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Transnational spaces in the city, between fractalization and diversity new relations between center and periphery
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017Contemporary metropolis are increasing their transnational spaces and relations such as, the CBD, the internet and cluster places directly related to the global and transnational networks. Different migrations are implemented first in areas of fordist production then in the place of the service economy. These processes challenged the relations between center and periphery (concentration, dispersion, value of urban land). These processes are also challenging the differentiation between internal migrant and the new migrant. The consequences are different on employment access and stability, on residential settlements, on participation to the city. The first question comes for a better description of the transnational metropolis, on the specific process of differentiation, competition so to settle the degree of inequalities : -Transnational areas related to center and periphery; -School policies and migrants access (interior, exterior, new) - Politics of diversity concerning national migrant and external migrants. Two types of discrimination and inequality could be specified : The inequalities and race relations of the subaltern internal migrant, linked with the foundational state; the inequalities of competition and transactional economy for the new migrants. *The second step of analysis intends to develop a better assessment of economic and public policy;Effect of economic redevelopment and conversion policy; Effect of anti discrimination politics concerning the access to market, access to civic rights, access to public service; Effect of diversity policies. The analytical challenge is to compare two metropolis inside their transnational areas concerning key social processes such as the relations between center / periphery, the antidiscriminatory policies.. The comparison will be developed between the two cities of the Paris region (12 millions), Vienne and Bruxelles metropolitan (3/5 million unhabitants). The results concerns the discriminating effects of some policies : The diversity policy manages the competition between migrants, with populist racism .Market policies for equal distribution do not act directly on differential and foundational racism. Public policies are under tension have to combine equality of access, between civic participation and enlarged transnational open networks. The question of metropolitan incorporation and its limits (education, politics, metropolitan economy) comes along with the issues of reinforcement of transnational spaces (multiple relationships, multiple player, polycentrality, dystopia). The metropolitan tensions split between settlement policy and diversity policy, between migrant from the inside and new migrants, between Inequality of access and injustice. The modernization process combining resources, skills, retraining are reframed by these side variables. * Traditional analyzes of transnationalism focus on CBD, their ability to dominate and to reorganize the metropolis by attraction and polarization ‘ Knight and Gappert, Gordon) assuming the risk of subordinating or forgetting the periphery. What has become of the peripheries in this new conjuncture of the transnational economy ?, The images of distribution networks, service society and subordinate flexible employment seem predominating. Our paper consider the double face of transnationalism, in the new regimes of economic interdependence (including neo-liberalism), in the management of populations (numerous migrations, refugees according to the type of incorporation). The regimes of urban interdependence are affected by these two sides of the transnational spaces, hence comes a series of conflict and disruption, which deserve to be specified. Our presentation examines the changing relations between the center and the periphery in popular areas social spaces (peripheral cities and pendulum mobility), in the middle classes (patrimonial city and gentrification, individualized transport). In the centrality of (European) metropolis, the peripheries of the metropolis are driven by the mass consumption, by urban bourgeoisies in their selected access to the center, by cultural tourism. We consider how migrant diversity and possible cosmopolitanism are perceived. New relations between North and South relations write their marks, their inscription and their reference in urban peripheries and in urban centers. The result is a diffracted view of the relations between the center and the periphery which urban analysis must be able to account for. It affects the relationships between urban spaces of diversity and plural identities. *The urban laboratory focus on the diversity of cultures and access to the center (Ledrut, Lefebvre). The migrant question, developed by the Chicago school, involves the reception of migrants and their social rights, and the definition of a common public space (Park, Hughes). Two models are presented; The urban mosaic of communities (Chicago Park) dispatched a plurality of territories in friction and competition (Kivisto, 2009). It initiates the territorial dialectic of boundaries and identities (Lamont, 1998). Other theses emphasized the conditions and possibilities of gathering identities through iterative processes (Benhabib, 2005), by concrete approaches to gathering closer to bodies and subjectivities (Butler, 2016). Our approach intends to extend the parameters of the urban laboratory, not only on the central occupation, but also on the types of urban exchanges and the trajectories of access to the center. We will present the fieldworks, the communes Bagneux and, Sevran (as laboratory of social differentiation) inside Paris Metropolis. The social dynamic and spatial dynamic organization of Parisian metropolis will be compared with the social and spatial dynamics of the relation center and periphery in Bruxelles and Vienna metropolis.Published versio
