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Mega-events and planning: exploring the Rio de Janeiro case
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southCompetitiveness, insertion in the global economy and promotion of the city image are the expressions that better define the guidelines of urban policy of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Since the early 1990s, all mayors follow this political and ideological direction and build together a long period of close relationship between government and business for defining urban priorities and policies that shall last at least until the end of 2016, when Mayor Eduardo Paes current term is over. Hosting mega events, which promise to promote the city, attract investments and transform the urban scenario, is one of the expressions of this type of public administration. The main effects of these mega-events in Rio de Janeiro are the changes in the municipal transport system (the official "legacy" of the games and the World Cup), the concentration of public investment in the city richest areas, the privatization of public and common lands and goods, the violent removal of tens of thousands of people living in popular settlements and the intensification, on an unprecedented scale, of the process of expulsion of the poor to peripheral areas without jobs or services and, therefore, the increase of inequality in the city. Other authors (Oliveira, 2015; Vainer, 2011) will also point out that the institutional field have been appropriated to create exceptions aimed at specific actors and to grant powers and interests also very specific.publishedVersio
Commoning the Brazilian metropolis: beyond the urban reform impasse?
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southBrazilian urban planning is living a current impasse: while the urban reform movement, born in the wake of the redemocratization process, was somehow successful since the 80s in bringing fundamental changes towards a more participative and progressive approach to urban policy – which resulted, among other achievements at different levels, in the passing of the federal City Statute law in 2001 –, the last decades have been witness to a conservative backlash grounded in a complex marriage between patrimonialism, neoliberalism and neodevelopmentalism. What seems to be a paradox – that the more progressive years of the Worker’s Party government at the federal level were also the days of a general turn in local governments towards more conservative urban agendas – may be less paradoxical than at first sight, especially if we dare to interrogate why some themes dear to the urban question, such as the tackle of landed property effects over spatial justice, were left aside in favor of pro-growth and market-oriented policies.publishedVersio
The urban politics of sports mega-events in the Global South and North: domination and resistance in struggles over mega-events’ development projects
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southA new urban agenda based on and in the Global South has been demanded by scholars such as Jennifer Robinson (2002, 2014), Ananya Roy (2011,2014) and Colin McFarlane (2012). They have been particularly highlighting the importance of urban issues that currently affect most of the world population but have not been addressed by Global North perspectives. Also recently some developing nations have been hosting sports mega-events, seemingly reversing a long term trend of winning bids from developed countries - the latter only hosted or will host one of the six FIFA World Cups and three of the five Summer Olympic Games in the twenty-first century. These changes create a new scenario that reinforces those demands made by current urban studies.
Targeting both problematics, the present paper aims to address issues of urban politics that are emerging in the Global South as neoliberal policies boosted by the attraction of sports mega-events encounter the highly unequal and informal environments of developing nations. By looking at how local governments have tried to avoid dissent during the implementation of large scale development projects associated with sports mega-events and how local communities have reacted to such initiatives, this work intends to analyse the particular ways in which political strategies and tactics of domination and resistance are taking shape under such conditions, contrasting them to those that have emerged in Global North host cities.publishedVersio
The Olympic Games in the Twenty-First Century: Celebration Capitalism and Its Discontents
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe 1984 Los Angeles Olympics were the first full-fledge corporate capitalist Games. By 1984, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) had, under the guidance of President Juan Antonio Samaranch, started to become the business behemoth we know today. The Los Angeles Games were the first Olympics to be fulsomely sponsored by the private sector. Yet, I argue the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics should be viewed as a neoliberal blip on the wider terrain of celebration capitalism’s development. The LA Games famously generated a profit of $222 million, but that doesn’t take into account the hidden public surpluses like transportation infrastructure, policing, and security.
In the early 1980s the IOC felt it needed to diversify its revenue streams so it wasn’t so reliant on television-rights money. There was also the desire to control the marketing of the Games and to squelch renegade firms’ ambush marketing efforts. With this in mind, in 1983 the IOC established The Commission for New Sources of Financing. Two years later, and in the wake of the markedly commercial LA ‘84 Games, the IOC founded “The Olympic Programme” (TOP), which later became the “Worldwide Partner Program.” Today, corporate sponsors have become ubiquitous at the Olympics. The 1984 Olympics and the corporate sponsorship program have led many to argue that the Olympic Games are a picture-perfect example of neoliberal capitalism—or neoliberalism. Neoliberal capitalism is marked by privatization, deregulation, and the financialization of the economy. The idea is to deliberately dismantle the social welfare state while snuffing out Keynesian principles and programs. Neoliberal capitalism’s much-recited mantra is to let the market decide.publishedVersio
Smart technologies and smart cities - opportunities and constraints
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southIn recent, with the advancement of internet to smart phone technologies, many cities are implementing smart cities as one of the focusses of their development. They are making use of the new sensors and smart phones social media to collect, analyze, and disseminate information. This paper will discuss the available smart technologies, both hardware and software and how they can contribute to the development of smart economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and governance. It will further discuss the opportunities of integrating these technologies for achieving the long established sustainable development objectives in urban planning and development. It will also discuss the constraints in using these smart technologies in urban planning and development.publishedVersio
Effect evaluation of the Pearl River Delta Region´s industrial transformation and upgrading: An approach of Boston matrix and location quotient
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe Pearl River Delta Region is one of most economically dynamic regions and the world famous manufacturing and export center in China. It has been affected seriously by the 2008 global financial crisis. In order to cope with the impact of the financial crisis and change the extensive pattern of economic development in the past, the Guangdong Provincial Government first proposed the policy of ‘industrial transformation and upgrading’ in 2008, and the Pearl River Delta Region has become the forefront of this programme since then.
