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Beyond the classroom: some experiences of brazilian universities
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThis roundtable will discuss five community outreach experiences coordinated by architecture and urban planning professors from four different Brazilian universities from different regions of Brazil. The dissemination of theses experiences is significant in a way to show possible paths of how the urban planning under graduation courses can happen also beyond the classroom, with community outreach and social engagement from our professors and students. 1 - Lapenna Neighbourhood: Housing Upgrading and Mapografia Project – Profs. Camila D’Ottaviano and Jorge Bassani. Since the partnership with Tide Setubal Foundation, the USP team is working in Jardim Lapenna in two different projects: the Housing Upgrading Project and the Mapografia. The first project aims to provide technical knowledge for the improvement of housing conditions. The second emphasis on high school students understanding and appropriation of the urban environment and public space where they study and live.publishedVersio
Rented accommodation in Greece: shortcomings and challenges in view of the recent acute economic crisis
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southIn contrast to other European countries with a developed social welfare system, households in Greece have generally tended to achieve access to proper housing based in their own savings rather than through statutory support. The economic uncertainty and political instability of the country’s recent history has been reflected on its relatively high percentages of home-ownership of nearly 75% of the total housing stock. The recurrent threat of losing one’s home has traditionally led Greeks to secure a dwelling of their own regardless of its size, age or status, the most important qualification being full ownership. In other words, a home had to be entirely eviction-resistant, functioning as a symbol of mistrust addressed to the country’s administrations since the establishment of the modern Greek state in 1830.
As a result the private rental sector has not been traditionally developed in Greece not being supported by statutory policies that aimed to induce Greeks into home ownership. Undoubtedly, a generous share of the strong urbanization trends of the post WWII period has given rise to the private housing construction sector that boosted the housing stock of large urban centers mainly through self-housing and the system called ‘antiparohi’ in which small scale developers cooperated with small property owners to develop urban land.publishedVersio
Omar O’Grady and the urban environment transformation of Natal during the 1920’s
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe city of Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte, faces during the 1920’s a massive changing process on its urban form, much of this thanks to the reorganization of its administration structures. These material transformations are based on the change of municipal government. In the year of 1924, the engineer Omar O’Grady, graduated in the Illinois Institute of Technology (USA) is elected as town’s new mayor and starts a period of urban improvements not seen yet during the first two decades of the 20th century. The improvement emphasis will take place over the pavement and opening of streets and public squares. Therefore, our study starts from the following research question – in which way O’Grady’s management contributed to the system of streets and roads development from 1924 to 1930, period in which he was ahead the City Hall? This paper, thus, intends to comprehend the administration strategies and the actions undertaken during this period of investment in urban infrastructure. The study is based on historical sources, especially, the official messages from the City Hall and reports from the main newspapers in circulation during the 1920’s.publishedVersio
Revitalization in favour of socially mixed neighbourhoods – the case of “At Scheibler” lofts in Lodz, Poland
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe transition process and economic crisis in 90. in Lodz caused by collapsing of textile industry resulted in bankruptcy of most textile factories located in huge neglected postindustrial areas in the central part of the city. The supply of land from one hand delivered very attractive space for new functions such as housing, services or recreation, but from other hand demanded huge investment to adopt the existing estate for new purposes.
At the same time the number of locations devoted to housing functions declined due to intensive economic development of the city. Additional difficulty appeared because of the fact that the structure of demand for housing has changed in last decade. Economic development caused enrichment of society and resulted in increasing demand for high standard apartments. This situation forced intensive search for the solution that would allow to fulfill the demand for housing and at the same time enable to change the function of postindustrial degraded fabric of the city. The most logic action was to introduce the revitalization program. It was expected that revitalization allow to solve housing problems and at the same time to preserve the heritage of industrial history of the city. It was also the tool for developing complex, integrated and long term programs leading to refurbish and regenerate the particular, the most valuable parts of the city. To make it happen city government initiated the search for external sources of finance due to its limited budget.publishedVersio
The ongoing changes in the Médio Vale do Paraíba fluminense Microregion originated with the adoption of neoliberalism policies by the Brazilian government
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe adoption of neoliberalism in Brazil in 1990 brought many changes to the country economics, productive activities and work relationships – hence, there are changes also in the urbanization process and spatial structure.
These policies deeply impacted the Médio Vale do Paraíba fluminense Microregion, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This used to be an industrial Fordist region, where the first basic industries in Brazil were sited. In 1993, steel-maker company Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) was privatized, which brought economic and social crisis to the region, followed by a productive and spatial restructuration.
The Microregion is strategically located within the triangle formed by the most important capital cities in Brazil: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte, which are not only significant consumer hubs but also financial centers.
