Journal of One Health Research
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Beliefs, experiences and behaviors during diagnosis and treatment of COPD in rural India: A large single center prospective, observational study of 6000 cases in tertiary care setting: Beliefs, experiences and behaviors during diagnosis and treatment of COPD
No full textBackground: COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to chronic respiratory illness in India. More than half of COPD patients were not getting adequate rationale inhalation treatment in primary to tertiary care setting.
Methods Prospective, observational, interview (questionnaire) based complete workup COPD study conducted during June 2016 to June 2019 in Pulmonary medicine, Venkatesh chest hospital, & MIMSR Medical College, Latur screened 12000 cases with chronic respiratory symptoms with cough, sputum production and shortness of breath and all cases were undergone spirometry and 6000 COPD cases were enrolled. In this study we assessed disease knowledge, methods of treatment offered to all patients before enrollment by applying questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using single proportion test (chi test).
Observation and analysis: We have observed 3% study cases were aware about their illness ‘COPD disease’, 54% are not knowing the disease or not counseled for COPD disease ever before and 43 % cases are not convinced as they are having COPD (categorized as ‘difficult patient’) (p<0.0001). Inhalation treatment was offered in only 58% COPD cases, levosalbutamol monotherapy in 31% cases, levosalbutamol plus beclometasone in 18% cases, and formoterol plus budesonide or salmeterol plus fluticasone only in 9% COPD cases (p<0.0001), later being categorized as ‘difficult treatment’ being costlier than former ones. We also observed irrational and exuberant use of oral medicines in 42% COPD cases, theophylline in 16% cases, salbutamol in 7% cases, oral steroids in 19% cases and these medicines preferred by treating doctors over inhalation treatment in spite of knowledge of inhalation treatment and categorized as ‘difficult doctor’ (p<0.0001)
Conclusion: COPD is less efficiently evaluated and halfheartedly treated in rural setting, and more emphasis to be given to spirometry trainings for proper diagnosis and awareness regarding advantages of inhalation treatment over oral medicines.Background: COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to chronic respiratory illness in India. More than half of COPD patients were not getting adequate rationale inhalation treatment in primary to tertiary care setting.
Methods Prospective, observational, interview (questionnaire) based complete workup COPD study conducted during June 2016 to June 2019 in Pulmonary medicine, Venkatesh chest hospital, & MIMSR Medical College, Latur screened 12000 cases with chronic respiratory symptoms with cough, sputum production and shortness of breath and all cases were undergone spirometry and 6000 COPD cases were enrolled. In this study we assessed disease knowledge, methods of treatment offered to all patients before enrollment by applying questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using single proportion test (chi test).
Observation and analysis: We have observed 3% study cases were aware about their illness ‘COPD disease’, 54% are not knowing the disease or not counseled for COPD disease ever before and 43 % cases are not convinced as they are having COPD (categorized as ‘difficult patient’) (p<0.0001). Inhalation treatment was offered in only 58% COPD cases, levosalbutamol monotherapy in 31% cases, levosalbutamol plus beclometasone in 18% cases, and formoterol plus budesonide or salmeterol plus fluticasone only in 9% COPD cases (p<0.0001), later being categorized as ‘difficult treatment’ being costlier than former ones. We also observed irrational and exuberant use of oral medicines in 42% COPD cases, theophylline in 16% cases, salbutamol in 7% cases, oral steroids in 19% cases and these medicines preferred by treating doctors over inhalation treatment in spite of knowledge of inhalation treatment and categorized as ‘difficult doctor’ (p<0.0001)
Conclusion: COPD is less efficiently evaluated and halfheartedly treated in rural setting, and more emphasis to be given to spirometry trainings for proper diagnosis and awareness regarding advantages of inhalation treatment over oral medicines
Evaluation of driver’s license health reports prepared at Kartal Dr.Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital Educational Family Health Centers: Evaluation of driver’s license health reports
No full textObjective: With the ‘’Regulation on the health conditions and examinations to be sought in driver candidates and drivers’’, which was published in the Official Gazette 26.09.2006 and numbered 26301, doctors and specialist doctors working in Family Health Centers (FHC) were authorized to issue driving licences health report (DLHR). While issuing this document, it is necessary tocomply with the health conditions and inspection principles specified in the regulation. Health reports have an important place among the daily workload of physicians working in Family Health Centers (FHCs). The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of the people who are given a driver’s health report and to reveal the problems that may be encountered in the reporting processes and the points to be considered.
