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Konseptien arviointi ja modulaarisuus tuotekehityksessä
Get PDFThis bachelor’s thesis intended to study concept evaluation and modularity in literature. The purpose of the literature review was to find different ways to evaluate product concepts, explore modularity and product development. The thesis was done in a Finnish company operating in the rock crushing industry as part of a preliminary study of a product development project. In addition to the literature review, the aim of the work was to produce a product development proposal for the company.
The literature review includes an overview of the overall product development process during which concepts are evaluated. An overview of the product development process was included in order to understand the context in which concepts are evaluated. Concept evaluation methods are focused on in more detail. Key concepts, benefits and drawbacks of modularity are introduced. Furthermore, the literature review introduces a design process for the development of a modular product family from existing products, which also takes into account the business environment of the company and how it interacts with the product development process.
The bachelor's thesis resulted in a product development proposal for rock crushing stations. In summary, the product development proposal was to develop a product family from rock crushing stations with configurable products that are to be included in the company's manufacturing and sales processes. An overview of the project, which resulted in the product development proposal, is presented. The project utilized the issues learned from literature and the tools found
Analyzing paper machine drive data with AI
Get PDFTässä työssä selvitetään tekoälyn mahdollisuuksia paperikoneen sähkökäyttöjen analysointiin. Työ rajataan leikkurin mekaanisten värähtelyiden analysointiin. ABB:n sähkökäytöt mittaavat antureilla valtavan määrän dataa talteen. Laitteiden vikaantuessa toimitaan tällä hetkellä reaktiivisesti, vaikka prediktiivisesti toimiminen olisi kaikkien osapuolten kannalta parempi vaihtoehto. Tekoälyn ja tiedonlouhinnan avulla voisi olla mahdollista löytää mekaanisista värähtelyistä joitain tärkeitä suorituskykyilmaisimia eli KPI:tä.
Työ suoritetaan analysoimalla leikkurin sähkökäyttöjen mekaanisten värähtelyiden mittausdataa. Mittausdata on kerätty dataloggereille. RTDB-tietokanta (Real-Time Database) tulee ensin muuttaa sopivaan muotoon, kuten xls-tiedostoksi, jotta sen käsittely onnistuu kolmannen osapuolen pilvipalveluissa. Datan perusteella määritellään valmis koneoppimisalgoritmi, jonka avulla pyritään löytämään datasta mahdollisia toistuvuuksia.
Teoriaosuudessa käsitellään työn toimintaympäristö sekä työkalut, joita työssä käytetään. Toimintaympäristössä esitellään paperitehdas ja paperikone yleisesti ja leikkuri tarkemmin. Sähkökäyttöjen osalta kerrotaan erikseen moottoreista, taajuusmuuttajista ja ohjausjärjestelmistä. Viimeisenä toimintaympäristön osana esitellään teollisuus 4.0, joka on uusin teollisuuden vallankumous ja johon pilvipalvelut ja IoT liittyvät merkittävästi.