Ethnic housing segregation and the Roma/gypsy population: a Portuguese perspective
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017Questions of spatial segregation and over-representation of ethnic minority groups with weak connections to the labour market are central to the political and policy agenda across Europe and academic studies in the fields of housing and urban regeneration. In some countries, the spatial concentration of ethnic minorities is considered in itself an indicator of socio-spatial disadvantage, accentuating pathological discourses related to ethnic communities but in turn providing more resources for these areas. In other countries, where policies have a less preventive character and only intervene during phases of advanced urban decline, the existence of ethnic enclaves and concentrated poverty has led to housing demolition and rehousing, in many cases with controversial results. The relevance of the link between ethnic segregation and integration is known. On the one hand, people create and modify places, on the other hand, spaces in which people live and work affect their social relations, and individual fortunes (eg educational attainment, income levels, reputation). The over-representation of ethnic groups in some areas has been considered a problem where it hinders opportunities of social integration, and when it amplifies processes of stigmatization and the inter-generational transmission of disadvantage. However, it has also been recognized that the concentration of ethnic communities may actually be an advantage for developing relationships of solidarity and the preservation and affirmation of cultural identities. This paper aims to contribute to this debate. It focuses upon the ethnic housing segregation of the Gypsy/ Roma population in Portugal, and asks if ethnic clustering on a number of housing estates is the result of a voluntary impulse towards aggregation (therefore perceived positively by residents), or the result of a lack of choice (thus an ‘institutionalized’ or deliberate political choice to put the Gypsy/Roma people at distance). In the first part, I review the literature on the factors that underlie the social construction of ethnic segregation; in the second part, I review literature that presents the empirical results of research conducted in different locations of Portugal but has in common processes of rehousing of the Gypsy/Roma population in urban areas. I compare these results with those I obtained in field work in Porto where I interviewed Gypsy/Roma people regarding their preferences given models of concentrated housing relocation or more dispersed neighbourhoods. Focusing upon the Portuguese case, I offer some answers to the following research questions: Is the spatial segregation and concentration of the Gypsy/Roma population on a number of housing estates a voluntary choice or a of lack of choice given institutionalized political decisions taken by local authorities or bureaucrats? How does the Gypsy/Roma population feel about segregation and concentration? Do they wish to live in segregated areas, have they been able to choose between more concentrated or dispersed patterns? What are the consequences? Do they believe that spatial segregation reproduces inequality and separation?Published versio
Living the climate resilient city—Hangzhou’s ‘five water co-lead’ strategy
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017Climate awareness in urban planning has increased from 2011 due to more frequent occurrences of extreme-weather disturbances in Chinese cities. To deal with climate-related disturbances, the notions of urban resilience and resilient planning have gained increasing attention and interest over recent years in the field of water management and urban planning. A simple definition of resilience is the ability of a city to absorb disturbance while maintaining its functions and structures (Holling, 1987, 2001; White, 2010). With the challenges of climate change, planners and decision-makers in China realize that it is possible that resilient strategies provide more adaptive and flexible approaches in decision-making. In planning practice, however the concept of resilience features in many policy documents, the implications for planning policy officials remain unclear in the case of Hangzhou, China. Drawing on information from a review of policy documents supplemented by interviews with policy officials, this paper aims to understand key issues in transitioning to climate resilience in Chinese cities through a study of Hangzhou. The main body of the paper is structured in three parts. The first section presents a review of the notion of resilience and examines its relevance for urban planning and climate change. The second part provided the assessment of planning strategies related to climate change in the city. Specific attention is paid to how planning processes in the city consider or deal with the climate risks that it presents. The third part explored the challenging areas – spatial data infrastructures, climate planning, green infrastructure planning, limiting urban sprawl –as viable facets for sustaining urban transition strategies.Published versio
