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Empowering Women in Mathematics: Pioneering a Rigorous and Inclusive STEM Paradigm for Vikasit Bharat 2047
Get PDFAs India marches towards its centenary of independence in 2047, the nation’s progress is closely tied to its advancements in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). However, the journey towards an equitable STEM landscape, where women are equal stakeholders, remains a critical challenge. The underrepresentation of women in mathematics, a foundational discipline within STEM, poses significant hurdles to achieving national and global goals of scientific innovation and technological leadership. This paper explores the critical role of empowering women in mathematics, both as a standalone discipline and as an essential pillar of the broader STEM ecosystem, and its potential to shape a new paradigm for India’s future.
The history of mathematics is rich with contributions from women, yet their stories have often been marginalized. From Hypatia of Alexandria to India’s own Shakuntala Devi and contemporary mathematicians like Neena Gupta, women have consistently broken barriers to leave an indelible mark on mathematical thought. Despite these successes, systemic challenges such as gender bias, societal expectations, and lack of mentorship continue to hinder women’s full participation in the field. This paper examines these barriers in the Indian context and explores how they can be dismantled through targeted interventions at the educational, institutional, and policy levels.
India’s recent strides in promoting girls’ education and STEM participation through initiatives like "Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao" and STEM education programs have created a favorable environment. However, the representation of women in higher-level mathematics education, research, and academic leadership roles remains disproportionately low. The paper highlights the importance of nurturing young girls’ interest in mathematics from school to university, and the role that academic institutions must play in creating inclusive environments where women can thrive. Practical strategies for encouraging this interest include the establishment of women-led mathematics clubs, mentorship programs, and scholarship initiatives aimed at fostering early engagement with mathematics.
As we look towards 2047, the integration of women into the fabric of mathematical research and STEM professions is essential for national growth. Mathematics is increasingly at the core of cutting-edge STEM fields like artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and quantum computing. Women’s participation in these fields can have far-reaching effects, not only in advancing technology but also in addressing societal challenges like healthcare optimization, environmental modeling, and resource management. By fostering a culture that supports women’s contributions to mathematics, India can enhance its global standing in STEM innovation and leadership.
This paper also presents a case study of the author’s research on mathematical modeling, showcasing how interdisciplinary approaches rooted in mathematical principles can drive societal progress. The author’s work exemplifies the potential of mathematics to not only solve complex technical problems but also to influence cultural and historical understanding, as seen in projects like Vedic Geometry and the mathematical underpinnings of ancient temple architecture.
In conclusion, empowering women in mathematics is not just an issue of gender equity but a national imperative. As India envisions a new Bharat by 2047, women mathematicians and STEM professionals must be at the forefront of this transformation. By breaking down barriers and creating pathways for women to excel in mathematics, India can build a more innovative, inclusive, and prosperous future. This paper calls for a collective effort from educational institutions, policymakers, and industries to invest in women’s STEM education and career development, ensuring that their contributions shape the future of a technologically advanced and equitable India
Cadaveric Study: Sign of Leser-Trélat Associated with Breast Cancer
Get PDFINTRODUCTION: Seborrheic keratoses (SK) is considered the most common benign skin lesions found in individuals that are middle aged and older. In dermatology practice, these lesions pose no threat to the individual but can be concerning for cosmetic and underlying malignancy reasons when they cover most of the skin surface. Of specific concern is the sign of Leser-Trélat, which has been documented as a cutaneous harbinger of underlying malignancy associated with proliferation of the size and/or number seborrheic keratoses. The rare sign is usually caused by malignancies such as gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma, but also lung, kidney, liver, or pancreatic cancer. This case report will describe the histology of the skin lesions in Lesar Trélat and analyze the current literature regarding its association with breast cancer, which is quite rare.
RESOURCES: For this case study, a cadaver from the body donor program in Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (PCOM), South Georgia was used. Skin samples were sent to Colquitt Regional Center for processing, where sections were embedded in paraffin and were stained with H&E stain. A pathologist reported histopathological findings of the skin lesions and the breast tissue samples.
DESCRIPTION: Multiple SK lesions covering the face, abdomen, back, as well as both upper and lower extremities were observed in one of the cadavers in the gross anatomy laboratory. Due to the significant number of pigmented, verrucous lesions, the sign of Leser-Trélat was clinically postulated, later confirmed during routine laboratory dissection of the breast tissue. Histology sections confirmed not only multiple SK lesions in the skin, but also revealed an associated breast cancer in the form of an infiltrative ductal carcinoma.