Työkalut, jotka työssä esitellään, ovat tekoäly, IoT ja tiedonlouhinta. Tekoäly on tietokoneen ajattelukykyä. Sitä voidaan kehittää loogisesti tai ihmismäisesti. Tekoälyn suurimmat odotukset kohdistuvat tällä hetkellä tietokoneen itseoppimiseen ja varsinkin luonnollisen kielen ymmärtämiseen. Esimerkkinä odotuksia täynnä olevasta tekoälystä on IBM Watson, joka pystyy nykyään puhumaan ja ymmärtämään yhdeksää kieltä natiivisti. Tekoälyn kognitiivisiin mahdollisuuksiin lukeutuvat myös ennustavat huoltotoimenpiteet. Uudet tekniikat, kuten esimerkiksi 5G, ovat välttämättömiä, jotta IoT voi yleistyä tehtaissa. Tiedonlouhinta on myös tärkeää datan määrien kasvaessa
Verkkoon kytkettyjen suuntaajien PR-virtasäädön mallinnus ja suunnittelu
No full textGrid-connected converters, such as the three-phase two-level rectifier or inverter topology, provide an interface for drawing power from, or feeding power into, the utility grid. This is done by switching a DC voltage across phase inductors in an alternating fashion. For the two-level converters, the resulting voltage at the the converter output is a square wave at the switching frequency, often in the kilohertz to tens of kilohertz range. This will create an alternating, sinusoidal current through the inductor. Current control is an important part of converters, and is usually implemented in the synchronous reference frame, with PI-controllers which operate on DC-valued components, transformed from sinusoidal form. In recent years, another approach, known as proportional-resonant control, has gained attraction. It is the equivalent of PI-control in the SRF, operating in the stationary reference frame, on quantities which are rotating/sinusoidal. PI-control works in the so-called dq-domain, wherein the frame of reference rotates along with the quantities at a fundamental frequency. PR-controllers are realized by inverse-rotating the PI-controller transfer function from dq- to alpha-beta-domain. PI-control works well in cases of ideal voltage and grid, where for example harmonic components of the voltage other than the fundamental are negligible. PR-control offers the significant advantage of straightforward addition of controllers which are tuned to regulate specific harmonic components, without needing additional filters or harmonic detection methods. Many rules-of-thumb have been formed by previous methods of tuning such controllers. This thesis shows how the dynamic, linearized model of grid-converters can be used in tuning; first, by finding gains for the PI-scheme from the frequency response, and second, by adapting those gains into the stationary frame equivalent. PR-based current control was simulated and compared to PI-control in various different scenarios, showing promising results and potential for improving control strategies
General Data Protection Regulation - Requirement Analysis of Customer Personal Data: Case Study
No full textMultiple companies in EU have their core business running around digital information holding data about individual people. A new GDPR – general data protection regulation aims to harmonize data protection laws in the EU giving individuals a better understanding and control of their personal data. This master thesis is a GDPR case study which investigates customer data change requirements in a company’s IT systems.
The research investigated what GDPR regulation is and what is required to consent the regulation. As the case business utilizes an agile development philosophy in their software development, agile requirement engineering was researched to support the requirements analysis. By combining GDPR literature, agile requirements engineering, and case company’s requirements with a deductive qualitative research approach a conceptual model for GDPR customer data requirements was made to support the case study.
The case study proceeded from general GDPR approach and semi-structured interviews to an analysis where the most critical IT systems and the then most critical change requirements were detected. The final elicited implementation descriptions including two IT systems were written in a form which the SCRUM team developers can understand, implement and create test cases for the requirements. The case study also researched the empirical effects of GDPR on the business.
The final implementation descriptions included four features for two different systems. The entity system of portal, mobile and warehouse UI required a GDPR consent. Furthermore, portal and mobile being web-based services a requirement for cookie statement was identified. The last two requirements were related to access rights. The service support tool required a group limitation feature ensuring that only relevant personnel can access the customer warehouse data. Lastly, the entity of systems required a mandatory password change improving data security
Reduction of EMI coupling between motor and grid connections in a two-level voltage source AC drive
Get PDFElectromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) of a drive must be tested to make its use safe and disturbance free in an electric grid. The noise limits for drives are defined in the standard IEC 61800-03. The coupling between motor and grid cables in a conduit box of a drive bypasses the electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter and make it difficult to fulfil the standard. The goal of this study is to present design guidelines to reduce the coupling between connections with a cost effective way.
The first part of the study discusses the coupling between grid and motor connections theoretically. Based on the theory, the possible solutions for the problem are identified. The identified solutions are investigated with simulations and measurements with a simplified model of the drive connection environment. Assessment criterions are an effectiveness, a feasibility and a cost efficiency. The prototype drive is implemented with the best solutions and it is tested with standardized measurements. The investigated solutions were new placement of drive connections, shielding the drive connections and topology changes in an EMI filter.