Representation of territorial heritage & development: conjectured mapping to update portuguese postulates of city-making in São Mateus, es, Brazil
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017This article is part of the state of the art regarding the methodology and technique of Representation of Territorial Heritage, capable of fostering reflections on heritage values through the elaboration of conjectured maps of four moments of the historical evolution of the urban heritage of São Mateus (1764, 1819, late nineteenth century, and early twenty-first century), in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Representation is one of the stages of planning, design and management for a self-sustaining local development, according to the Italian Territorialist Approach, whose research-intervention is directed to the overcoming of traditional analysis models, through: a theoretical revision, in which refers the enlargement of the concept of heritage, and an instrumental suggestion of geoprocessing and illustration production. The territorialist approach is a current of research-intervention thinking created and consolidated by the iconic figure of Alberto Magnaghi and the Society of the Territorialists. This approach prioritizes the conservation and valorization of areas, figures and heritage elements in the territory, in the search for the widening of the concept of heritage, from the scale of the building to the scale of the city, the region and the territory. It questions the role of the territory, in the contemporary world, in the face of the problematic of political, economic, environmental and social unsustainability, and reveals technical and methodological paths for a local self-sustainable development. The objective is the elaboration of conjectured mapping of Heritage Values of São Mateus, with support of geoinformation technology, as digital model synthesis in the iconographic ambit, identifying heritage elements, that can be point, lines and / or polygons materialized in the territory; and in the conceptual ambit, reflecting on the concept of territorial heritage and the relation with the local economy that provides a reproducibility of the Portuguese model of urban settlement.Published versio
Reinstating social practices for social integration : experiencing the badaro- pine forest area in Beirut
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017This paper addresses how the reinstatement of everyday practices in urban public spaces could lead to social encounter and coexistence within unstable urban contexts, specifically those witnessing political instability and an influx of refugees. The context for this investigation is in Beirut, Lebanon with a focus on the area referred to as Badaro at the southern edge of the administrative boundary of the capital city. This area currently witnesses a juxtaposition between real estate development catering for market-led needs, and bottom up initiatives to generate rhythmic social practices that are affecting Badaro’s within role in Beirut. The name Badaro is given to an area holding a street with the same name, which is bordered on one side by the Damascus Road, the capital’s war time demarcation line, and on the other side by the pine forest that was the buffer area or no-man’s land separating east from west during the fifteen years of war. Badaro was encapsulated in between, which meant the preservation of an urban fabric with pre-war architecture, and other features lending themselves to bottom up initiatives supporting social interaction and encounter, which were lacking following the war period. Examining Badaro’s socio-spatial development is based on Lefebvre’s approach to everyday social practice as well as the understanding of the role of collective memory in urban spaces in reference to Hebbert. The paper examines the spatial development of Badaro before the war, its dormant state during the civil war period between 1975 and 1989, and its recent reawakening after the rise of bottom up initiatives since 2005. Based on empirical data collected in 2015 and 2016, the conceptual framework linking everyday social practices and collective memories is used to trace the spatial and temporal diversities within this area and the contributions of initiatives to support coexistence among various social groups, in the absence of a planning strategy proposed by the municipality or the planning authorities. These initiatives seek to reinstate public spaces and everyday urban practices. In particular, the initiative for reopening the pine forest focuses on empowering citizens and raising awareness on the importance of public space in offering a healthy everyday urban life. The paper concludes by reflecting on the actions and results of some of these bottom up approaches in enabling the coexistence of diversity in a previously fragmented socio-spatial context.Published versio
Urban regeneration and its role on market sustainability: A case study of Manchester
