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The Spiritual Self Pattern: A Neurocognitive Extension of the Resonance Inference Model for Psychotherapy
Get PDFThis article bridges the divide between existential phenomenology and computational neuroscience by introducing a 'spiritual self-pattern' into the Resonance-Inference Model (RIM). While spirituality is often relegated to the domain of cultural coping strategies, we argue for its status as a fundamental neurocognitive imperative essential for the maintenance of mental health. Grounded in Tucker’s theory of the criticality of consciousness and Gallagher’s pattern theory of self, we define the spiritual self-pattern not metaphysically, but mechanistically: as the system’s highest-order regulator, instantiated physically in the brain’s slowest Intrinsic Neural Timescales (INTs). These deep temporal structures function as "ultimate priors," modulating the delicate balance between predictive confidence (excitatory) and corrective sensitivity (inhibitory) via top-down precision weighting. We posit that spiritual resonance is not merely a subjective feeling, but a state of "bayesian binding" a metastable synchronization that integrates disparate self-aspects into a coherent dynamic gestalt. Conversely, we delineate spiritual dissonance through the mechanics of "frozen priors," where pathological precision leads to the rigid, supra-critical states characteristic of fanaticism and spiritual narcissism. By shifting the focus from narrative content to mechanisms of temporal integration, this framework offers a precise, process-based grammar for spiritually integrated psychotherapy, distinguishing it mechanistically from acceptance-based approaches like ACT
Evaluation of PECAM-1 Expression and Microvessel Density in Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh
Get PDFBackground: Gastric adenocarcinoma is the fifth most prevalent malignancy globally and ranks sixth in Bangladesh, representing a significant oncological and public health challenge. Gaining in depth knowledge about the tumor microenvironment, particularly the mechanisms of tumor-induced angiogenesis, is essential for the development of more precise and effective targeted therapies. Microvessel Density (MVD) serves as a widely recognized measure of angiogenic activity and can be reliably assessed using immunohistochemical staining for PECAM-1 (CD31), a highly specific marker of vascular endothelial cells.
Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Satkhira Medical College, from April 2024 to March 2025. A total of 50 cases of invasive gastric adenocarcinoma were included. Routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining was performed for Lauren classification. Immunohistochemistry for PECAM-1 was conducted to highlight microvessels.
Result: Among 50 cases, intestinal-type adenocarcinoma was more frequent than diffuse type. High MVD was observed in 58.1% of intestinal-type cases and 36.8% of diffuse-type cases. The difference in MVD between intestinal and diffuse types was statistically significant (p =0.049), suggesting higher angiogenic activity in intestinal-type tumors.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that PECAM-1 positive MVD is significantly higher in the intestinal subtype of gastric adenocarcinoma compared to the diffuse subtype. These findings indicate a more angiogenically active tumor microenvironment in intestinal-type tumors, potentially correlating with greater invasive potential and metastatic behavior. PECAM-1 immunostaining provides a valuable tool for quantifying tumor angiogenesis and may serve as a prognostic marker or a basis for anti-angiogenic therapeutic targeting in gastric cancer management
Long-term Toxicity Assessment of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles in Wistar Rats
Get PDFWhile copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) have extensive applications in many sectors, their widespread use has increased the potential for environmental toxicity. This study aimed to determine the hepatic injury and oxidative stress induced by CuO nanoparticles (NPs) in male Wistar rats. They were orally administered CuO-NPs at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/Kg body weight (bwt), once daily for 28 days. A control group received ultrapure water. Twenty-four hours after completion of the experiment, samples were collected following established procedures. We analyzed several biomarkers and performed a histopathology assessment to evaluate liver damage. Our evaluation included measurements of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum samples, alongside an assessment of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and microscopic examination of liver tissue morphology. The results of the study indicated that treated rats experienced increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), while experiencing a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH), compared to the control group. Furthermore, histopathological examination of the liver in the treated rats revealed notable morphological alterations compared to the control group. Results from this investigation support the hypothesis that CuO-NP exert hepatotoxicity through the induction of oxidative stress
Methodological Biases in Virology: A Scientific Criteria-Based Review of Purification, Sequencing and Infectivity Studies
Get PDFBackground: Early SARS-CoV-2 publications revealed methodological gaps that may reflect broader limitations within virology. This review evaluates key experimental domains to assess whether current practices consistently meet foundational standards.