Material and method: Driver health reports prepared in Kartal Dr.Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital E-FHCs in the years 2020-2022 were reviewed retrospectively. The sociodemographic and health characteristics of 300 people who were given a driver’s health report were determined. Data were analyzed with SPSS 17 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - IBM®) program.
Results: 55% (n=165) of the participants were female and 45%(n=135) were male. The mean age is 35.9±12.2 years.66.7%(n=200) of the participants are universary graduates. 18.0%(n=54) of the participants had a limitation. There was no significant difference between the disability status and gender, year of application and education level. While 49.3%(n=148) of the participants applied for a license for the first time,50.7%(n=152) applied for renewal.18.0% (n=54) of the participants had an additional disease; 3.3%(n=10) had diabetes and 5.0% (n=15) had hypertension. 13.0% (n=39) of the participants had an additional disease other than diabetes and hypertension.
Conclusion: Additional diseases, drug use status and limitations of the participants applying for a driver’s license health report should be screened, the driver’s health reports should be prepared in accordance with the regulation, and they should be referred to an additional branch or higher level health institutions when necessary.
Objective: With the ‘’Regulation on the health conditions and examinations to be sought in driver candidates and drivers’’, which was published in the Official Gazette 26.09.2006 and numbered 26301, doctors and specialist doctors working in Family Health Centers (FHC) were authorized to issue driving licences health report (DLHR). While issuing this document, it is necessary tocomply with the health conditions and inspection principles specified in the regulation. Health reports have an important place among the daily workload of physicians working in Family Health Centers (FHCs). The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of the people who are given a driver’s health report and to reveal the problems that may be encountered in the reporting processes and the points to be considered.
Material and method: Driver health reports prepared in Kartal Dr.Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital E-FHCs in the years 2020-2022 were reviewed retrospectively. The sociodemographic and health characteristics of 300 people who were given a driver’s health report were determined. Data were analyzed with SPSS 17 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - IBM®) program.
Results: 55% (n=165) of the participants were female and 45%(n=135) were male. The mean age is 35.9±12.2 years.66.7%(n=200) of the participants are universary graduates. 18.0%(n=54) of the participants had a limitation. There was no significant difference between the disability status and gender, year of application and education level. While 49.3%(n=148) of the participants applied for a license for the first time,50.7%(n=152) applied for renewal.18.0% (n=54) of the participants had an additional disease; 3.3%(n=10) had diabetes and 5.0% (n=15) had hypertension. 13.0% (n=39) of the participants had an additional disease other than diabetes and hypertension.
Conclusion: Additional diseases, drug use status and limitations of the participants applying for a driver’s license health report should be screened, the driver’s health reports should be prepared in accordance with the regulation, and they should be referred to an additional branch or higher level health institutions when necessary
Telatar, B. Editör Yazısı : Editör Yazısı