The study presents that coupling between motor and grid connections of a drive has a significant impact to the amount of the conducted emissions to the grid. It also presents that proposed solutions reduce the coupling significantly. The most effective and still feasible proposed solutions were to shield the grid connection of the drive with an aluminium or a steel plate and increase the differential inductance in the grid connection. The conducted emissions of the prototype drive with the proposed solutions fulfils the C2 limit of the standard. The solution is estimated to reduce material costs of an EMI filter from 12 to 37 percent with an extra cost of the shield
Venyvän elektroniikan vaihtoehtoiset valmistus- ja tutkimusmenetelmät
Get PDFStretchable electronics are used in wearable applications to implement intelligent features. The main characteristic of stretchable electronics is stretchability enabling deformation required in wearable objects such as bandages and clothes. In this thesis, the stretchable electronics consist of elastic substrates, printed stretchable interconnections, adhesives and rigid modules with traditional electronic components. The modules on the elastic substrate form rigid islands that allow the substrate to stretch.
Stretchable electronics can endure only a specific amount of elongation before their electrical interconnections fail. Adhesion and deformation mechanisms in the joint and in the joint area of the module and the substrate affect elongation. The durability of stretchable electronics can be improved by improving adhesion and controlling the deformations via optimizing the structure of the joint and the joint area.
In this thesis, the stretchable electronics were studied on several levels. A thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film was used as the elastic substrate. Wettability and effectiveness of pre-treatments on wettability were examined. The substrate was investigated by measuring contact angles of droplets with a drop shape analyzer. Adhesion and peel behavior of non-conductive adhesives between the TPU-film and the rigid substrates were studied with a floating roller peel test setup. Finally, tensile testing was used to investigate deformations and elongation of the fabricated stretchable electronics samples. In the tensile test samples, width of the interconnection, the amount of the conductive adhesive and the use of a supportive frame structure were varied.
The tests presented new results that can be adopted alone or as whole. The wettability of the TPU-film improved most with a plasma pre-treatment that decreased the contact angles up to 63 percent. The peel tests showed that the sample with one cyanoacrylate adhesive with a primer had the highest momentary bond strength (0,5 N/mm). The high bond strength made the TPU-film elongate during the peeling test. Unlike the tested structural adhesives, an elastic transfer tape adhesive had the most even peeling force during the tests (between 0,2 – 0,3 N/mm) and was the easiest adhesive to process.
According to the stress peaking concept, in the tensile testing, when the samples elongated, stress concentrated close to the attached module and broke the samples. The strongest interconnection elongated 91,7 % before failure. The referred sample type had the supportive frame and conductive adhesive only under the contacts. Similarly, according to the concept, the stress exerted on this sample was more uniform compared to the other tensile test samples, which explains the good results
Uuden voimalaitoskattilan peittauksesta aiheutuvien jätevesien käsittelykustannukset
Get PDFAim of this thesis was to clarify the factors affecting the treatment costs of boiler pre-operational chemical acid cleaning. Up to 1000 m3 of waste water may be produced during the chemical cleaning procedure prior to boiler startup. Is it possible to sewer most of that water, but there are also waters, which are challenging even for hazardous waste treatment processes. So far it has been slightly unclear, which are the waste water features that causes the highest treatment costs. Sometimes sewage treatment plant can treat all the waste water produced in the cleaning process, but occasionally, the whole amount must be transported to hazardous waste treatment plant.
In order to deal with the waste water treatment costs, the work was to find out which chemical properties the waste water has, and how compositions of different types of cleanings differ from each other. Composition data was collected from analysis of previous cleaning cases, and two analyses were carried out during the thesis. After that, specialists of both municipal waste water treatment plants and hazardous waste treatment plants were interviewed. Discussions revealed, how each chemical property affect the used treatment method and which are those features that disable water sewage
Teollisuusyrityksen kehittäminen kohti parempaa myynnin analytiikan hyödyntämistä
Get PDFObjective of the thesis work was to make an analysis for a large global cargo handling solution provider how they can improve their utilization of sales analytics. According to the topic, a main research question was drawn as “how to improve the utilization of sales analytics in industrial organization’s automation and project division by using maturity model”. To achieve the objective, a fully customized maturity model about sales analytics utilization was built. Through the interviews, current and target stages were found out. After having defined the current and target stages, a roadmap towards a higher maturity of sales analytics utilization is designed.