Methods: A multi-platform search strategy was performed using academic databases and AI-assisted literature interrogation. Three methodological areas were examined: isolation and purification of viral particles, genome sequencing directly from purified virions without amplification or cloning and infectivity assays using fully composition-matched negative controls. Iterative queries with increasingly strict requirements were used to identify studies meeting these criteria.
Results: No publicly accessible studies were found that simultaneously fulfilled the criteria for complete purification, direct genome sequencing and rigorously matched negative controls. Purification methods using density gradients were documented and allow structural characterization, but do not establish exogeneity or pathogenicity. Sequencing directly from purified virions was identified only for certain giant viruses and bacteriophages, while most studies relied on PCR or bacterial cloning. Infectivity research consistently lacked negative controls matched for medium composition and experimental conditions, including in both historical and contemporary studies.
Conclusion: These findings indicate persistent gaps between expected methodological standards and current empirical practices in virology. Strengthening experimental rigor particularly through direct sequencing of purified particles, the use of fully composition-matched controls, transparent reporting and independent replication is essential for improving the reliability of viral model. A concise summary of key methodological findings is presented in the conclusions section for direct reference
Encouraging Digital Participation of Communities in Tourism Development: The Future of AI, VR and Blockchain for Local Communities
Get PDFThis study explores the readiness and perspectives of local communities in the Bardhaman district of West Bengal regarding the adoption of emerging digital technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality (VR) and Blockchain, in tourism development. As tourism increasingly shifts toward digital transformation, understanding community-level awareness, perceived benefits, challenges and willingness to participate becomes essential for designing inclusive and sustainable tourism strategies. Using a mixed-method survey administered to 120 respondents, the study examined awareness of digital tools, perceived socio-cultural and economic benefits, technological challenges and preferred modes of digital engagement. Results indicate high awareness of AI and VR, strong agreement on the benefits of digital participation and significant willingness among community members to engage in technologically enabled tourism activities. However, challenges such as limited internet infrastructure, digital literacy gaps and concerns regarding cost and data security remain notable barriers. Despite these constraints, the findings reflect an encouraging environment for integrating AI driven services, VR-based cultural experiences and blockchain-enabled financial systems into community-led tourism initiatives. The study highlights critical infrastructural and training needs while emphasising the transformative potential of digital tools in empowering communities, enhancing cultural preservation and promoting sustainable tourism development
Managing Popliteal Artery Injury During Orthopedic Surgery: An Evidence-Based Approach
Get PDFObjectives: Popliteal artery injuries (PAIs), though rare, are serious complications of orthopedic procedures involving the knee, such as total knee arthroplasty (TKA), high tibial osteotomy, and trauma-related surgeries. This review aims to evaluate anatomical and clinical risk factors, diagnostic modalities, and management strategies for PAIs to support improved surgical outcomes.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted by analyzing articles published in the last 10 years from PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases. Search terms included “popliteal artery injury,” “knee surgery,” “vascular complications,” and “orthopedic vascular trauma.” Studies addressing incidence, anatomical considerations, risk stratification, diagnostic tools, and treatment approaches for PAIs in the context of knee procedures were included.
Results: The reviewed literature reports a PAI incidence ranging from 0.03% to 0.51%, with higher risk in revision surgeries and patients with comorbidities such as peripheral artery disease, obesity, or advanced age. Anatomical proximity of the popliteal artery to the surgical field increases vulnerability to direct trauma, traction, or compression. Clinical presentations include dissection, thrombosis, or transection, often leading to acute limb ischemia. Imaging modalities like Doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are essential for prompt diagnosis. Surgical and hybrid endovascular interventions have demonstrated efficacy in restoring perfusion and minimizing morbidity.
Conclusion: Accurate risk assessment, vigilant surgical technique, and timely vascular evaluation are critical for reducing PAI-related complications. Integrating contemporary imaging and revascularization strategies enhances limb preservation and improves outcomes in complex knee surgeries
Understanding Jaw Osteonercrosis – Avascular, Bisphosphonate-Related, and Osteoradionecrosis Explained: Narrative Review
Get PDFObjective: This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ), Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) and the newly emerging Avascular Osteonecrosis of the Jawbone (AON) due to corticosteroid use. It explores their etiopathogenesis and clinical features. Additional comparative analysis of these conditions was made to highlight their distinct and overlapping characteristics, aiding in their better understanding and differentiation.
Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Scopus databases. The final search was conducted on March 31, 2025. Search terms included:
"osteonecrosis" AND "jaw".
"mandible" AND "corticosteroid therapy".
"medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw".
"osteoradionecrosis".