SIGNIFICANCE: The sign of Leser-Trélat is rare by itself and its association with breast cancer is even more uncommon. Once a clinician recognizes the multiple SK eruptions, the patient should be meticulously investigated for not only for an underlying GI malignancy, but also for other cancers like breast cancer. Additionally, a case report confirmed malignant melanoma that mimicked sign of Leser-Trélat, warranting the importance of further analyzing the pathology diagnosis when there is a proliferation of multiple seborrheic keratoses.Therefore, biopsy and histology diagnosis is crucial for ruling out both cutaneous as well as underlying malignancies and should be encouraged when patients present in clinic rather than assuming the typical benign characteristics of seborrheic keratosis
Dermatopathological Analysis of Common Skin Lesions Encountered in Cadavers
Get PDFThis study served as a purpose for medical students to gain experience in both dermatology and pathology, which is a common barrier that prevents first and second year medical students from refining skills that are not later taught until residency. This prompted a study to develop gross differential diagnostic skills and how to analyze histopathology slides to diagnose common skin lesions to refine skills in both clinical and histology presentation.
A cadaveric case series was designed to examine multiple shave biopsies on all abnormal skin lesions observed from nine cadavers used for the first year medical students gross anatomy lab during the year 2022-2023. Biopsies were stained using hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathology slides, though initially viewed by medical students, were confirmed by a pathologist at a later time.
25 samples were taken from the 9 cadavers. The most commonly encountered lesion was macular seborrheic keratosis, with nine of the 25 (32%). Seven of the sample lesions (26.9%) were melanocytic nevus. Two sample lesions (8.0%) from the same cadaver were a superficial cutaneous cyst and one sample lesion (3.8%) from a separate cadaver indicated verruca vulgaris.
Common dermatological lesions were identified among the nine cadavers used for analysis. This provided opportunities to develop and refine skills in dermatopathology. A further increase in sample size is needed to gain exposure to a larger variety of lesions and to identify common dermatological lesions grossly based on differing race, age, and gender
Incomplete Transverse Pulmonary Fissures: Embryological Basis, Clinical, and Surgical Implications: A Cadaveric Case Report
No full textIncomplete pulmonary fissures (IPF) represent a common anatomical variation in the human lung. While often considered silent, incomplete pulmonary fissures can have notable clinical and surgical implications, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their anatomical characteristics. IPF may have significant implications in both clinical practice and surgical interventions. We report a case of an incomplete transverse fissure of the right lung from an adult male cadaver, exploring the embryological basis, clinical significance, and surgical implications. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the lung embryology and resulting normal anatomy, and associated anatomical variations to ensure accurate diagnosis, appropriate management, and optimal surgical outcomes
Does Dolutegravir-Based Treatment in HIV-Infected Diabetic Individuals Require More Intensive Cardiovascular Health Monitoring: A Point of Concern for Developing Nations
Get PDFWe are all aware that obesity is a growing health problem globally. An estimated 600 million adults are affected with some form of obesity-related metabolic complications worldwide. It increases cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer in the long run. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a common occurrence throughout the World. Developed countries can access early diagnosis, standardized treatment protocols, and close monitoring. It not only prevents incidences of opportunistic infections but also takes care of non-infective complications. On the contrary, lack of education, awareness, and access to good healthcare facilities are often responsible for delayed diagnosis and advanced disease at presentation. Even those who are initiated on therapy also have persistent modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular events. The Importance of regular exercise, a healthy diet, and tight control of blood sugar, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are often under-practiced and must be stressed
Variant Inferior Vena Cava Associated with Combined Variation of Renal and Testicular Arteries: A Case Report and Clinical Implications
Get PDFThis case report details multiple vascular anomalies discovered during routine abdominal dissection, including duplication of the inferior vena cava (IVC), the right testicular artery (RTA) originating from an accessory right renal artery, and unusual drainage of the right testicular vein into the right part of the double IVC. Currently, computed tomography and angiography are instrumental in diagnosing IVC duplication, highlighting its clinical significance with increased risks of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Understanding these variations from an embryological perspective is crucial for managing clinical cases and planning surgical interventions involving the posterior abdominal wall. This case study explores the embryological origins of these vascular anomalies. It discusses their potential clinical implications, emphasizing the importance of accurate imaging techniques and comprehensive anatomical knowledge in clinical practice