Today, organizations are seeking competitive advantage from data, but it is not simple as there are a lot of public data available. One way to gain advantage of data is analyzing it efficiently and managing it better than others. With the superior analyses made of raw and unstructured data, organization can gain a lot insight and valuable information. Sales data can be used to predict future sales as well as the demand for new solutions all around the world. Effective data analytics can provide a huge advantage while aiming towards a bigger slice of a market. When it comes to improving the utilization of sales analytics, it is crucial to understand what are current and target stages of the utilization and also how the target state can be achieved.
With maturity model, organization can define its current and target state of a selected topic, for example sales analytics utilization. Maturity models tend to have three basic components: dimensions having effect on a selected topic, levels of maturity and a definition what is means to be on a specific level. Maturity model can be supported by a roadmap, which shows the concrete steps towards the target state.
It was discovered that currently the target organization is in level 3 in Technology and Culture and level 2 in Governance and People. Target state for the dimensions were level 4 for Technology, Governance and People and level 5 for Culture. The reason for the three dimensions having target of level 4 was basically the resources it requires to achieve level 5. Roadmap was then built to advance from the current to target state. The research offered a very valuable information for the target organization about its utilization of sales analytics. Now the topic is put on the table and target organization has started talking about the meaning of sales analytics. Current and target state – and the roadmap – could be seen as direct benefits for the organization, but indirectly the most important achievement of the thesis work was to get the organization to speak about sales analytics and its benefit while gaining competitive advantage.Työn tavoitteena oli tehdä analyysi globaalille teollisuusyritykselle heidän keinoistaan parantaa myynnin analytiikan hyödyntämistä. Päätutkimuskysymykseksi muotoutui ”miten parantaa myynnin analytiikan hyödyntämistä teollisuusyrityksen automaatio- ja projektidivisioonassa hyödyntäen maturiteettimallia”. Tavoitteen saavuttamiseksi luotiin kustomoitu myynnin analytiikan nyky- ja tavoitetilan arviointiin soveltuva maturiteettimalli. Kohdeorganisaatiossa tehtyjen haastattelujen myötä nyky- ja tavoitetila saatiin selville. Näiden selvittämisen jälkeen yritykselle rakennettiin 12 kuukauden mittainen toimintasuunnitelma, tiekartta, jota seuraamalla yritys pääsee kohti tavoitetilaa.
Nykyään monet organisaatiot tavoittelevat kilpailuetua datan avulla, mutta se on haastavaa suuren julkisen datan määrän vuoksi. Yksi kilpailuetua tuovista keinoista on muita parempi datan analysointi ja sen hallinta: datasta tehdyillä laadukkailla analyyseilla yritys voi saada arvokasta informaatiota ja tietämystä haluamastaan aiheesta. Myyntidataa voidaan käyttää ennustamaan tulevaisuuden myyntiä sekä tarvetta uusille ratkaisuille ympäri maailman. Tähdätessä kohti parempaa myynnin data analytiikan hyödyntämistä on tärkeää ymmärtää mikä on organisaation nyky- ja tavoitetila sen osalta, sekä myös keinot miten tavoitetila voidaan saavuttaa.
Maturiteettimallien avulla yritys voi määrittää nyky- ja tavoitetilan haluamastaan aiheesta, esimerkiksi myynnin analytiikan hyödyntämisestä. Pääsääntöisesti maturiteettimallit koostuvat kolmesta osa-alueesta: dimensioista, maturiteetin tasosta ja määritelmästä mitä yksittäisellä tasolla oleminen tarkoittaa. Maturiteettimalli tukena voidaan käyttää toimintasuunnitelmaa esitettäessä konkreettisia toimenpiteitä kohti tavoitetilan saavuttamista.
