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Minorities’ Participation in Public Affairs: A Human Rights Norm or a Conflict Prevention Technique?
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Book Review: Europeanisation of Access to Justice on Environmental Matters The Aarhus Convention in the Balkans by Todorović Bojana and Caranta Roberto
No full textThe application of artificial intelligence in healthcare: Diagnostic potential, legal framework and ethical challenges
Full text linkArtificial intelligence (AI) has assumed an increasingly significant role in contemporary society, particularly within the healthcare sector. While the medical community was initially hesitant to embrace advanced technologies, recent years have witnessed a rapid expansion in the integration of AI into clinical practice. This development has the potential to fundamentally reshape the ways in which diseases are diagnosed, treated, and predicted. Given that the fight against malignant diseases constitutes one of the European Union's central health policy priorities, as articulated in the strategic document Europe' s Beating Cancer Plan, this paper explores the potential of AI to advance the objectives of that agenda, with particular emphasis on enhancing screening programmes and fostering the development of personalised therapeutic approaches. The paper is organised into three thematic sections. The first section adopts an empirical approach to investigate the potential of AI in a clinical context, with a particular focus on improving diagnostic accuracy and advancing predictive analytics. The second section employs a comparative legal methodology to analyse the regulatory frameworks governing the application of AI in the healthcare systems of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of North Macedonia. The third section addresses key ethical challenges, including the protection of patient privacy, the mitigation of algorithmic bias, and the safeguarding of informed consent in a technology-mediated medical environment. The methodological framework of this paper is primarily grounded in qualitative analysis, encompassing both legal instruments and relevant professional and academic literature, while incorporating quantitative evidence to the extent that it is available through existing medical research
Artificial intelligence and environment protection: Legal aspects
Full text linkSociety is undergoing rapid transformation, posing significant challenges to legal systems worldwide. A central aspect of this transformation is the development of artificial intelligence (AI). At the same time, the right to a healthy environment, guaranteed by the constitution worldwide, is a fundamental human right and concerns all citizens, because everyone affects the state of the environment. The authors in this paper, after introducing the concept of artificial intelligence itself, first deal with the current normative state of the art in this area, both at the level of international public law and at the level of domestic legal orders. After that, the importance of environmental protection, the legal framework for its protection, and the norms regarding the use of artificial intelligence in environmental protection are presented, with an appropriate conclusion
Justice under siege: Cyber threats and the malicious use of ai in the judiciary
Full text linkAs judicial systems increasingly integrate digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI), they become more efficient yet highly vulnerable to cyber threats and AI-driven manipulations. This paper examines the growing risks of cyberattacks targeting the judiciary, as well as the malicious use of AI in legal proceedings, both of which pose severe threats to judicial integrity, fairness, public trust, and the broader judicial policy framework. The article explores key cybersecurity vulnerabilities, including ransomware attacks on court databases, AI-powered deepfake evidence manipulation, algorithmic bias in automated decision-making, and AI-driven misinformation campaigns. The weaponisation of AI in legal contexts, through fraudulent case manipulation, automated hacking, and digital surveillance, raises profound concerns about due process, judicial independence, and access to justice. These challenges directly affect judicial policy, as they demand new safeguards and adaptive governance models capable of preserving impartiality and accountability in an increasingly digital justice environment. By analysing real-world incidents and international regulatory approaches, this paper outlines strategies for strengthening judicial cybersecurity and safeguarding AI applications. Recommendations include enhanced digital forensics, AI transparency requirements, independent auditing mechanisms, and cross-border legal cooperation to combat cyber threats and AI misuse in the judiciary. Crucially, these measures must be integrated into judicial policy at national and supranational levels to ensure the resilience of reforms. As courts continue to embrace digital transformation, a proactive and resilient security framework is essential to preserve the rule of law in an era of evolving cyber threats and AI-driven legal manipulations. This study underscores the urgent need for global legal and technological safeguards to protect justice systems from digital exploitation and AIenhanced cyberattacks
Legal protection of workers and employers when using artificial intelligence in the working environment
Full text linkThe use of artificial intelligence in the work environment by both workers and employers represents the present in which many issues of labor law are realized, which indirectly affect both Commercial Law and Intellectual Property Law. In the digital age we are in, workers exercise new rights and new forms and ways of working that pose a challenge to labor legislation, while employers can use (generative) artificial intelligence tools when hiring and controlling workers, which raises a number of questions in the field of ethics, the realization of basic workers’ rights, and the protection of personal data. The issue of legal protection of artificial intelligence developed by workers in an employment relationship with an employer is open. In the spirit of the new EU regulation 2024/1689 on determining the conformity of the rules on artificial intelligence, the authors in this paper propose new legal solutions in the field of Labor Law and Intellectual Property Law (de lege ferenda)
Finansijska nezavisnost sudija i tužilaca : međunarodni standardi, uporedna analiza, pregled stanja zakonodavstva u Srbiji i preporuke za njegovo unapređenje
No full textDenaro “romano” come cosa corporale o denaro “germanico” come valore astratto? qualche osservazione romanisticogiuridica sul tramonto dell’occidente
No full textNella sua famosa opera Il tramonto dell’occidente il filosofo tedesco Oswald
Spengler confronta due tipi di denaro. Il primo, il quale Spengler attribuisce
all’antichità (civiltà “apollinea”“) e al diritto romаno, è il denaro
come cosa corporale, cioè come oggetto. L’altro, attribuito da Spengler alla
civiltà occidentale o germanica (“faustiana”“), è il denaro come “funzione”
o potere trasformato in un valore virtuale.
