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Drought risk, farmer communities’ perceptions and planning for resilience in rural Crete, Greece
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017Drought incidents may originate from both, manmade and natural factors and are characterized by uncertainty. The present paper attempts to shed light on the interrelations between exposure, drought perceptions and the adaptive responses opted by agents attempting to cope with drought risk and to provide insights into the planning processes implemented at the levels of the individual agents and the water management authorities. The choice of personal versus collective resilience strategies is largely a function of risk perception and the availability of resilience assets, but it is also a matter of power relations and alliance forging. The farming communities and the local self-government authorities of Messara plain in rural Crete provide the testbed on which the authors have attempted to scrutinize their initial assumptions by using appropriate questionnaires and interviews with key-staff of planning authorities.Published versio
The effect of legislative framework in conservation practices: example of Turkey
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017In the last decade, site conservation and ideas against site conservation such as transformation and renewal have become considerably contradictive subjects in Turkey. The implementation on these subjects and new projects are also taken into consideration as research studies. Along with these implementations about conservation and renewal, it is important to think what is expected for cities in near and distant future. In conservation and renewal studies, apart from their architectural, artistic, historical and esthetical values, cities should be evaluated with their social values. Moreover, it is a fact that that they have a living identity. As is known, the historical background of a built environment is the most important features that creates the identity of an area. Therefore, the conservation of historical environment has become an important component for the planning process. Important experiences have been obtained related with planning site conservation areas in Turkey, however there are significant problems in implementation especially at administrative level. Foremost among these problems are the troubles in the process of conservation planning and difficulty in creating a healthy relationship between urban planning system and conservation plans. Currently, urban areas and site conservation areas are planned within different legislations and organizational structure. Moreover, contradicting laws and regulations for site conservation areas result inconsistent implementations which different from each other in the same urban area.Published versio
The use of boundary spanning in spatial planning and community planning to promote wellbeing
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017This paper will discuss how the activity of boundary spanning in the context of spatial and community planning can be harnessed to promote wellbeing via advancing a networked approach to governance using six defined types of cross-boundary activity (buffering, reflecting, connecting, mobilising, weaving & transforming) in order to ameliorate against “wicked issues” (Rittel and Webber, 1973) through the realisation of ‘The Nexus Effect’ and the building of social capital through engagement and participatory mechanisms. The Nexus Effect primarily relates to collaborative gain and according to Ernst and Chrobot-Mason (2011:18) it occurs through understanding that, “organizational leadership is more than the sum of its parts; it is more than groups working in independent isolation, within their own boundaries – it is the nexus of groups working collaboratively across boundaries that produces direction, alignment and commitment”.Published versio
Evaluating job accessibility for different types of transit oriented development areas in Beijing
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017Growing levels of urban mobility provide many noticeable benefits, but they also produce negative effects on the environment and society, such as higher energy consumption, CO2 emissions, air pollution, traffic noise, and reduced traffic safety (Bertolini and Le Clercq, 2003; Banister, 2005; Ferreira et al., 2012). In order to find a better balance between the benefits and costs of urban mobility, a shift from mobility-based to accessibility-based transport and land use planning has been advocated (e.g., Cervero, 1996; Levine and Garb, 2002; Bertolini and Le Clercq, 2003; Bertolini et al., 2005; Curtis and Scheurer, 2010; Bos and Lee, 2012; Levine et al., 2012; Papa et al., 2014; Martens, 2016; Levine et al., 2017). Accessibility-based strategies focus more on people’s direct demand for participation in activities (e.g., housing, working/schooling, shopping, visiting people/places, entertainment etc.), in contrast to the focus on derived travel demand that mobility-based strategies mostly focus on. Among several accessibility-based strategies, Transit Oriented Development (TOD) aims to fulfil people’s need to participate in activities by concentrating relatively high-density, mixed-use, cycling- and pedestrian-friendly development in transit station areas (Bertolini and Spit, 1998; Cervero, 1998, 2004; Curtis et al., 2009). Under favourable conditions, TOD can deliver multiple benefits, such as providing access to diverse activities, creating liveable or attractive places, helping renovate the built environment, and mitigating urban sprawl. In order to measure the actual effects, it is particularly crucial to assess accessibility for TOD. This is