Tutkimuksessa saatiin selville että kohdeorganisaatio on maturiteetiltaan tasolla 3 teknologiassa ja kulttuurissa sekä tasolla 2 datahallinnassa ja ihmisissä. Tavoitetila asetettiin haastattelujen ja analyysien myötä tasolle 4 teknologiassa, datahallinnassa ja ihmisissä. Kulttuurin osalta kohdeorganisaatio haluaisi saavuttaa tason viisi, mikä on mallin korkein taso. Pääsyy kolmen dimension tavoitetason asettamiseksi tasolle 4 tason 5 sijaan oli resurssien määrä joka tarvittaisiin tavoitellessa korkeinta maturiteettia. Lopuksi rakennettiin toimintasuunnitelma. Tutkimus tarjosi kohdeorganisaatiolle hyödyllistä tietoa sen myynnin analytiikan hyödyntämisestä. Nyky- ja tavoitetilan sekä toimintasuunnitelma rakentaminen voidaan nähdä suorina hyötyinä organisaatiolle, mutta epäsuorasti diplomityön suurin saavutus oli myynnin analytiikan nostaminen pöydälle. Nyt organisaatiossa on käsitteistö, jolla puhua myynnin analytiikasta
Deveploment of cleanrooms based on panel construction
Get PDFTämä diplomityön aiheena ovat puhdastilat ja niihin liittyvä tuotekehitys. Työssä käsitellään erään polyuretaanielementtivalmistajan tuotteita, jonka tuotantomäärällisesti tärkeimmät tuotteet ovat kylmä- ja pakastehuoneet, joihin myös suurin osa tuotekehityksen resursseista on suunnattu. Puhdastilatekniikan käytön jatkuvasti kasvaessa ja laajentuessa uusille tekniikan ja tieteen aloille on tällä tilavalmistajalla nähty ajankohtaisena panostaa tuotekehityksessä enemmän myös puhdastiloihin.
Työssä esitellään puhdastilatekniikan perusteet ja siihen keskeisimmin liittyvät fysikaaliset ilmiöt sekä puhdastilojen energiankäytön lähtökohdat. Tämän jälkeen esitellään tuotekehitysmahdollisuuksia liittyen valmistajan elementtirakenteisiin puhdastilahuoneisiin huomioiden erityisesti puhdastilatekniikan asettamat vaatimukset ja vapaudet verrattuna kylmähuonevalmistukseen, valmistustekniikka ja ratkaisujen energiatehokkuus. Lisäksi työssä käydään läpi uusia teknisiä ratkaisuja, joilla voidaan vaikuttaa erityisesti puhdastilojen energiankäyttöön. Lisäksi eri tuotekehitysideat mallinnettiin CAD-ohjelmistolla, pääasiassa ohutlevyvalmistustekniikkaa hyödyntäen.
Työn lopputuloksena saatiin aikaan tuotekehitysideoita liittyen mm. puhdastiloissa käytettäviin materiaaleihin, elementtien valmistustekniikkaan, ilmanvaihtotekniikkaan ja automaatioon. Nämä ideat toimivat pohjana jatkossa ja osittain jo työn aikana tehdylle puhdastilojen modernisoinnille ja uudistamiselle
Reactive Power Control in Grid-Connected Converter
Get PDFDuring the last two decades, power system engineers are much concerned about the quality of power that is being supplied to the customers. Power losses at the lower level, compensating devices to balance the active and reactive power and overall stability of the power system is demanded. Thus, the present power system is now undergoing a severe transformation and expansion due to the available smart technologies, the evolution of renewables and for the rapid increase of electricity demands. Power electronics technology plays a vital role in the integration of renewables and minimizing power quality problems. The voltage source converter is one of the key elements in the power electronics field which make the significant contribution to incorporating renewables and lessening power quality problems. It is possible, due to its power conversion and power controllability features.
In this thesis, the reactive power control features in the grid-connected voltage source converter are implemented and verified through different simulations. The battery storage is used as the source of voltage during the thesis. In the implementation stage, the converter parameter and filtering technique are firstly selected, keeping in mind that the expected converter is at MW level. Later, grid synchronization and inner current control are implemented using a simple PI controller. To design the proper controller parameters, the dynamics of the converter is also analyzed. During the power control stage, conventional droop mechanism is applied to generate current reference in order to manipulate the reactive current that is generated by the converter. Manipulating the reactive current defines to what extent of reactive power is to be controlled regarding support grid voltage