No full textSevgili okurlarımız,Tek sağlık kavramı farklı disiplinlerin sağlığı korunması ve geliştirilmesi için bir araya gelmesini, ortak bir çatı altında çalışmasını hedefleyen bir kavramdır. Tek sağlık fikrinin Karl Virchow tarafından ilk defa ortaya atılmasının üzerinden yaklaşık 150 yıl geçmişolmasına karşın, 2000 li yıllarla hızla globalleşen dünya ile önemi ve gerekliliğini daha net anladık. Özellikle on birkaç yıl içinde yaşadığımız pandemi deneyimi tek sağlık anlayışının ne kadar hayati olabileceğini de deneyimlerle bize ispat etti. Tek sağlık şemsiyesi hekimler, veteriner hekimler, çevre sağlığı ile uğraşan uzmanlar başta olma üzere sağlık kavramı ile ilişkili olan herkesi içine almaktadır.Bugün birbirinden güzel 5 makale ile ilk sayısını sizlerle buluşturacağımız Journal of One Health Research Dergisi de tek sağlık ilkeleri doğrultusunda ülkemizde birçok disiplinin bir araya gelmesi için önemli bir platform oluşturacağına inanıyoruz.Yeni akademik bir yolculuğa başlarken bu derginin yayınlanmasında desteği olan başta Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Vakfı olmak üzere editörler kurulu ve bilim kurulundaki değerleri arkadaşlarıma, çalışmalarını bizden esirgemeyerek dergimize destek olan yazarlarımıza ve siz değerli okuyucularımıza teşekkürü bir borç biliyorum.Dergimizin ikinci sayısında buluşmak dileğiyle….Prof Dr Berrin TelatarBaş editörSevgili okurlarımız,Tek sağlık kavramı farklı disiplinlerin sağlığı korunması ve geliştirilmesi için bir araya gelmesini, ortak bir çatı altında çalışmasını hedefleyen bir kavramdır. Tek sağlık fikrinin Karl Virchow tarafından ilk defa ortaya atılmasının üzerinden yaklaşık 150 yıl geçmişolmasına karşın, 2000 li yıllarla hızla globalleşen dünya ile önemi ve gerekliliğini daha net anladık. Özellikle on birkaç yıl içinde yaşadığımız pandemi deneyimi tek sağlık anlayışının ne kadar hayati olabileceğini de deneyimlerle bize ispat etti. Tek sağlık şemsiyesi hekimler, veteriner hekimler, çevre sağlığı ile uğraşan uzmanlar başta olma üzere sağlık kavramı ile ilişkili olan herkesi içine almaktadır.Bugün birbirinden güzel 5 makale ile ilk sayısını sizlerle buluşturacağımız Journal of One Health Research Dergisi de tek sağlık ilkeleri doğrultusunda ülkemizde birçok disiplinin bir araya gelmesi için önemli bir platform oluşturacağına inanıyoruz.Yeni akademik bir yolculuğa başlarken bu derginin yayınlanmasında desteği olan başta Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Vakfı olmak üzere editörler kurulu ve bilim kurulundaki değerleri arkadaşlarıma, çalışmalarını bizden esirgemeyerek dergimize destek olan yazarlarımıza ve siz değerli okuyucularımıza teşekkürü bir borç biliyorum.Dergimizin ikinci sayısında buluşmak dileğiyle….Prof Dr Berrin TelatarBaş editö
Aile hekimliği polikliniklerine başvuran geriatrik hastaların tanılarının retrospektif olarak incelenmesi: Geriatrik hastaların tanılarının incelenmesi
No full textAim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnoses of patients over 65 years of age who applied to Kartal Dr Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital Family Medicine outpatient clinic.
Method: The population of this descriptive study comprises individuals aged 65 and over who applied to Kartal Dr Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital Family Medicine outpatient clinics between 1.01.2022 and 31.12.2022. The hospital database was used in the study. Information on age, gender, and diagnosis of patients at the family medicine outpatient clinic was retrieved from the hospital database.
Results: The most common diagnoses in elderly patients who applied to family medicine outpatient clinics were hypertension (18.7%), respiratory tract related diseases (11.3%) and type 2 DM (9.7%). There are differences according to the diagnoses received and gender and age groups.
Conclusion: In order for family physicians to fight these diseases effectively, educational content for common diagnoses in this age group should be increased.Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Kartal Dr Lütfi Kırdar Şehir Hastanesi Aile Hekimliği polikliniğine başvuran 65 yaş üstü hastaların tanılarını değerlendirmektir.
Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu çalışmanın evrenini 1.01.2022-31.12.2022 tarihleri arasında Kartal Dr Lütfi Kırdar Şehir Hastanesi Aile Hekimliği polikliniklerine başvuran 65 yaş ve üstü bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada hastane veri tabanı kullanılmış ve bu tarihler arasında hastanenin aile hekimliği polikliniğine başvuran hastaların yaş, cinsiyet ve tanı bilgileri sistem üzerinden elde edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda aile hekimliği polikliniklerine başvuran yaşlı hastalarda en sık konulan tanıların hipertansiyon (%18,7), solunum yolu ile ilişkili hastalıklar (%11,3) ve tip 2 DM (%9,7) olduğu görülmüştür. Alınan tanılar ile cinsiyet ve yaş gruplarına göre farklılıklar mevcuttur.
