decade, studies have analyzed transport issues in individual cities in these countries.publishedVersio
Global cities are not global cities after all: the surprising big secret of global city research, rankings, and action
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe meaning of the concept of global cities has changed considerably from its modern origins to present day. Initially only some cities used to be described as so. Now the “global city” is linked to a range of new qualifications usually related to good meanings: cosmopolitan, diverse, updated, or modern (MARCUSE, 2006; KING, 2006). Currently many cities are described as global (TAYLOR, 2008). It incorporated several new topics inside this conceptualization: migration influence, cultural exchange, and other social factors (SASSEN, 2001; SAMERS 2002; BRENNER AND KEIL, 2014). Despite this fact, few researchers are focused on this transformation, preferring to do broader literature reviews (ACUTO, 2011) or simply ignoring this issue, using new partial broader definitions. The current importance of this term for urban policy around the world makes necessary a more detailed review of these semantic changes. During my research I observed the influence of a new set of actors in the global city conceptualization: consulting firms. They are linked sometimes to academia but usually are better connected to media, policy makers, and powerful investors. They partially help to explain the widening of the global city concept. Presently they are the largest disseminators of the global city idea. Scholars are not anymore the main font of information.publishedVersio
Planning and peri-urban spaces: a case study
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe current Brazilian urban landscape is not very attractive, be it because of the high costs of living associated with housing, as well as transportation between cities, or because of the worsening quality of life. Due to these negative circumstances and the presence of a strong regional network of highways, rural spaces are becoming more and more attractive for people who live and work in metropolitan areas, creating regional decentralization among people and operations, allowing new forms of living in rural areas that are more and more urban. The urban diffusion or metropolization of territories (INDOVINA, 1998) is relatively new to Brazil, as exemplified by medium-sized cities (AMORIM 2007, AMORIM, RIGOTTI, CAMPOS 2007) as strategic players in this phenomenon, due to the high adaptability of the individual characteristics of each region (CONTI, 2013). These new processes transform and redefine transportation patterns, housing options, as well as the localization of the productive, commercial and service sectors, in addition to the reasons and tendencies associated with the territorial distribution of peri-urban areas (CICCOLELLA, 2012). In this new reality, there’s a gap between the urban diffusion of the territory, and the instruments of local and regional planning and land use. These tools have not yet succeeded in assimilating the changes in course that have presented themselves in the absence of urban strategies that take into account both the transformation of this space, as well as the absence of regulatory instruments. The hypothesis of this study argues that the main tendency of the process of urban growth in peri-urban areas is tied to the logic of the very market that takes advantage of the pressures of urbanization, and above all, of the inadequacy of the regulations as well as urban and regional planning at a regional scale.publishedVersio
Study on outdoor trip route based on particulate matter distribution
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southWith the rising attention on health, outdoor exercises, such as road running and line dancing, are becoming more and more popular among urban residents in China. However, due to industry development, rise of car ownership and city construction, air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM2.5/10), has become a significant issue in urban environment. According to previous studies, PM exposure is associated with a danger of respiratory diseases while maximum daily concentration and annual average concentration of PM2.5 in many big cities in China exceeds the standard of air quality, which has drawn greater public concern.
In this context, weather bureau and other commercial companies began to provide real time broadcast and forecast of PM2.5 concentration. But the existing forecast of PM2.5 concentration is more focused on a city scale or even national scale, which has little practical use for daily trip guide that directly related to everyday life and personal health. This research attempts to provide roadrunners a less affected route and suggest less affected places for outdoor activities. A correlation between PM concentration data and congestion index is established to represent the healthy level of built environment.
The research comprises two spatial scales. At the city scale, we conduct a cross-sectional survey of 849 people living in Shanghai, among which 267 people had lung cancer. The survey consists of factors of individual level, such as age, smoking status and cooking habits; dwelling unit level, such as per capita living space and house age; and residential community level, such as external traffic volume and surrounding land use.publishedVersio
Strategic planning practice in a global perspective: the Case of Guangzhou, China
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southAs the vital city in south China since the ancient time, Guangzhou has been losing its leading role among the rising neighboring cities, especially, Hong Kong and Shenzhen, since the late 1980s, with the overloaded infrastructure and deteriorating urban environment in its old inner city. Fortunately, with the new expansion of the administrative area in 2000, the municipality of Guangzhou considered it as an unprecedented great opportunity for future development to solve a series of alarming urban problems. Thus, for the first time, strategic planning was introduced to China by the municipality for providing more convincing and scientific basis towards better urban future, as the first attempt in China. Differed from traditional Chinese planning practices, which rigidly and dogmatically focused on future blueprints, the strategic planning of Guangzhou proceeded from analyzing practical challenges and opportunities towards establishing reasonable developing objectives and proposing corresponding strategies. Moreover, it was pioneering that the municipality invited five planning institutions for proposals, among which, the paper focuses on the one proposed by China Academy of Urban Planning & Design from its theoretical basis to problems’ defining and analyzing process, as well as planning results.publishedVersio
The thinking of practice course of urban and rural planning major under the context of China - Combining the in-class lecture with practical contact
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThis paper introduces the Course Setting of Planning Administration and Regulation Practice of urban-rural planning major in Tongji University. The main question we wanted to know through this course is what we can learn from the public administration system to improve the spatial related skills cultivate in undergraduate education, because, in generally understanding, the spatial related design in planning has little relation with interests regulation. This paper is focus on the effects of the administration system by analyzing the course arrangement.