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017The role of planning policies in the property market, particularly in regeneration, has been recognised as to shape, regulate and stimulate the market (Adams et al, 2010 & 2015; Jones, 2014). These scholars pointed out the lack of market indicators to evaluate the outcomes of planning and regeneration policies, which shows that the need for regeneration policies to engage with property market still remains neglected and there was little discussion on whether urban regeneration policies encouraged sustainable property markets as important economic institutions. This paper intends to explore the impact of regeneration policies on the evolution of property market toward a more sustainable level against the conceptual framework with three evaluation indicators identified in this research including market maturity, competitiveness and resilience by looking at how Manchester has been transformed through its regeneration schemes over the past few decades with the effort of all stakeholders and particularly the Manchester City Council by interviewing the council’s leaders and planning officers. Moreover, this paper looks at the feedback and opinions from the developers and planning consultants and the others who have experiences in working with the Manchester City Council for their development proposals to find out what made this city commercially successful and whether it really has profoundly regenerated the city through numerous property developments.Published versio
Spatial planning across European planning systems and social models: A look through the lens of planning cultures of Switzerland, Greece and Serbia
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017Europe today faces many challenges to the principle of integration. Migration crises fuel support for withdrawal from the European Union (EU), which motto ‘united in diversity’ has proven more deeply contested among a large portion of citizens across the member states. Yet the regional systems that each state relies upon require purposeful coordination and planning. However, these efforts portrayed comically as bureaucratic control build upon established networks that demonstrate how cohesion works to turn spatial interdependence into useful practical collaboration serving places. Further, these collaborations prove invisible because they result from complex spatial interactions that do not fit conventional territorial and jurisdictional sectors. Nevertheless, the multitude of agents making plans has never been greater. These networks focus on shared spatial projects and local purposes that search for deliberate practical compromises resolving differences that in principle remain unresolved. Identifying and fostering these networks for spatial planning may offer pathways to regional cohesion currently overlooked (Zielonka in Faludi, 2016: 76). Collaborative spatial planning in Europe did not follow the European Spatial Development Perspective (CEC, 1999) or the principles laid out in the Territorial Agendas (EU, 2007, 2011). The Europeanization of planning (Dühr et al., 2007, 2016; Faludi, 2014, 2016) embraced a variety of approaches each linked to distinct combinations of political, social, administrative and legal systems (Newman and Thornley, 1996; CEC, 1997; Farinós Dasi, 2006; Reimer et al., 2014). We believe that what binds these approaches together is not a singular authority or purpose, but an evolving culture for spatial planning (Knieling and Othengrafen, 2009; During and van Dam, 2007; COMMIN, 2009). Planning practice is ‘strongly rooted in and restricted to the specific cultural context of a society’ (Othengrafen, 2010: 83). Understanding the how people use institutions to plan for places provides hopeful insight about system interactions that might govern uncertainty with shared rather than singular responsibility (Reimer, 2013).Published versio
Framing the social amplifications of risk in urban transformation of Istanbul
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017International disaster risk reduction framework concentrates on global cause and effect relations of natural disasters from a nominal perpective that hardly copes with developing countries relative socio-economic conditions and turns in to a matter of internalization. There is a requirement of a complementary perspective to observe and mesasure the socio-economic effects. From a theorethical research perspective, social amplifications of risk introduce us the how social and economic feedbacks in a social system could amplify or repress disaster impacts. Common efforts on reducing disaster risk has been defined comprehensively through International Decade for Disaster Risk Reduction (1989). Yokohoma Strategy (1994) and Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) were the concomitant procedures followed by Sendai Framework (2015-2030) recently. The general emphasis of sustainable development other than reducing disaster risks and poverty were determined as the main coordinated tasks. In order to reduce disaster risks Hyogo Framework (2005-2015) focused on national goals integrated to local action plans as the top priority and an institutional commitment. As a precondtion of determining urban risk drivers in each country mainstreaming information, innovation and education were identified as urban scale targets that would lead to develope a prevention culture and resilience. In disaster risk management, objectives have been shifted from post disaster perspectives as preparedness, response, emergency and recovery to proactive strategies as disaster risk reduction and mitigation. (UNISDR, 2004) Sendai Framework held in the 3rd World Conference of UN in Japan, makes clear determination in reducing disaster risks while preventing the