La recente “crociata”“ contro il denaro nella forma fisica (war on cash)
potrebbe nel futuro vicino portare alla realizzazione della visione di Spengler
del trionfo del denaro “germanico” e alla sparizione completa del denaro
“romano” nei paesi occidentali e in alcuni paesi dell’Asia orientale, incluso
la Cina. Comunque, in molti paesi dell’Europa orientale, dell’America latina,
del Medio Oriente e dell’Africa la maggior parte delle transazioni finanziarie
continua ad essere effettuato nel denaro “romano”.
Vorremmo offrire uno sguardo giuridico-romanistico su questo recente
fenomeno. Innanzitutto, abbiamo intenzione di dimostrare che, al contrario di
ciò che viene spesso creduto, a Roma antica soltanto le monete di oro e di
argento avevano valore nominale pari a quello metallico (intrinseco), mentre
il valore delle monete di bronzo, ottone e rame (nelle quali veniva effettuato la
maggior parte delle transazioni) avevano un valore nominale molto più alto
del loro valore intrinseco, che derivava dalla garanzia del potere pubblico che
queste monete si potevano scambiare con quelle di metalli preziosi. Il sistema
monetario romano non era essenzialmente diverso da quello fondato sulle banconote di carta convertibili in oro nel XIX e XX secolo e le norme del diritto
romano erano ancora completamente applicabili.
Il denaro “elettronico”, invece, come denaro virtuale, è sostanzialmente
diverso da tutti i tipi di denaro materiale conosciuti finora, in quanto è una
cosa incorporale e come tale non può essere oggetto di trasferimento fisico.
Poi, non può essere oggetto del diritto di proprietà delle persone fisiche, ma
soltanto di obbligazione, e può esistere soltanto sul conto bancario. Le nuove
legislazioni dei paesi “faustiani”, che tendono a proibire l’uso dei contanti,
comportano effettivamente l’espropriazione del denaro della popolazione e il
suo trasferimento alle banche. Sui depositi bancari (quasi depositum) i clienti
hanno soltanto il diritto di obbligazione, correndo il rischio della eventuale
insolvenza della banca. La vittoria del denaro “germanico” mette in dubbio la
continua applicazione di molte norme vigenti basate sul diritto romano, soprattutto
quelle sul pagamento e sui contratti basati sul trasferimento della
proprietà del denaro, come il mutuo
Infra petita arbitražna odluka u međunarodnoj trgovinskoj arbitražI
Full text linkU radu su analizirani pojam i pravne posledice infra petita arbitražne odluke u međunarodnoj trgovinskoj arbitraži. Cilj rada ogleda se u pokušaju da se dođe do odgovora na pitanje pravnih posledica infra petita odluke – da li su pravna sredstva stranaka ograničena na zahtev za dopunsku odluku ili pak propust arbitražnog tribunala da odluči o svim zahtevima iznesenim u postupku može predstavljati razlog za poništaj arbitražne odluke. U radu su analizirana odgovarajuća rešenja u uporednom pravu, pre svega u svetlu pravila relevantnih međunarodnih konvencija, nacionalnih zakona i pravilnika arbitražnih institucija. U zaključnom delu rada sumirani su rezultati učinjenog istraživanja, uz preporuku rešenja koje, prema oceni autorki, optimalno doprinosi pravnoj sigurnosti i procesnoj pravičnosti u rešavanju sporova putem međunarodne trgovinske arbitraže. Polaznu hipotezu autorke potvrđuju u poslednjem delu rada, zaključujući da je uobičajeno pravno sredstvo koje stranke mogu koristiti kod infra petita arbitražne odluke zahtev za donošenje dopunske odluke, dok je poništaj takve odluke izuzetak