Bulletin KNOB
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Johannes Mutters jr. | De Roos & Overeijnder | Gerrit van Arkel
No full textReviews of books written by Bart D. Verbrugge | Han Timmer | Michiel KruidenierBesprekingen van boeken van Bart D. Verbrugge | Han Timmer | Michiel Kruidenie
Vrouwen in architectuur
Full text linkReview of a book written by Catja Edens a.o. (ed)Bespreking van een boek van Catja Edens e.a. (red.
Nieuws van de Bond
Full text linkHet KNOB-bestuur blaast de traditie van zijn voorgangers nieuw leven in: op gezette tijden wendt het zich met Nieuws van de Bond in gedrukte vorm tot zijn leden.Het KNOB-bestuur blaast de traditie van zijn voorgangers nieuw leven in: op gezette tijden wendt het zich met Nieuws van de Bond in gedrukte vorm tot zijn leden
Van kunstobject tot bouwafval: Het stedelijk beleid rond afbraakmaterialen in Brussel (1860-1940)
Full text linkThis article investigates the impact of the valuation of demolition materials on its ultimate destination in the city of Brussels between 1860 and 1940 via an analysis of municipal policy on demolition. It examines the process of revaluation and devaluation in buildings, shifting the focus from large-scale urban developments to individual elements and materials. The study entails an analysis of the rules embedded in the building regulations and specifications for demolition projects, as well as records, reports and correspondence illustrating the enforcement of these rules. A brief outline of the legal and administrative framework is followed by a discussion of the criteria used in categorizing and evaluating demolition materials.
In the period under consideration the Brussels city council, in common with many European municipal governments, embraced large-scale demolition operations as a radical solution to the challenges facing city centres. The stable policy during the period 1860-1940 exhibited various valuation processes across comparable demolition projects. The Brussels authorities pursued a stratified policy, integrating the different categories of demolition materials according to their nature and value. These categories comprised (1) treasures, artworks, objects related to numismatics and natural history, and all other objects of any value, (2) materials and objects, and (3) rubble, soil and waste.
The city prioritized artworks and objects of artistic or historical value, over which it retained ownership, and invested in the preservation, exhibition and reuse of such materials. Other demolition materials were sold to the demolition contractors, meaning that the city government had little direct influence over their ultimate destination. Nevertheless, the building inspector estimated the financial value of the various materials and objects prior to organizing a public sale of these materials. The limited interest in rubble and waste evident in the administrative documents did not necessarily point to an absence of policy, but rather to the relation between various categories of demolition materials. By drawing attention to their financial value, the public sale of such materials not only generated financial returns for the city, but also indirectly influenced the reuse of these materials and so also the proportion of rubble and building waste.
As such, the study serves to clarify the dynamics between revaluation and devaluation of demolition materials. This new perspective on demolition materials illustrates their role in policymaking with respect to large-scale urban transformation projects. It contributes to a broader understanding of the importance of the reuse of demolition materials in the period between 1860 and 1940, and sheds light on the relation between urban development, heritage preservation, reuse and waste management.This article investigates the impact of the valuation of demolition materials on its ultimate destination in the city of Brussels between 1860 and 1940 via an analysis of municipal policy on demolition. It examines the process of revaluation and devaluation in buildings, shifting the focus from large-scale urban developments to individual elements and materials. The study entails an analysis of the rules embedded in the building regulations and specifications for demolition projects, as well as records, reports and correspondence illustrating the enforcement of these rules. A brief outline of the legal and administrative framework is followed by a discussion of the criteria used in categorizing and evaluating demolition materials.
In the period under consideration the Brussels city council, in common with many European municipal governments, embraced large-scale demolition operations as a radical solution to the challenges facing city centres. The stable policy during the period 1860-1940 exhibited various valuation processes across comparable demolition projects. The Brussels authorities pursued a stratified policy, integrating the different categories of demolition materials according to their nature and value. These categories comprised (1) treasures, artworks, objects related to numismatics and natural history, and all other objects of any value, (2) materials and objects, and (3) rubble, soil and waste.