because many expected impacts of TOD, for example, reduced passenger transport costs (Litman, 2007), reduced CO2, air pollution emissions, and energy consumption (Kimball et al. 2013; Nahlik and Chester, 2014), and increased land/property values (Cervero and Murakami, 2009; Duncan, 2011) – are closely associated with the enhancement of accessibility, as accessibility significantly shapes these impacts by influencing individual travel behaviour (Kockelman, 1997) and business’ decisions (De Bok and Sanders, 2005; De Bok and Van Oort, 2011). Recently, the assessment of accessibility with respect to TOD strategies has generated considerable interest in academic and professional circles (e.g., Papa et al., 2013; Papa and Bertolini, 2015; Qviström, 2015; Palmateer et al., 2016). Studies have also shown large differences in the application of TOD strategies, resulting in different TOD types, even within the same city (Atkinson-Palombo and Kuby, 2011; Kamruzzaman et al., 2014; Vale, 2015; Lyu et al., 2016). This means that deeper insights into the association between different types of TOD areas and accessibility are necessary. To our knowledge, this association has not been empirically measured yet.Published versio
Planning for a sustainable shoreline development : Perspectives on Norwegian coastal planning
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017Norway has a long coastline, around 103.000 kilometers. With a population of 5,2 millions, this leaves every Norwegian – young and old – with an average of 20 meter coastline. Still, the competition over space along the shoreline is becoming more severe every day (see for instance Hersoug 2013:159). In Norway, the coastal shoreline constitutes – as in most other countries – a very valuable and important, but at the same time a vulnerable area, and a large number of stakeholder groups and actors live, work and interact in the coastal shoreline areas. Over the past decades, significant changes have emerged in terms of development opportunities and perspectives and regarding the management of the coastal area. While shoreline planning traditionally had a focus on preservation and adjustment to traditional economic activities, mainly fishing, the situation has changed drastically. Today, the shoreline planning also has to incorporate and integrate a number of new opportunities and challenges, such as aquaculture, the tourist industry, the construction of new recreational houses, etc. However, a considerable part of the developmental changes along the coast are not only a result of presented or approved plans, but are to a large extent a result of incremental local changes and adjustments. In a large number of municipalities, developmental changes in accordance with approved plans appear to be overruled by approval by exemption clauses (or dispensations – in Norwegian: dispensasjoner). In a sense, one may talk about this as an exemption based development of the coastal shoreline, and not as a plan-oriented development approach.Published versio
Rethinking planning cultures : From evidence-based research to conceptual implications
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017Planning cultures was for a long period of time perceived as merely an academic concept. However, in recent years, scholars have turned to evidence based research to provide a more profound understanding of the notion of planning cultures (Othengrafen et al, 2015). Notwithstanding, planning offers a plethora of topics potentially serving as windows of investigation for planning cultures. The aim of this paper is to synthesize insight from two different angles of investigating planning cultures: shrinking cities and border regions. Starting out with own research on shrinking cities and planning cultures (Pallagst et al 2013; 2016), and border regions and planning cultures (Pallagst, forthcoming), this paper introduces results and methodological frames from both realms. In particular, the author’s previous research on shrinking cities made clear that planning cultures can be investigated by evidence based research utilizing the shrinking cities phenomenon. In the second part of the paper the author will make an attempt to derive preconditions from this evidence based research for a critical reflection of planning cultures, which might necessitate a rethinking of the notion of planning cultures.Published versio
Process-orientated learning as key aspect in handling uncertainty. experimental teaching methods in continuing education in spatial planning
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017Understanding spatial planning as an action-oriented discipline allows planning to concern itself with the exploration, clarification, and resolution of difficult, unsolved tasks. The starting points for this are both spatially relevant conflicts and desirable spatial developments, as the latter too can likewise lead to future difficult and unsolved tasks. Due to the fact that solutions to spatial planning problems always lie in the long- term future, clarification processes must be able to adroitly handle circumstantial changes linked to uncertainties, such as changing political priorities or shrinking financial resources. Employing model calculations and perfecting forecasting methods alone is insufficient for appropriately dealing with the degree of uncertainty in a planning process. On the contrary, what is needed are methods that take into account the uncertainties, as well as desired and undesired effects of decisions in solution-finding processes. A universally valid approach for exploring, clarifying, and solving future spatially relevant problems cannot be prescribed; this depends on the given tasks, and must be tailored to the respective problem situation (SCHOLL 2011: 279). Moreover, what underlies most difficult, unsolved tasks is a decision-making problem (BEHN/VAUPEL 1982: 40 f.), which in turn triggers subsequent action. As such, approaches for laying the groundwork for decision-making and actions take centre-stage in research and teaching on spatial planning.Published versio