Sonuç: Aile hekimlerinin bu hastalıklarla etkin mücadele edebilmesi için bu yaş grubunda sık karşılaşılan tanılara yönelik eğitim içerikleri arttırılmalıdır
Dogo Argentino Irkı Bir Köpekte Görülen Viseral Leishmaniasisin Patolojik Bulguları: Viseral Leishmaniasisin Patolojik Bulguları
No full textA six-year-old, Dogo Argentino male dog, which had been treated for Leishmaniasis for 6 months, was brought to Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Veterinary Faculty clinics with complaints of partial paralysis, vomiting, lethargy, anorexia and deterioration in general condition. Due to the death of the dog during the treatment, it was sent to the Department of Pathology for necropsy. Macroscopically; The liver and spleen was enlarged and had a granular surface. In the kidney, uroliths were found in the calyx renalis. Microscopically, multifocal granulomatous hepatitis, splenitis, focal myelitis and multifocal nonsuppurative glomerulonephritis were observed.; Leishmania spp. were detected cytoplasm of macrophages in the liver kidney,spleen and medulla spinalis with Giemsa staining. Biochemical analyzes of urolites were determined to be of xanthine origin. In this study, a case of visceral Leishmaniasis associated with Xanthine Urolithiasis in a Dogo argentino dog was examined with its clinical, macroscopic and microscopical findings in detail.A six-year-old, Dogo Argentino male dog, which had been treated for Leishmaniasis for 6 months, was brought to Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Veterinary Faculty clinics with complaints of partial paralysis, vomiting, lethargy, anorexia and deterioration in general condition. Due to the death of the dog during the treatment, it was sent to the Department of Pathology for necropsy. Macroscopically; The liver and spleen was enlarged and had a granular surface. In the kidney, uroliths were found in the calyx renalis. Microscopically, multifocal granulomatous hepatitis, splenitis, focal myelitis and multifocal nonsuppurative glomerulonephritis were observed.; Leishmania spp. were detected cytoplasm of macrophages in the liver kidney,spleen and medulla spinalis with Giemsa staining. Biochemical analyzes of urolites were determined to be of xanthine origin. In this study, a case of visceral Leishmaniasis associated with Xanthine Urolithiasis in a Dogo argentino dog was examined with its clinical, macroscopic and microscopical findings in detail
Öztürkler,O. Investigation of some microbial and protozoon factors with rapid test kits in neonatal diarrheas in calves in Kars province: Neonatal diarrheas in calves in Kars province
No full textObjective: The aim of this study is to investigate some microbial and protozoon agents with rapid test kits in neonatal diarrhea in calves in Kars region.
Material and method: Feces samples were collected from 100 neonatal calves (0-28 days old) with diarrhea, which were brought to the private veterinary clinics / polyclinics serving in the center of Kars, and these samples were analyzed for Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, Corona virus, Giardia spp, and Cryptosporidium spp. In order to detect the presence of these agents, a mixed Bovid 5 AG (Bionote, Republic of Korea) rapid test kit containing specific rotavirus, coronavirus, E.coli, cryptosporidium, giardiaagents was used.
Results: The prevalance of Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, Corona Virus, Giardia spp, and Cryptosporidium spp were respectively were observed in 15 (15 %), 14 (14 %), 29 (29 %), 12 (12%) and 4 (4 %). The frequency of mixed infections was determined at a rate of 26%. The composition of these mixed infections as formed as E.coli+corona virus (%5); E.coli + rotavirus (%4); E.coli + cryptosporidium (%2); rotavirus + corona virus (%6); rota virus + cryptosporidium (%3); corona virus + crypto sporidium + giardia (%2); E.coli+ cryptosporidium + giardia; rotavirus + coronavirus + cryptosporidium (%1) and rotavirus + cryptosporidium + giardia (%1).
Conclusion: When the results are evaluated in general; E.coli was the most common infectious agent obtained with rapid diagnostic kits in neonatal calf diarrhea, followed by rotavirus, corona virus and mixed infections. It was concluded that in the treatment of neonatal diarrhea and preventive medicine services in the Kars province which causes significant losses in terms of the country's economy.
Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate some microbial and protozoon agents with rapid test kits in neonatal diarrhea in calves in Kars region.
Material and method: Feces samples were collected from 100 neonatal calves (0-28 days old) with diarrhea, which were brought to the private veterinary clinics / polyclinics serving in the center of Kars, and these samples were analyzed for Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, Corona virus, Giardia spp, and Cryptosporidium spp. In order to detect the presence of these agents, a mixed Bovid 5 AG (Bionote, Republic of Korea) rapid test kit containing specific rotavirus, coronavirus, E.coli, cryptosporidium, giardiaagents was used.