Eligibility criteria
Study design: Clinical studies (prospective or retrospective), case series, and systematic reviews.
Language: English only.
Population: Human patients with confirmed diagnoses of MRONJ, ORN, or corticosteroid-induced avascular osteonecrosis of the jaw.
Interventions/Exposures: Use of bisphosphonates, denosumab, radiation therapy, or corticosteroid therapy.
Outcomes: Diagnosis, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, imaging, management, and treatment outcomes.
Screening and selection: Two independent reviewers screened all titles and abstracts. Full-text review was conducted for potentially eligible studies. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. No kappa statistics were calculated due to the narrative nature of this review.
Included studies: A total of 46 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 32 clinical studies and 14 systematic reviews. These were analyzed to identify patterns in etiopathogenesis, clinical features, and comparative outcomes between MRONJ, ORN, and AON.
Results: Despite differences in their pathogenesis, avascular osteonecrosis of the jaw due to corticosteroid use, MRONJ, and ORN exhibit similar clinical manifestations, including bone exposure, pain, and infection. Despite their similarities, attention should be given to fully understand their etiologic origin, as it dictates a different management strategy.
Conclusion: The distinct origins of AON, MRONJ, and ORN converge on a common pathophysiological pathway: compromised vascular function leading to bone necrosis. This shared feature underscores the critical role of vascular health in maintaining bone integrity and facilitating repair processes. This literature review renders it important that future research should focus on developing targeted diagnostics and prevention protocols to optimize patient care and reduce morbidity.
 
The Rise of Interdisciplinary Science in Modern Biomedicine
Get PDFBiomedical sciences have experienced a significant transformation, evolving from a primarily biology-focused field into a dynamic, interdisciplinary domain essential for advancing medical innovation. The convergence of life sciences, physical sciences, engineering and computational disciplines has fostered novel diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive approaches. Modern biomedicine thrives on collaboration among molecular biologists, data scientists, engineers, clinicians and others, exemplified by advances in medical imaging and personalized medicine. Biomedical engineering serves as a key bridge between laboratory innovation and clinical application, while computational biology and artificial intelligence have become indispensable in managing and interpreting complex biological data. Despite challenges related to differing terminologies, methodologies and academic structures, interdisciplinary research holds immense potential to address pressing global health issues such as antimicrobial resistance, cancer and emerging infectious diseases. This paradigm shift underscores the necessity of fostering cooperation, curiosity and collective expertise as the foundation of future biomedical progress
An Uncommon Case of Dural Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Metastasis without Bone Involvement
Get PDFIntroduction: Prostate cancer is among the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men worldwide, with bone being its predominant metastatic site. Dural metastases, especially without vertebral involvement, are exceedingly rare and often underrecognized.
Case Presentation: We present the case of a 65-year-old male with Gleason score 4+3 (Grade Group 3) prostatic adenocarcinoma, who developed progressive lower limb weakness, urinary retention, and thoracic radicular pain. MRI of the spine revealed a posterior intradural extramedullary lesion at the D2 level with a dural tail sign and right posterior intramedullary cord extension. Notably, no vertebral or osseous abnormalities were detected.
Discussion: Dural spinal metastases from prostate cancer are uncommon, accounting for <0.04% of cases. They arise through hematogenous spread via Batson’s plexus or leptomeningeal dissemination. This report highlights the radiologic characteristics, diagnostic approach, and management strategies of this rare entity, emphasizing its aggressive behavior and poor prognosis.
Conclusion: Despite advances in imaging and treatment, Dural spinal metastasis from prostate cancer remains a rare presentation with significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Early identification via MRI and a multidisciplinary approach are vital for optimizing patient outcomes
Heat-Induced Morphological Changes in Silver Nanowires: A review
Get PDFSilver Nanowires (AgNWs) are gaining widespread attention for their remarkable electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, which make them ideal for a variety of cutting-edge applications such as flexible electronics, transparent conductive films, and sensors. However, their stability and performance when exposed to high temperatures are crucial for their practical use. This review sightsees into how heat affects the shape and structure of AgNWs, exploring the mechanisms behind these changes and what they mean for real-world applications. We cover topics like the melting behavior of tiny metallic wires, the role of surface atoms moving around, and how environmental factors can influence their stability. Additionally, we discuss how these heat-induced changes can impact the efficiency of devices that use AgNWs, like transparent heaters. By bringing together findings from recent research, this review aims to provide a clear understanding of how AgNWs behave under heat and offer insights into improving their design and use in high-temperature situations