new risks to generate in urban systems. Poverty, inequality, climate change and unplanned-volatile and rapid urbanization were depicted as urban risk drivers that generate the impacts of disaster risks. Last decade, the perspective on risk as a social phenomenon truly altered the risk perception from a sole physical statement in to a social statement affected by, social, socio-economic and cultural statements. The similar emphasis in Sendai Framework (2015-2030) reclaimed that reducing disaster risks, vulnerabilities and urban poverty demand new priorities from urban planning and disaster risk reduction. Disaster risk reduction not only concentrates on the impacts of disasters but also vulnerabilities that imply potential dangers and gaps in the physical environment. Vulnerability includes the socio-economic attributes of disaster risks, and defined as the potential referring to physical, economic, natural and social losses and losses in human life. (UNISDR, 2009) Vulnerability and poverty have an intertwined relationship in urban system. Poverty is defined as insufficient nutrition, sanity, education and habitation conditions as well as safety and all other basic needs. (WB, 2001) As an urban component of poverty, squatters are in the first rank in reducing disaster risks for environmental degradation, policy changes, rural unemployment, urban immigration, strict building codes, and other physical vulnerabilities. In fact factors determining the urban poverty and vulnerability differs. In society, all low-income groups might not be vulnerable to disasters while mid to high income groups could be vulnerable. (Bankoff, 2003) As stated in Sendai Framework, vulnerability to natural disasters, urban poverty and risk drivers indicate for explanatory qualities in determining disaster risks in urban environment. Distinct socio-economic groups in urban environment have been also exposed to disaster risk relatively distinct. In Turkey, low income groups have been faced with the major negative impacts drastically. Referring to recent approaches in Turkey and international frameworks this paper aims to seek authentic definitions for social amplifications generated by/doubling up socio-economic drawbacks and vulnerabilities in urban transformation process of Istanbul.Published versio
Learning through social academic groups: understanding, sharing and contributing. the FAU social case
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017In 1st January 2016, more than 150 world leaders signed a historical pact towards the Sustainable Development of all the countries in the world. The “United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” is a document composed by 17 Goals and 169 Targets, which aims to put the entire world in a sustainable development in three different dimensions: economic, social and environmental. The seventeen goals are related to people and eradication of poverty; planet and the sustainable usage of natural resources; prosperity and citizens access to economic, social and technology progress; peace and the end of violence in all forms; and global partnership, strengthening solidarity intra and inter nations. Since this paper concerns about the play architects and urban designers have in the society, it will focus on the topics which reach us the most and can be practiced within our career:Published versio
Chinese return to the public benefit after the wave of massive urbanization - a case study of the Shenzhen Bay recreative seafront belt
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017Shenzhen is located on the South of China; east of the Pearl River Delta; while bordering Hong Kong on its south. It is one of the fastest growing cities in China with a strong economic vitality. Started from a small fishing village in the 1970s, Shenzhen has become a mega city with a population of twenty million in 35 years. As a developing coastal city, Shenzhen had most definitely neglected its residents need of leisure. Especially recreational use of waterfront space. Shenzhen’s municipal government activated the relevant works of Shenzhen Bay leisure seafront in 2003. The project started west of the Nanhai Hotel, all the way east to the Mangrove Nature Reserve Area. It spans throughout the east coastline of Shenzhen Bay, with a total length of 15 km. The project objectives are specific in the followings: comprehend the importance of coastal natural resources of Shenzhen Bay, make full use of the shoreline. Construct a complete form of ecological system while improving the current ecological function basing on the Mangrove Nature Reserve Area; opens the closed seafront; returns the natural waterfront space to the public; uses international consultation as the standards to reshape the coastal characteristics; encourage public participation in the process of planning and design. Holding these objectives, 9 kilometers of coastline on the east side were completed in 2011. Upon its opening, the Shenzhen Bay leisure seafront belt had won the public praised and regional recognition the Shenzhen and Pearl Harbor Delta area almost immediately. It had then become the symbol of Shenzhen, as a modern coastal city. Summary: This leisure project demonstrated that urban space is not only a carrier economic development and construction. For a better life tomorrow, adhering to the people-oriented, nature-oriented, and positive concepts are needed. They are there to guide urban planning and construction activities in the city tomorrowPublished versio