Actually, the teaching organization mode got unexpected harvest, brought a great deal of enlighten, combining lecture in classroom with practical contact in administrative department, because this practice course was organized in the form of lecture plus investigation. One hand, the practice lecture was instructed by the public servants working in the Bureau of Shanghai1 Planning Administration, simultaneously finished the in-class lecture section. The other hand, the practical contact was finished by introducing students to survey and investigate in planning departments of the planning bureau. Furthermore, each team of students finished their internship reports based on the practical material and highlight theme.publishedVersio
Resilient initiatives in Zanzibar - an application of resilience in Zanzibar
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southZanzibar is an island on the coast of Tanzania in Africa. Because of the unique location and culture background, Zanzibar in many aspects is totally different from developed countries. Nowadays, as tourism tends to be increasingly popular and the natural environment of Zanzibar is rich and unique, more and more visitors travel to Zanzibar. It results in the constant increasing profits from tourism in Zanzibar. The situation seems to be positive for local development, but it has led to a series of problems and potentially negative impact as well. For example, the GDP growth rates of hotels and restaurants fluctuated enormously from 2006 to 2010, respectively 9.2, 4.5, -0.5, 5.0 and 3.0, because of the economic crisis (Zanzibar Statistical Abstract, 2010). Therefore, resilience strategies are crucial in Zanzibar based on the current situation as well as the possible future problems. This essay tries to explain resilience strategies in the context of Zanzibar.publishedVersio
Exploring the role of community capacity and planning effort in disaster risk reduction and environmental sustainability: spatio-temporal vulnerability and resiliency perspectives
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southUsing the basic premise that natural disaster effects are fundamental social processes that require pro-active planning, a conceptual model of disaster losses that involves local exposure, shock, and loss within the context of inherent social system spatial and temporal vulnerability and resilience was formulated. Based upon a review of the extant literature, three theoretical hypotheses were proposed. First, disaster effects will have a negative association with social and economic development metrics; second, the higher the levels of a community’s social and economic capacity, the lower the disaster losses; and third, better planning effort, social capital, and social justice in place before a natural disaster will lower disaster losses.
This study focuses on examining disaster loss from flooding with respect to local planning effort, and social and economic condition at the county level within the Mississippi River basin in the United States. Data were collected from secondary sources (archival review and existing databases). Mixed analytical methods were used including log-linear models, quantile regression, two-stage least square models, longitudinal data analysis, spatial modeling, and content analysis.
Unlike previous research, which has mainly focused on a theoretical approach to disaster resilience, this study adopted an empirical approach based on panel data at the county level from secondary sources.publishedVersio
Red Light Area, Ward number 14, Silchar, Assam, India: a review and solution
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southSilchar, the second largest city in the state of Assam, India in terms of population and municipal area houses near 1000 commercial sex workers (CSW) with families in decades-old organized red-light area. It is located in the Nagapatty area in ward number 14, heart of Silchar city with around 15 brothels. During the British rule in India this area was used by the English Planters and then during World War II local girls serviced soldiers. Still today military people from different camps visit the red-light area for entertainment purpose, which is why it is still running today. There is popular demand that the red light area should be uprooted else flesh trade will not stop and more girls would fall victim to illegal prostitution. Children, in the age group of 8-13, are trafficked or left at brothels in Silchar's red light area and are forced into illegal prostitution. The red light area is just 200 meters away from Silchar Sadar police station and the illegal flesh trade racket has now flourished in connivance with police.
Red light area in big cities in India has gathered attention and many NGO’s are working directly or indirectly for them. In 2012, Assam government has directed the social welfare department to carry out a survey to ascertain the actual number of inmates, their age and health condition. Recently, Unicef and the Assam State Commission for Protections of Child Rights (ASCPCR) have started working on an action plan to help children of female sex workers in the state to benefit from various government welfare schemes. It has been found that because of the stigma associated with their profession that most sex workers keep away from availing the services and schemes of the government for them and their children. There is an immediate necessity of rehabilitation of the children living in the red light area and to improve their education, health, living condition, self-confidence and dignified livelihood.
This Paper discusses the present condition and scope for planning intervention in the Silchar red light area. It also intends to find solution for community-led intervention for improving the health status of the CSW and their families. Furthermore, it looks at the possibilities to empower CSW to break barriers and fight for their individual and collective social, economical, and political rights.publishedVersio
An intuitive “Scientific Workflow System” for spatial planning
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southRecent years have witnessed a sharp increase in complex spatial planning problems. Consequently, almost every research exercise has to face the rise of vast new bodies of information, which become increasingly difficult to handle. At the same time, big data expands rapidly through recurrent additions of new datasets.
In principle, such readily available data should pave the way for greater transparency in planning, research and decision-making. Unfortunately, the increased availability of data comes with a huge drawback: data is usually available in many flavours of varying quality. Therefore, one needs to clean, normalize and filter such data, prior to connecting it with other sets of already processed information. This is most certainly a necessary exercise. However, it subjects the researcher to the arduous task of cleaning and sorting data, which is normally a time consuming, repetitive and often boring task. Moreover, it represents just a fraction of the entire problem he or she aims to address.
In addition, these new kinds of research require an inter-disciplinary approach: statistics, mathematics, informatics, geography, economics and sociology, urban and regional planning, as well as law and politics, to name only a few. Any researcher involved in such activities therefore needs to work with different tools, each coming with its own files, formats and language. It quickly becomes very difficult to keep track of all the data within one’s workspace.publishedVersio