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Cooperative housing and living in Zurich, Switzerland
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southHow does the citizens' right to the city, particularly the right to difference, manifest in the European cities? Is community building a precondition for the sustainability of collective housing? Or rather is the mere supply of multiple housing units clustered together sufficient for the manifestation of community over time, probably also if targeting specific categories of residents? In context what political actors play today critical roles in building urban sustainability? We propose a first step in answering these questions through current grass-roots initiatives that work in parallel on both the social and material provision of collective housing and cooperative living.
In this paper thus we present political processes regarding the conception and implementation of collective forms of housing, workspace and living in Zurich, Switzerland. Nevertheless, these grass-roots processes imply social innovation, while following the cooperative housing tradition developed in Zurich during the industrialization age, and the new movement of cooperatives for sustainable lifestyle in cities that started in the 1990s inspired by p.m.'s utopia bolo'bolo. Of these latter political constructs Kraftwerk1 Genossenschaft was the first material consequence. As a pilot-project it created a place where various forms of housing, work and public services can coexist and benefit from this cohabitation, leaving room for experimentation with new ways of making a living between waged work and the mostly unpaid housework. It was seen as a solution to a societal crisis generated by increased difficulties to provide waged work, through a new type of extended home economy and the recreation of local communities in the form of intentional communities.publishedVersio
The urban expansion forms and the director plan – the case of Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil between 1980 and 2000
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe urban expansion is a process related with population growth, considering that more the population increases, more space is needed to accommodate it. Despite that, the result of this process is reflected at the urban tissue at territorial dimension, in other words, it physically increases the tissue of the city. Because of that, at this paper, this process will be nominated urban territorial growth. The urban territorial growth process can be happened by three different forms: (i) by urban perimeter extension, (ii) by land subdivision and (iii) by built stain extension. The first and second forms are extensive processes, namely the principal characteristic is the extension of urban land use and occupation, nominated here extensive urban territorial growth. On the other hand, the third form is an intensive process, which intensifies the urban land use and occupation, nominated here intensive urban territorial growth.publishedVersio
Negotiating inner-city redevelopment in Shanghai
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southHousing requisition is defined as the power to take the use rights of residents’ housing for public use by the state. Between 1995 and 2010, one million residential units were relocated from the inner city of Shanghai to the outskirts of the city or to suburban counties. In post-reform China, residents have historically been excluded from decision-making in urban redevelopment projects. However, the 2011 Regulation requires Shanghai residents to vote on housing requisition for inner-city renewal. This opens up a new paradigm for urban redevelopment and housing requisition schemes in China.
Entering into the debate from Fainstein’s Just City (2010), this paper seeks to understand how citizen participation shapes the decision making process around housing requisition for urban renewal and determine if a participatory approach significantly responds to the needs and interests of the disadvantaged. Among planning theorists there is a debate between those who emphasize communication, negotiation and democratic decision making, and just city theorists who argue that planning should meet the interests of the disadvantaged groups. This dissertation examines the complexities of citizen participation in urban renewal property-takings in Shanghai. It is especially important in the context of developing countries, where rising inequality, mobility, and low levels of citizen involvement make local solutions more important. In my dissertation, I will enter into the conversation regarding the impact of changes of regulations on citizen participation, and factors affecting citizen participation in urban renewal. Faintein (2010: 36) refers to “equity” as a distribution of both material and nonmaterial benefits derived from public policy that does not favor those who are already better off at the beginning.publishedVersio
Hidden positivities within the urban planning education in the neoliberal era: the case of Middle East Technical University Department of City and Regional Planning
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe global financial crisis that has initiated in 2008 can be seen as an aftershock of the global restructuring of the neoliberal policies that started at the beginning of 1980s. Since that time policies of deregulation, decentralisation and privatisation have been adapted to different contexts and implemented at various degrees at various localities. But their essence (maximisation of economic gains through liberalisation of markets) had never changed. This high emphasis on liberated markets not only produced financial problems like credit crunch and chronic poverty but also caused social and cultural problems that range from loss of public space to social consumerism. As cities are considered to be the concretisation grounds of neoliberal policies, it became rather easy to create relationship between neoliberalism and cities. But the effect of neoliberalism on planning education is hardly discussed within the literature. Throughout this work, the author would like to follow a three level deductive approach to the case of education in neoliberal era. At the first level the author will develop a historical look to the transformations of universities by giving special emphasis on the neoliberal era. At the second level, the focus will be given on urban planning education and changing priorities within planning programs will be investigated. At the third and last level the author would like to concentrate on a peculiar cases of Turkey and on the Middle East Technical University Department of City and Regional Planning (METU/CRP). After describing the role of urban planning within the political economy of Turkey, a critical look will be provided to METU/CRP’s curriculum and its influence on the students.publishedVersio
The value of open spaces in coastal land prices
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southCoastal areas are, due their attractiveness, submitted to a strong urban pressure. This pressure has significant impacts on ecosystems, due to the conversion of land from natural to residential and/or economic uses, but also in terms of various types of pollution, especially due to the increase in daily mobility following population growth. Within these areas, land tenure and land use conflicts are particularly acute.