Results: The prevalance of Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, Corona Virus, Giardia spp, and Cryptosporidium spp were respectively were observed in 15 (15 %), 14 (14 %), 29 (29 %), 12 (12%) and 4 (4 %). The frequency of mixed infections was determined at a rate of 26%. The composition of these mixed infections as formed as E.coli+corona virus (%5); E.coli + rotavirus (%4); E.coli + cryptosporidium (%2); rotavirus + corona virus (%6); rota virus + cryptosporidium (%3); corona virus + crypto sporidium + giardia (%2); E.coli+ cryptosporidium + giardia; rotavirus + coronavirus + cryptosporidium (%1) and rotavirus + cryptosporidium + giardia (%1).
Conclusion: When the results are evaluated in general; E.coli was the most common infectious agent obtained with rapid diagnostic kits in neonatal calf diarrhea, followed by rotavirus, corona virus and mixed infections. It was concluded that in the treatment of neonatal diarrhea and preventive medicine services in the Kars province which causes significant losses in terms of the country's economy.
OBEZ BİREYLERDE DİYABETİN GECE YEME SENDROMU İLE İLİŞKİSİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: Obez bireylerde diyabetin gece yeme sendromu ile ilişkisi.
No full textObjective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between diabetes and night eating syndrome in obese individuals.
Material and method: This cross sectional study was conducted with 113 (94 female, 19 male) obese individuals between 01.10.2018 and 31.10.2018. Measurements of body weight and height of individuals were made according to the anthropometric measurement technique. Socio-demographic data form was applied by face-to-face survey method. The diagnostic criteria for nighttime eating disorder, which has been validated in Turkish, were used in the evaluation of night eating syndrome.
Results: It was seen that the mean for nighttime eating disorder scale of the group with diabetes was 24,68±8,60 and the mean for nighttime eating disorder scale score of the non-diabetic group was 24,25±10,46 (p=0,112). On the other hand according to body weight there was a significant difference between two group according to presence of night eating syndrome (p=0,112).
Conclusion: It was found that the presence of night eating syndrome do not differ according to diabetes, but body weight.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between diabetes and night eating syndrome in obese individuals.
Material and method: This cross sectional study was conducted with 113 (94 female, 19 male) obese individuals between 01.10.2018 and 31.10.2018. Measurements of body weight and height of individuals were made according to the anthropometric measurement technique. Socio-demographic data form was applied by face-to-face survey method. The diagnostic criteria for nighttime eating disorder, which has been validated in Turkish, were used in the evaluation of night eating syndrome.
Results: It was seen that the mean for nighttime eating disorder scale of the group with diabetes was 24,68±8,60 and the mean for nighttime eating disorder scale score of the non-diabetic group was 24,25±10,46 (p=0,112). On the other hand according to body weight there was a significant difference between two group according to presence of night eating syndrome (p=0,112).
Conclusion: It was found that the presence of night eating syndrome do not differ according to diabetes, but body weight
Uvais, NA. Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic:Limitaitons of utilitarianism: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textN/AN/
Diagnostic Role of Bronchoscopy guided Endobronchial Needle Aspiration cytology Exophytic endobronchial lesions: A single-center study in a tertiary care setting in India: Diagnostic Role of Bronchoscopy guided Endobronchial Needle Aspiration cytology
No full textAbstract:
Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths around the world. Globally, lung cancer is the largest contributor to new cancer diagnosis and to death from cancer. In present study, various conventional diagnostic techniques (CDTs) such as endobronchial forcep biopsy (FB), bronchial washing (BW) and endobronchial needle aspiration cytology (EBNA) are employed during fiber-optic bronchoscopy for diagnosis of exophytic endobronchial lesions (EEL) and special emphasis is given to EBNA.
Methods: Prospective, observational study, screened 1280 cases with suspected lung malignancy on clinical and radiological basis. Bronchoscopy guided techniques such as EBNA, BW, FB is used in exophytic endobronchial lesions (EEL) in confirming the diagnosis of lung cancer and to find additive yield over other techniques such as BW and FB. Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) analysis of all EBNA samples done in pathology lab allied center. Finally, histopathology proven 810 lung malignancy cases are included in study. Statistical analysis is done by using chi-test.