Nowadays, after deep changes on its social processes, the Microregion has a new reality. Its economic-regional growth is based mainly on industrial developments which are sprawled through the territory. The sprawl changes urban structure and urban scale, and also creates new centralities.publishedVersio
Contested histories of planning across continents
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southDrawing on examples from city regions in Brasil, France and South Africa over the past century and a half, the intervention seeks to explore relationships between planners and publics, politicians and citizens, professionals and others. The central question is that of convergence and divergence in the understandings of the city and of place in the city, on the part of different groupings. Whilst the emphasis is on the present, ways in which understanding of the past shape and have bearing on contemporary discourses and plans, require construction of historical narratives and exploration of interactions over time. Sources for the work include archival and media materials, participant observation in contemporary events which bear burdens of the past, and examination of popular texts both printed and virtual. The conclusion is likely to be that divergence predominates over convergence in diverse professional as opposed to citizen social visions of the city past, present and future: and that such divergence bedevils contemporary urban planning, posing challenges for teaching and learning as well as for practice.publishedVersio
Mobilizing social housing for urban revalorization: reflections on Rio de Janeiro’s downtown area
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe presentation aims to discuss how social housing is being considered as an instrument for urban revalorization of Rio de Janeiro’s downtown districts. I understand urban revalorization as a process that combines a set of measures implemented by state actors – generally in partnership with private sector and “quangos” – to encourage real estate market activity of delimited urban spaces that experienced a decline in land values. These measures may include changes in land use legislation, remaking of built environment, construction or renovation of infrastructures, subsidies for investors, symbolic re-signification through marketing strategies and so on. Like in many other Brazilian metropolises during the second half of the 20th century, the districts in downtown Rio de Janeiro faced expressive processes of depopulation, degradation of the built environment and impoverishment of local inhabitants. In the last two decades national and local authorities launched a plethora of “revitalization” plans, programs and target interventions – generally inspired by international “successful cases” – in quest to promote the interest of private investors in those districts. Meanwhile, it was observed an intensification of “right to the city” social movements struggling for a more inclusive agenda in state interventions for the downtown area. If, historically, social struggles for affordable housing were concentrated in the fringes of Rio de Janeiro metropolis, latterly downtown districts have been accommodating a significant portion of those movements.publishedVersio
Politics and planning: when planning becomes a means of political struggle
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe implications of politics on planning systems and process are a well-studied subject, which makes us to understand how politics manifests itself in the planning contents, while the role of planning in the politics deserves further attention.
The literature on politics and planning emphasises the power structures and political combinations in order to explain how decisions on urban built environment is brought about and by whom they are shaped (Savitch, 1998; Savitch and Kantor, 2002). Politicians, technocrats, other public actors and the representatives of different social groups try to reflect their discretion in what and how cities are built and who are going to get benefit from it.
Since the 1980s, the state’s interest in urban land as a means of financing economic growth has resulted in increased pressure on urban management and land-use planning. Large-scale urban renewal projects and spatial plans paved the way for the development of the real estate sector, and in the 2000s, the influence of state entrepreneurialism on urban management became more evident, with urban areas transforming in line with the requirements of the global neoliberal market economy. Recently, state's increasing interest in urban regulation; the commodification of urban land in order to finance economic growth (Peck et al., 2009);publishedVersio
In search of institutional mechanisms and policy frameworks for inclusive and effective planning. Reflections from Bogotá and Santiago de Chile
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe Latin America urbanization process has steadily risen during the last decade following demographic transformation trends seen during the last half of the 20th century, shifting from rural and regionally distributed communities to a more spatially centralized organization with vast attracting urban poles. Today, 80% of the continent’s population is concentrated in cities, placing the region as the most “urbanized” continent of the world with nearly 470 million urban inhabitants in 2010 (U.N. Habitat 2012). However, and despite this urban growth has triggered positive and negative economic, social and environmental impacts in all of the continent’s countries, socio-spatial and economic disparity indicators still place the continent as one of the most unequal regions in the world (Kingstone 2011; De Ferranti et al. 2003). Characterized by highly fragmented built environments, Latin American urban agglomerations still struggle with high poverty and criminality rates where spatial segregation based on socio-economic stratification have generated ghettos and gated communities. In these urban agglomerations, access to technical, financial, human and social resources, knowledge, justice, education and health have been accessible mainly to higher-income classes as “services”, whereas poorer communities are burdened with environmental risks and vulnerabilities. Faced with the complexity and multiple dimensions of these challenges, many Latin American cities (including those here analyzed) have become during the last 15 years important “laboratories” for innovative urban planning and policy making strategies, contributing new responses to questions of democratic management, socio-spatial inclusion and environmental challenges.publishedVersio
Rationalist, reformist, and strategic planning in master plans of Parana state municipalities
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southWho should be considered, what institutions are involved, how planners should organize their actions (i.e. methodological question), which rationale guides economy and society, those are some of the questions that shape planning approaches and theories around the world. Furthermore, theorists relate planning development to democracy development (BÄCKLUND, MÄNTYSALO, 2010), or to knowledge (DAVOUDI, 2015), or even to ontology, epistemology, ideology and methodology elements (BRAND, GAFFIKIN, 2007). Frequently, the differences in those criteria are considered or classified as different schools or theories of planning. For example, in effort to classify planning theories, Souza (2004) developed a typology based on eight criteria: driving idea, aesthetics affiliation, scope, degree of interdisciplinarity, permeability in the face of reality, the degree of openness to public participation, the attitude in the face of market and political-philosophical framework. These criteria, as Souza (2004) sees, establish a framework to identify “rival” approaches of planning.publishedVersio