What factors affect public participation in the urban redevelopment planning process in China
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017Since 1978, China has experienced almost the largest scale of urbanisation process in human history due to the demand of rapid economic development (Campanella, 2000). During the last three decades, urban planning in China led by the government had pursued high economic growth rather than higher living conditions of urban residents (Li, 2012). Now, China has entered the later stage of accelerated urbanisation which is identified as the “decelerating, transformative, and diversified” period. It is important to be human-oriented, adaptable to local conditions and environmental friendly in urban planning (Yang and Chen, 2015). In this “New Normal” era, more factors can be involved in the urban redevelopment planning process. Public participation, as one of these factors, plays an increasingly essential role in urban regeneration. Smith (1973, pp275-295) describes participatory planning as a democratic process supporting value creation, definition of communities and development of residents’ identity, leading to a harmonious society. In the United Kingdom, the “Town and Country Planning Act” passed in 1947 stipulated public participation as a legal step in urban planning, which protected the public rights in the urbanisation process. This participation lead to better policies and implementation decisions in urban planning (Irvin and Stansbury, 2004).Published versio
Тhe city from below
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017According to Ansell and Smith (2008, p.1), children's position within a nation or culture holds an "immense symbolic significance". This is to say that how a society conceptualises and provides for its children represents a strategic domain in which complex social, political and moral agendas are mobilised (Freeman, 1997). Some childhood theorists go further and suggest that focusing on concepts of children and childhood is essential to understand a society or social context as a whole (Jenks, 1982; 1996; James & Prout, 1997; Corsaro, 2005). Nevertheless, however, even though children and kids are citizens to all intents and purposes (and with their own needs and rights), on the one hand, their mobility across the city – as non-drivers – is strongly reduced (Miere, 2008), so that their "right to the city" (Lefebvre, 1968) is denied in practice (see: Bozzo, 1998; Dolto, 2000; Moro, 1991); on the other hand, they usually are substantially excluded from decisions concerning the urban spaces of their daily life since they are considered as non-adults, 'still-in-progress entities' having no voice (Scoppetta, 2014a; see also: Alldred, 2000 as well as Spivak, 1994). But it is worth remembering that, after all, the well-known definition of sustainable development explicitly refers to "future generations" (WCED, 1987). Therefore, the exclusion of children and teen-agers from decision-making reveals the vagueness of such definition – "starting from how needs are to be defined and anticipated, and by whom" (Pellizzoni, 2012) – as well as the problematic character of sustainability itself.Published versio
Projections: 100 km2 of caatinga biome
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017This communication will address the transdisciplinary research that I develop today, where I transit through architecture and visual arts, collective properties and other forms of communal ownership and management of the land. I conducted a series of interviews with activists, architects, artists, lawyers, indigenous people in different locations around the world, proposing to them a fiction: Assuming that a few hectares of land are available in their context for the development of occupation and livelihood projects, what would you imagine doing with such an area? This provocation seeks, through the imaginary, to know and debate forms of social organization of space distinct from private property, in order to be constituted as a collection of utopias. We are facing a process of expulsion and a growing number of conflicts related to access to land, which makes the space increasingly restrictive and destructive of collective responsibilities, in the Brazilian and world context. Struggles and resistances trigger new regimes of sensibility and experiences of land repossession, and thus, the proposition of new forms of spatialization are necessary. What practices of land sharing can we imagine? What utopias can we construct to amplify the repertoire of the modes of occupation of the territory? These are the key issues. A construction of a map of utopias is an attempt to point out future social transformations. In this context, the Thislandyourland artistic brazilian group, formed by me and Ines Linke in 2010, develops projects in the field of visual arts, with the theme around the use and access to land. Projections: 100 km2 of Caatinga biome is a work in process, which investigates diverse imagery related to the Caatinga, an specific brazilian biome. Starting from a fiction that suggests that an area of 10km x 10km of Caatinga is made available and donated for the development of projects, several people or groups are invited to receive this fictional land donation and during interviews, idealize and expose their projects to this land extension. In this presentation I I will show some excerpts from interviews.Published versio