Results: In present study, 810 diagnosed lung cancer patients between 29-85 age group predominant males 59.25% (480/810) and smokers by addiction in 63.20% (512/810) cases. Presented with cough in 82.09% (665/810), clubbing in 56.17% (455/810) cases & mass lesion in chest radiograph in 42.22% (342/810) cases. Anatomical location is documented on right side of tracheobronchial in 59.01% (478/810) cases during bronchoscopy. Yield of forcep biopsy & forcep biopsy plus bronchial wash in EEL is 89.25% (723/810) & 93.08 % (754/810) respectively. Yield of EBNA, EBNA plus bronchial wash & EBNA plus forcep biopsy in EEL is 64.56% (523/810), 67.28% (545/810) & 97.65% (791/810) respectively. Total yield of all fiberoptic bronchoscopy guided procedures (EBNA+FB+BW) in EEL is 100%. Additional yield of EBNA in EEL over other CDTs is 6.92%. Sensitivity of forcep biopsy & EBNA in diagnosing lung malignancy in EEL is 89.25% & 64.56% respectively. Forcep biopsy is more sensitive technique than EBNA in EEL. (p <0.00001). Sensitivity of forcep biopsy plus bronchial wash in EEL is 93.08% (754/810). Sensitivity of EBNA plus bronchial wash in EEL is 67.28% (545/810). Sensitivity of EBNA plus forcep biopsy in EEL is 97.65% (791/810) (p<0.00001)
Conclusion: Endobronchial needle aspiration has documented very crucial role in diagnosing lung cancer in comparison to other conventional diagnostic techniques. Although Forcep biopsy is more sensitive test then EBNA in EEL in diagnosing disease, we have documented EBNA has significant additive yield in proportionate number of cases. EBNA is safe, sensitive and cytology samples can give comparable results to histopathology.Objective: In present study, various conventional diagnostic techniques (CDTs) such as endobronchial forcep biopsy (FB), bronchial washing (BW) and endobronchial needle aspiration cytology (EBNA) are employed during fiber-optic bronchoscopy for diagnosis of exophytic endobronchial lesions (EEL) and special emphasis is given to EBNA.Material and method: Prospective, observational study, screened 1280 cases with suspected lung malignancy on clinical and radiological basis. Bronchoscopy guided techniques such as EBNA, BW, FB is used in exophytic endobronchial lesions (EEL) in confirming the diagnosis of lung cancer and to find additive yield over other techniques such as BW and FB. Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) analysis of all EBNA samples done in pathology lab allied center. Finally, histopathology proven 810 lung malignancy cases are included in study. Statistical analysis is done by using chi-test.Results: In present study, 810 diagnosed lung cancer patients between 29-85 age group predominant males 59.25% (480/810) and smokers by addiction in 63.20% (512/810) cases. Presented with cough in 82.09% (665/810), clubbing in 56.17% (455/810) cases & mass lesion in chest radiograph in 42.22% (342/810) cases. Anatomical location is documented on right side of tracheobronchial in 59.01% (478/810) cases during bronchoscopy. Yield of forcep biopsy & forcep biopsy plus bronchial wash in EEL is 89.25% (723/810) & 93.08% (754/810) respectively. Yield of EBNA, EBNA plus bronchial wash & EBNA plus forcep biopsy in EEL is 64.56% (523/810), 67.28% (545/810) & 97.65% (791/810) respectively. Total yield of all fiberoptic bronchoscopy guided procedures (EBNA+FB+BW) in EEL is 100%. Additional yield of EBNA in EEL over other CDTs is 6.92%. Sensitivity of forcep biopsy & EBNA in diagnosing lung malignancy in EEL is 89.25% & 64.56% respectively. Forcep biopsy is more sensitive technique than EBNA in EEL. (p <0.00001). Sensitivity of forcep biopsy plus bronchial wash in EEL is 93.08% (754/810). Sensitivity of EBNA plus bronchial wash in EEL is 67.28% (545/810).Sensitivity of EBNA plus forcep biopsy in EEL is 97.65% (791/810) (p<0.00001)Conclusion: Endobronchial needle aspiration has documented very crucial role in diagnosing lung cancer in comparison to other conventional diagnostic techniques. Although Forcep biopsy is more sensitive test then EBNA in EEL in diagnosing disease, we have documented EBNA has significant additive yield in proportionate number of cases. EBNA is safe, sensitive and cytology samples can give comparable results to histopathology