Thanks to the different planning tools available to them according to their level and functions (PLU, SCOT, environmental zoning, preemptive rights, ZAD, etc.), French local public actors play a direct, immediate or delayed, role in the regulation of land uses. Our study area, the Arcachon Bay, is an emblematic French coastal site for both landscape and ecological reasons. It is a highly attractive region thanks to its closeness to the urban area of Bordeaux. This attractiveness has led to strong urban pressure on natural and agricultural zones, which in turn has incited several national and local authorities, including national agencies such as the ‘Conservatoire du Littoral’ and the “office national des forêts”, the Departmental Council and municipalities to implement different types of land-use regulations, especially zoning restrictions. This paper aims to understand the impact on the land and housing markets of regulatory systems of land use such as zoning.publishedVersio
Australia’s distinctive strategic planning arising from rapid national population growth and sub-national state competition for metropolitan development
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southAustralia has the highest rate of population increase of all developed nations, driven by a high rate of immigration. It is also a federated nation, and one in which each state’s population is heavily concentrated in a primate capital city and in which the state governments have constitutional control over urban planning and development (Searle and Bunker, 2011). This combination of factors has led to globally unique state responses to metropolitan planning and development in response to the challenges set by these factors. The planning problems arising from these factors are: 1. How to provide housing and employment for rapid population increases in the largest four cities, each with more than 1.5m people. 2. These increases are exacerbated by interstate competition in which the size of each state’s largest (capital) city is seen as a marker of state success, leading to a reluctance by governments to consider slower growth rates. 3. How to provide adequate infrastructure to accommodate population growth in outer metro greenfield areas in line with traditional Australian preference for low density housing, in a context of state fiscal stringency; one consequence is high cost housing land as land supply is restricted and the state puts infrastructure charges on to developers. 4. In particular, how to provide adequate public transport to growing outer suburbs when public transport there will be loss-making because of low densities and therefore difficult to justify from the prevailing neoliberal viewpoint.publishedVersio
Developing a Post-Earthquake Socio-Spatial Analysis of barrio Centro Sur in Talca, Chile
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe city of Talca is located in the Maule region of Chile, 255 km south of Santiago, with a population of approximately 200,000 people. In 2010, an 8.8 magnitude earthquake devastated the Talca community. The earthquake resulted in significant physical destruction of the city center, including the historic residential neighborhood, Barrio Centro Sur. The ensuing displacement of residents to the scity’s periphery exacerbated socio-spatial segregation and the deterioration of Talca’s economic center. Reconstruction efforts have been insufficient in restoring the historic city center and the regional economy, while the recent September 2015 earthquake has rekindled concerns regarding the vulnerability of high-risk populations to natural disasters.publishedVersio
The effect of national and local authorities in the context of the transformation of parks as public spaces: Ankara case study
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southPublic spaces are the spatial units of cities which are constituted for various purposes as meeting, recreation, leisure, relaxation and recovery for inhabitants of cities. Urban parks are considered as one of these mentioned public spaces here. The history of parks goes beyond to the earlier parts of the old times in the history. For different countries, the historical background, usage, management and spatial structure of parks may constitute different characteristics. For Turkey, the history of parks is not an old issue and the evolution of parks, including their usages and spatial forms, have been highly related with the governmental policies. In the context of Turkey, the evolution of parks has been depended on the effects of national and local authorities and several dynamics belongs to at that specific time periods for different national and local authorities. For instance, the usage of parks could transform one to another due to the decisions made by the actors of the national and local authorities. In accordance with their ideology and specific targets on space, national and local authorities can modify the usages and spatial boundaries of parks by means of legal and executive measures developed by themselves. One of the significant tools used by national and local authorities to adjust the spatial rules is the urban planning practice, as well as planning law. In the context of Turkish urban planning practice, parks are considered for the recreational purposes and included in the master plans are designed to meet the needs of social infrastructural areas and limited to certain spatial amounts by necessity defined by the related law, remains inadequate most of the time.publishedVersio
Mitigating or generating impact? 'Traffic Generating Poles' under a new mobility paradigm
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southUrban mobility has reached a high level of importance in the debate about the production of cities that are socially inclusive and environmentally friendly. In Brazil, the city of São Paulo has, historically, oriented its public policies, concerning mobility, including the provision of infrastructure, towards motorized private modes. This political option has been adopted despite the fact that these modes are responsible only for around a third of the daily trips. Besides, the use of these modes raise with income, which means that lower income population are, in general, excluded from these policies and the use of this infrastructure. Furthermore, mobility solutions focused on motorized private modes have been proven unsustainable, producing deleterious effects. As an example, they have led the city to reach extremely high levels of traffic congestions, alongside an unacceptably low quality, or sometimes even lack, of public transport system and infrastructure for soft modes (e.g. pedestrians and cyclists).publishedVersio
Bridging cities for building Europe: the case of the French North-Eastern Border
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southEurope is a recent construction at the scale of the history. In 1958, its ambition was to ensure peace in a continent which has known a lot of wars and crises. One aspect has concerned the effacement of the borders, if not their disparition. So, since the 80’s, crossborder cooperation have been encouraged. A programme like Interreg is emblematic of this orientation. But one of the most interesting evolution concerns the territorial cooperation, linked to territorial project in métropolitan areas and main cities located in border regions, such as Aachen, Maastricht, Liège (Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium), Vienna and Bratislava (Austria and Slovakia), Frankfurt-on-Oder and Slubice (Germany and Poland).
The case of the French North-Eastern Border is surely emblematic of this evolution toward peace and development due to the role of crossborder projects around metropolises and main cities. From Dunkirk in French Flanders to Mulhouse and Saint-Louis in Alsace, cities and metropolises along the frontier with Belgium, Luxemburg and Germany constitute the new gates of the French « open field », in reference to the theory of the « Pré Carré » (France considered like something as an enclosure) of Vauban, military engineer of the king Louis XIV, who fortified, in the XVIIth century, all the cities, from Flanders to Alsace against enemies and invaders.publishedVersio