Protective Role of Quercetin on Silver Nanoparticle-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Get PDFSilver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are one of the most commercially used nanomaterials. However, their extensive usage has adverse biological effects, which has led to increasing concerns about their potential impact on human health and the environment. This study aimed to confirm Ag-NP-induced hepatotoxicity and determine the potential protective role of quercetin (Qur) in Ag-NP-induced hepatotoxicity. Fifteen healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three group: (1) Control group (administered deionized water), (2) Ag-NPs group (administered 100 mg/Kg Ag-NP orally), and (3) Ag-NP+Qur group (administered 100 mg/Kg Ag-NPs+100 µl of Qur) for five consecutive days. Samples were collected 24 h after the last treatment following standard protocols. The antioxidant activity of Qur against Ag-NP-induced toxicity was determined by measuring serum levels of various enzymes including Alanine Aminotransferases (ALT), Gamma-Glutamyl Transferases, (GGT), Alkaline Phosphatases (ALP), biomarkers of oxidative stress, Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and examining liver histopathology. A significant increase in the activity of serum liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, GGT), MDA and alterations in liver morphology were noted in Ag-NPs treated rats relative to control rats. In contrast, reduced glutathione level was considerably lower in Ag-NPs treated rats compared to that in control rats. Co-administration of Qur resulted in significant changes in the biochemical parameters compared to that in Ag-NP-treated rats. The activity of liver enzymes, liver injury and oxidative stress biomarkers were found to be decreased, whereas levels of reduced glutathione were increased in the Qur+Ag-NP group. Our results suggest that the antioxidant Qur may have a protective role against Ag-NP-induced hepatotoxicity
Successful PLC Based Solar Powered Automated Irrigation System Prototyping for Water-Strained Agricultural Nations Like Pakistan
Get PDFWater scarcity poses a critical challenge to agricultural sustainability in nations like Pakistan, despite abundant solar energy potential offering a sustainable solution for year-round productivity enhancement. This research focuses on designing and prototyping a PLC-based solar-powered automated irrigation system tailored for water-strained agricultural nations.
The primary goal of this research is to design, prototype, and evaluate a PLC-based solar-powered automated irrigation system. The study utilizes PLC technology (Siemens SIMATIC S7-1200) for automation, incorporating capacitive moisture sensors for closed-loop control based on soil moisture and environmental data for data-driven decision making and precision agriculture. HMI is employed for real-time monitoring and control interface. Results from prototype development show promising outcomes in optimizing water use efficiency and reducing reliance on unreliable electricity sources. This paper underscores the potential of such technologies in fostering sustainable AgriTech development and addressing the pressing water challenges faced by agricultural sectors in developing countries. Prototype development and testing have shown significant improvements in water efficiency compared to traditional irrigation methods. Automated control based on real-time sensor feedback has demonstrated precise water management, enhancing crop yield potential without increasing water consumption
Coating of Carbon Black (CB) and Graphene Oxides (GOs) with Magnetite (Fe3O4)
Get PDFComposites containing iron oxides are obtained by the co-precipitation of iron(II) and iron(III) compounds in the presence of different substrates in an alkaline environment. Newly synthesized graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rCO) and carbon black (CB) are used as substrates. Methods of obtaining GO–amorphous iron compound, rGO–Fe3O4, and CB–Fe3O4 composites are developed. It is determined that rGO–Fe3O4 and CB–Fe3O4 magnetic composites can be obtained at 70–75°C, while in the presence of GO, a non-magnetic composite containing an amorphous iron compound is formed under the same conditions. This composite, when heated in vacuum at 170–175°C, undergoes exfoliation, in result of which a powder composite rGO–amorphous iron compound is formed, the volume of which is 2.7 times greater than that of initial powder. Partial reduction of the formed composite takes place at 550°C and rGO–Fe3O4 is obtained. Formation of the magnetite phase is determined by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analysis. The structural-morphological study of the synthesized composites is carried out by the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) method. Their magnetic characteristics are studied using VSM (Vibrating Sample Magnetometry) method
Case Study: Co-existing Isolated Internal Iliac Artery Aneurysm and Solitary Kidney
No full textPurpose: The purpose of this case study is to report on an isolated internal iliac artery aneurysm (IIIAA) with solitary kidney found during cadaveric dissection and to discuss potential clinical implications of such a variation.
Methods: IIIAA and solitary kidney were discovered during cadaveric dissection performed by six nursing graduate students at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama. Upon discovery, a literature review was performed to consider clinical implications, patient presentation, and management strategies associated with IIIAA and solitary kidney. This is the first time the pairing of these variations has been reported and thus it is difficult to speculate whether or not this person had symptoms associated with either of these conditions.
Results: IIIAA is independently associated with bladder, ureter, rectal, iliac vein, and sciatic nerve symptoms. Solitary kidney is associated with hypertension and end-stage renal disease.
Conclusion: As this variation was discovered post-mortem, it is unknown whether this condition was symptomatic