There are two meanings for industrial transformation and upgrading: accomplishing the transformation and upgrading from processing manufacturing industry to advanced manufacturing industry; accomplishing the transformation and upgrading from industrial-based economy to service-based economy. For the transformation and upgrading manufacturing industry, there are three main aspects: first, the appreciation of traditional labor-intensive manufacturing through brand creation, technological innovation and management system innovation, product added value and competitiveness increase ; second, the development of capital-intensive manufacturing, such as petrochemical industry, automobile industry, shipbuilding industry, iron and steel industry, communications equipment industry; third, the transformation to technology-intensive manufacturing, such as electronic information technology, computer software, biomedicine, new materials and other high-tech industries.publishedVersio
Spatial planning and water management at a local scale. The area of Sierra de Los Padres (General Pueyrredon Municipality, Province Buenos Aires, Argentina) as a case study
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southSpatial Planning (SP), besides being a scientific discipline and an administrative technique, is a public policy that should be transversal to sectoral policies. Thus, SP could be treated as a public function that responds to the need to organize and manage the occupation of space so that problems and imbalances caused by the spontaneous growth of human activities could be anticipated, in the search for greater socio-spatial justice and quality of life beyond mere economic growth. SP takes a holistic and systemic approach that is conceived from the consideration of all components of the territory: biophysical, economic, socio-cultural and political-administrative. In addition, the occupation of land and the rational use of natural resources are processes inherent to the sustainable development paradigm, which places its focus on the relationship between society and nature. In this sense, it is not possible to think of a successful SP process regardless of the guidelines proposed by the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), since water is a key component in territorial planning. Therefore, it is important to mention The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development (1992) from which the concept of IWRM arises. This is defined as a process that promotes the regulated management of the different uses of water and related resources, in order to maximize the social and economic welfare in an efficient, equitable and sustainable manner.publishedVersio
The potential transportation effects of transformation of traditional markets into modern malls: a case study of Mall Dinoyo City in Indonesia
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe relationship between land use and transportation is well established. Commercial land uses can generate variable amount of traffic depending on its type and scale. For the past few decades it has been a trend in the western world to gradually upgrade the traditional markets to modern malls. Indonesia and some other Asian countries are following this trend and have recently taken steps for transformation of the shopping centres in the major cities. While the transformation is useful in lifting the image of the city and making it comparable with other major cities of the world, overlooking of local contexts and impacts of the development may lead to transportation issues.
In some cities, such as Malang in Indonesia, it seems the transformation is taking place at a rapid pace without consideration for the consequences on the traffic and parking on the surrounding road network. More than 27 shopping centres in Malang have been identified for upgradation in the next few years. Out of which, two are complete, including the Dinoyo traditional market. In this paper we will study the development of this market and identify the transportation and associated issues. The main objectives of this paper are to investigate whether there were any limitations in the planning and development of the Mall Dinoyo City through the upgradation of Dinoyo traditional market, and identify the potential transportation effects of the transformation.publishedVersio
Participatory architecture and urban design: between practice and theory. The Portuguese case
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southParticipated projects have been shaping architecture and urban design over time. In some contexts, and particular periods, people’s participation and involvement has been pointed out, but in others it has been disregarded and forgotten. In spite of this ambivalence there is a vast referral to participation as a fundamental part of urban management and protect. Blundell-Jones et. al., (2005) report that the involvement of people at some point in the development of a project is a common denominator to all the participated architecture forms. For Garcia (2008) participation is important in maintaining social ties and the relationship of individuals with the power of decision and citizenship. We emphasize public involvement in the planning process as an asset and the participation of citizens as an appreciation of the individual in the social context.
In the 60’s, new ideas and theories on participation were tested in developing countries. There, the needs in terms of housing and living conditions were outstanding having served as a laboratory of ideas advocated in the United States and Europe. Public participation only gained popularity from the 70’s. In this period, the discrepancy between the political agreement and the interests of ordinary citizens left the population dissatisfied with the system and powerless over decisions that affected. Thus, the demand for more effective processes of participation of the population has become a manifesto in several Western countries. The 80’s focused mainly on big urban plans of high profitability and accelerated urbanization processes, marginalizing the participation of the population.publishedVersio
The economic effectiveness of economic land supply policies
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southLand policies that aim to supply land on the industrial and commercial land markets are common in many regions and states. These policies generally take the form of public developments where the authorities develop economic estates to accommodate businesses. These land supply policies are based on the argument according to which the availability of land cheap if possible is an essential factor in territorial attractiveness and competitive- ness. The research subject developed in our proposal originates from the discrepancy between this argument and the scientific literature devoted to regional development. Indeed, unlike elected representatives and economic development agencies, scholars active in the field of regional sciences only very rarely refer to the impact of the land markets on levels of development. Rather than focusing on the theme of land prices and land availability, regional scientists underline the importance of intangible factors such as innovation, entrepreneur- ship, education, integration into networks, etc. In view of this difference, we consider it useful to assess the economic effectiveness of land supply policies by defining the true role of industrial and commercial land availability and prices in relation to economic development. Assessing the appropriateness of generous planning policies concerning economic land is all the more important since these policies are emphasised in moments of crisis and difficult economic contexts. Moreover, assessing land supply policies is necessary due to their impact on the urban sprawl of economic activities.publishedVersio