The city prioritized artworks and objects of artistic or historical value, over which it retained ownership, and invested in the preservation, exhibition and reuse of such materials. Other demolition materials were sold to the demolition contractors, meaning that the city government had little direct influence over their ultimate destination. Nevertheless, the building inspector estimated the financial value of the various materials and objects prior to organizing a public sale of these materials. The limited interest in rubble and waste evident in the administrative documents did not necessarily point to an absence of policy, but rather to the relation between various categories of demolition materials. By drawing attention to their financial value, the public sale of such materials not only generated financial returns for the city, but also indirectly influenced the reuse of these materials and so also the proportion of rubble and building waste.
As such, the study serves to clarify the dynamics between revaluation and devaluation of demolition materials. This new perspective on demolition materials illustrates their role in policymaking with respect to large-scale urban transformation projects. It contributes to a broader understanding of the importance of the reuse of demolition materials in the period between 1860 and 1940, and sheds light on the relation between urban development, heritage preservation, reuse and waste management
De paleizen en tuinen van het Jubelpark
Full text linkReview of a book written by Jacqueline GuissetBespreking van een boek van Jacqueline Guisse
Hiaten in het landschap: Hoe tweeduizend jaar veendegradatie het landschap van laag Nederland heeft gevormd
Full text linkAround 2000 years ago peat was present on a vast scale throughout the Dutch lowlands. Over the course of time, however, peat extraction and post-reclamation subsidence led to the disappearance of large volumes of peat. A quarter of the Netherlands ended up below sea level and a variety of peat degradation landscapes emerged: reclaimed peatlands, lakes and drained lakes, tidal inlets and tidal clay polders. Although these typical Dutch lowland landscapes were in large part man-made, the presence of peat played a crucial role in their formation. The spatial distribution of these peat degradation landscapes was to a great degree determined by the natural peat landscape prior to reclamation.
The transformation of the peat landscape occurred in three phases. During the first transformation, which began during the Roman period, large areas of peatland, including in Zeeland, the kop van Noord-Holland (the northern tip of North Holland) and parts of the northern Netherlands, turned into tidal clay areas. This was a consequence of early reclamation efforts, which resulted in subsidence and seawater inundation. This was often followed by the formation of tidal areas with shoals and channels. This was a direct consequence of the fragility of the coastal peatland drowning that covered large parts of the coastal plain; the most vulnerable sections were located along a narrow dune strip or near a large inlet. Although some of the submergence was eventually compensated for by sand and clay deposition, large estuaries like the Westerschelde and Oosterschelde are lasting remains of those sea ingressions in former peatlands.
From the ninth century onwards, a second major transformation of the coastal peatland landscape occurred, that of large-scale reclamation. Much of the natural marsh vegetation was removed, and the land was drained and used for agriculture. This put an end to natural peat growth and initiated a process of ground subsidence, which soon rendered arable farming impossible. Eventually measures like the damming and diking of watercourses and the draining of polders became necessary. Any peat domes and natural streams tended to have a strong impact on drainage channels and parcellation in reclaimed peatlands. Two thirds of total peat loss in the coastal plain can be attributed to oxidation of the peat following this wave of reclamation activities. Peat also disappeared as a result of lake shore erosion or salt mining. Some major land losses occasionally occurred in the vulnerable embanked peatlands during storm flood events. This was especially the case further inland, such as in the Biesbosch and Dollard areas.
A third major transformation began in the fourteenth century with the widespread introduction of the ‘wet’ method of peat extraction using a hand-held ‘scoop’ dredge. Peat extraction occurred in places where sphagnum or sedge peat occurred, which were suitable peat types for burning. Many of the lakes that remained after removal of the peat were later drained again. Together, peat extraction and lake shore erosion accounted for around one third of peat volume loss.
Due to these activities, half of the peat volume that was present around the year 1000 has been lost. It is estimated that this loss entailed 3.1 Gt in CO2 emission, making the Netherlands one of the biggest pre-industrial sources of human greenhouse gas emissions. The remaining peat is still present in the reclaimed peatlands, in young marine clay areas and, to a lesser degree, beneath urban areas and dwelling mounds.Rond 2000 jaar geleden was veen op zeer grote schaal aanwezig in Laag-Nederland. Turfwinning en bodemdaling na ontginning hebben na verloop van tijd echter geleid tot het verdwijnen van grote hoeveelheden veen. Hierbij kwam een kwart van Nederland onder zeeniveau te liggen. Er ontstonden verschillende veendegradatielandschappen: het veenweidegebied, petgaten, veenplassen en -meren, droogmakerijen, maar ook getijdenarmen en zeekleipolders. Deze voor Laag-Nederland kenmerkende landschappen zijn voor een groot deel door de mens gevormd, maar de aanwezigheid van veen speelde hierbij een cruciale rol. De ruimtelijke verbreiding van deze veendegradatielandschappen is voor een belangrijk deel bepaald door de natuurlijke uitgangssituatie van het veenlandschap van voor de ontginningen.
De transformatie van het veenlandschap voltrok zich in drie fasen. De eerste transformatie begon al rond de Romeinse tijd, waarbij uiteindelijk grote veengebieden zijn veranderd in zeekleigebieden, bijvoorbeeld in Zeeland, de Kop van Noord-Holland en delen van Noord-Nederland. Dit was het gevolg van vroege ontginningen, die leidden tot bodemdaling en overstromingen vanuit zee. Hierbij vormden dikwijls getijdengebieden met platen en geulen. Dit was het directe gevolg van de kwetsbaarheid van veen dat in grote delen van de kustvlakte aanwezig was; meest kwetsbare plekken lagen langs een dunne duinreep of bij een grote zeearm. Sedimentatie van zand en klei vanuit zee heeft een deel van het verdrinken naderhand kunnen compenseren. Grote zeearmen zoals Westerschelde en Oosterschelde zijn echter nog blijvend aanwezig als restanten van zee-inbraken.
Vanaf de negende eeuw en in de eeuwen daarna vond een tweede grote transformatie plaats in het kustveenlandschap. Die van de grootschalige ontginning. Hierbij werd de natuurlijke moerasvegetatie op grote schaal verwijderd, het land werd ontwaterd en in gebruik genomen voor de landbouw. De natuurlijke veengroei stopte hiermee definitief en bodemdaling begon op te treden, waardoor akkerbouw al snel niet meer mogelijk was. Uiteindelijk waren maatregelen als het afdammen en bedijken van waterlopen, bemalen van polders noodzakelijk. Eventuele veenkoepels en natuurlijke rivierviertjes zijn veelal sterk bepalend geweest voor de afwateringspatronen en verkaveling in de veenweidegebieden. Twee derde van het totale veenverlies in de kustvlakte is te wijten aan oxidatie van het veen na deze ontginningsgolf. Veen verdween daarnaast ook door afkalving langs oevers of zoutwinning. In kwetsbare bedijkte veengebieden wat verder landinwaarts trad nog af en toe landverlies op (zoals bij de Biesbosch en de Dollard). Een derde grote transformatie voltrok zich vanaf de veertiende eeuw toen de ‘natte’ turfwinning met de baggerbeugel op grote schaal werd opgestart. Dit gebeurde op plekken waar geschikt veenmosveen of zeggeveen lag, dat zich alleen op enige afstand van rivierloopjes en getijkreken had kunnen vormen. De plassen die na het uitvenen overbleven, zijn in veel gevallen later weer drooggelegd. De turfwinning en inpolderingen hebben sterke maatschappelijke en economische implicaties gehad, met name vanaf de zestiende eeuw. Turfwinning en afkalving zorgden samen voor ongeveer een derde aan het volumeverlies van veen.
Door deze activiteiten is nog maar ongeveer de helft van het veenvolume van rond het jaar 1000 over. Bij dit veenverlies is naar schatting 3,1 Gton CO2 is uitgestoten. Hiermee was Nederland één van de grootste pre-industriële bronnen van menselijke broeikasgasuitstoot wereldwijd. Het resterende veen is nog in de ondergrond aanwezig in het veenweidegebied, in jonge zeekleigebieden en in mindere mate onder stadsophogingen en terpen
Art Nouveau in Nederland: Architectuur rond 1900
Full text linkReview of a book written by Bé LambertsBespreking van een boek van Bé Lamberts
 
Het Grote Bavoboek: Vijf eeuwen Grote of St.-Bavokerk in Haarlem
Full text linkReview of a book written by Koen Vermeij, Henk Kaan and Daan den Hengst (eds)Bespreking van een boek van Koen Vermeij, Henk Kaan en Daan den Hengst (red.
Geen stijl: Een rijkere architectuurgeschiedenis
Full text linkReview of a book written by Sieger VreelingBespreking van een boek van Sieger Vreelin