JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA
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Efek Anti Diabetes Spirulina Platensis Terhadap Analisis Kadar, Gambaran Histopatologi, Ekspresi Insulin dan Glucose Transpoter 4 Pada Tikus Putih Wistar yang Diinduksi Streptozopin
No full textBased on Basic Health Research, in Yogyakarta the incidence of diabetes mellitus based on doctor's diagnosis is 2.6% and symptoms will increase with age, but will decrease from age> 65 years. In the treatment of diabetes mellitus there are several treatments with synthetic drugs and natural ingredients for natural ingredients such as Spirulina platensis. Spirulina platensis is one of the microalgae that contains the natural spectrum of carotene and xantophyll pigment mixtures, and with fikocyanin has antioxidant activity, and Spirulina platensis can show a decrease in blood sugar.
The type of research conducted is an experimental study. Spirulina platensis is made with several doses of 36 mg, 72 mg, and 144 mg. Rats were divided into 6 groups, 5 groups of streptozotosin induced at a dose of 45 mg / kgBW until the mice had DM were characterized by high KGD yield, then given spirulina suspension, measured in sugar levels on days 0-28. After that the mice in the blood and then analyzed the effect of Spirulina platensis on creatinine and urea in blood. The results were analyzed using SPSS ANOVA and Post Hoc Test methods with 95% confidence level.
The results of the analysis of levels in various groups showed that in the induction of streptozotocin treated with spirulina plantesis various doses there was improvement in each analysis of the levels obtained, and also at the dose STZ+SP 36 in each analysis can improve the level of analysis. While on histopathology result and insulin expression in pancreas and histology and expression of glucose transporter 4 and histopathology on kidney and liver showed good change at various treatment dose group especially in STZ+SP 36 group. So at STZ+SP 36 dose showing the change both in this study.Berdasarkan Riset Kesehatan Dasar, di Yogyakarta angka kejadian diabetes melitus berdasarkan diagnosis dokter didapat sebanyak 2,6% dan gejala akan meningkat sesuai bertambahnya umur, namun akan turun mulai umur >65 tahun. Pada pengobatan diabetes melitus ini terdapat beberapa pengobatan dengan obat sintetik dan bahan alam untuk bahan alam salah satunya yaitu Spirulina platensis. Spirulina platensis adalah salah satu mikroalga yang di dalamnya mengandung spektrum alami dari campuran karoten dan pigmen xantofil, dan dengan fikosianin memiliki aktivitas antioksidan, serta Spirulina platensis dapat menunjukan penurunan pada gula darah.
Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan merupakan penelitian eksperimental. Spirulina platensis dibuat suspensi dengan beberapa macam dosis 36 mg, 72 mg, dan 144 mg. Tikus dibagi 6 kelompok, 5 kelompok diinduksi streptozotosin dengan dosis 45 mg/kgBB hingga tikus mengalami DM ditandai dengan hasil KGD yang tinggi, kemudian di beri suspensi spirulina, di ukur kadar gula pada hari ke 0-28. Setelah itu tikus di ambil darah kemudian dianalisis pengaruh Spirulina platensis terhadap kadar kreatinin dan ureum dalam darah. Hasil dianalisis menggunakan SPSS metode ANOVA dan Post Hoc Test dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%.
Hasil dari analisis kadar pada berbagai kelompok menunjukan bahwa pada induksi streptozotocin yang diberi perlakuan spirulina plantesis berbagai dosis terdapat perbaikan pada tiap analisis kadar yang didapat, dan juga pada dosis STZ+SP 36 pada tiap analisis dapat memperbaiki kadar analisis. Sedangkan pada hasil histopatologi serta ekspresi insulin pada pankreas dan histologi serta ekspresi glucose transporter 4 serta histopatologi pada ginjal dan hati menunjukan perubahan yang baik pada berbagai kelompok dosis perlakuan terutama pada kelompok STZ+SP 36. Sehingga pada dosis STZ+SP 36 yang menunjukan perubahan yang baik pada penelitian ini
Activity Tests of Bioactive Material of Salung Leaf (Psychotria viridiflora Reinw. Ex. Blume) against Salmonella thypi Bacteria In Vitro And In Vivo
Get PDFActivity test of bioactive material of Salung leaf (Psychotria viridiflora Reinw. ex. Blume) against Salmonella thypi in vitro and in vivo has been carried out. Bioactive material was obtained from the maceration and followed by fractionation of liquid-liquid fractionation. Antibacterial activity test performed in vitro to determine the value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and in vivo to determine the ability of bioactive cure diarrhea in in rats (Rattus norvegicus) infected by Salmonella typhi. Treatment of bioactive material given is 0, 10, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 of weight. The results showed that the MIC of salung leaf’s bioactive material to Salmonella typhi was 250 μg mL-1. Bioactive ingredient at dose of 10 and 50 mg kg-1 were able to decrease the number of bacterial colonies to 4.14x106 cfu g-1 and 5.4x105 cfu g-1, less than 5.04x106 cfu g-1 as control. Bioactive material in weight of 100 mg kg-1 of weight could reduce the population of Salmonella typhi to zero after 12 days of treatment. The ability to reduce the amount of bacterial colonies of the bioactive material 100 mg kg-1 of weight is equal to the ability of positive control chloramphenicol 10 mg kg-1 of weight.Telah dilakukan uji aktivitas bahan bioaktif dari daun Salung (Psychotria viridiflora Reinw. ex. Blume) terhadap bakteri Salmonella thypi secara in vitro dan in vivo. Bahan bioaktif diperoleh dari proses maserasi dan dilanjutkan dengan fraksinasi secara fraksinasi cair-cair (FCC), Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan secara in vitro untuk menentuan nilai konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dan pengujian secara in vivo pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) untuk mengetahui kemampuan bioaktif menyembuhkan penyakit diare yang diinfeksi dengan Salmonella typhi. Perlakuan bahan bioaktif yang diberikan 0, 10, 50 dan 100 mg/kgbb. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KHM bahan bioaktif dari daun salung terhadap bakteri Salmonella typhi yaitu 250 μg/ml. Bahan bioaktif pada dosis 10 mg/kgbb dan 50 mg/kg mampu menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri menjadi 4,14x106 dan 5,4x105 cfu/g, lebih sedikit dibanding kontrol 5,04 x 106 cfu/g. Bahan bioaktif 100 mg/kgbb dapat menurunkan populasi bakteri Salmonella typhi sampai nol setelah 12 hari pengobatan. Kemampuan bahan bioaktif 100 mg/kgbb sama dengan kontrol positif kloramfenikol 10 mg/kgbb
Efek Toksisitas Subakut Ekstrak Etanolik Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava) pada Lambung Tikus Wistar
Get PDFPsidium guajava leaves have been proven be antiallergic. From the results of previous research, the ethanol extract of leaves is included in the class materials "Practically Non-Toxic." However, repeated administration may cause toxic effects on body organs, one of which was gaster. Subchronic toxicity had been carried out on 20 male Wistar rats and 20 female wistar albino rats. The test materials were administered orally, every day for 28 days. There are 3 (three) doses of test materials which were 250 mg, 500 mg, and 750 mg/kg BW. Observation of the general toxic effect was performed everyday, then organ sampling was performed on day 29 to examined gaster histology and score using Barthel-Manja methods. The result showed that administration of Psidium guajava leaves extract for 28 days caused physical and behavioral changes, caused soft and mucous feces, and also respiratory disorder. But the extract at dose 250 mg, 500 mg and 750 mg/kg BW did not caused changes on gaster histology profile and score. In conclusion, the extract did not have subchronic toxicity effect on gaster rat, but might caused general toxic effect in the higher dose.Daun jambu biji telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas sebagai antialergi. Dari hasil penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak etanol daun jambu biji termasuk bahan dalam kelas "praktis tidak toksik". Pemberian suatu bahan secara berulang dapat meningkatkan kemungkinan munculnya efek toksik pada berbagai organ tubuh, salah satunya lambung. Uji toksisitas subakut ekstrak etanol daun jambu biji telah dilakukan pada 20 tikus jantan dan 20 tikus betina galur Wistar. Bahan uji dipejankan secara per oral, setiap hari selama 28 hari. Dosis yang digunakan adalah 250 mg/kg BB, 500 mg/kg BB dan 750 mg/kg BB. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi gejala-gejala klinis umum yang diamati setiap hari, serta pengambilan organ gaster pada hari ke-29 untuk pemeriksaan histologi dan scoring dengan Metode Barthel-Manja. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun jambu biji secara subakut selama 28 hari menyebabkan perubahan kondisi fisik dan perilaku hewan uji, tetapi menyebabkan perubahan kondisi feses yaitu tinja berwarna lembek dan berlendir serta kematian 20% tikus jantan perlakuan ekstrak 750mg/kgBB dan tikus betina perlakuan ekstrak 600 mg/kgBB, serta 40% kematian tikus betina perlakuan ekstrak 750mg/kgBB. Pemberian ekstrak daun jambu biji biji dosis 250 mg/kg BB, 500 mg/kg BB dan 750 mg/kg BB tidak menyebabkan perubahan pada histologi organ gaster pada tikus jantan maupun betina. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian subakut ekstrak etanol daun jambu biji selama 28 hari tidak menyebabkan kerusakan pada organ gaster, tetapi dapat menyebabkan efek toksik secara klinik pada dosis yang tinggi
Optimasi Formula Sediaan Fast Disintegrating Tablet (FDT) Ekstrak Etanolik Herba Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.)
Get PDFIt has been proven that Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. herbs have an antioxidant activity that make it possible to used in preventing degenerative illness. Centella asiatica (L.) extract has been formulated to fast disintegrating tablet (FDT) dosage form. The aims of this study are to find the optimum formula of FDT of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. The simplex lattice design method with 3 factors (which are mannitol as diluents, crospovidone as superdisintegrant and povidone as binder) and 2 levels of each was used. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. extract was produce from maceration process using ethanol-water in ratio 75%:25% as a solvent. Direct compress method was used to produce the FDT. The results show that the optimum composition between excipients FDT formula could be reached, which fullfiled the physical properties parameter which are the hardness, friability and disintegration time of FDT.Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) sudah dibuktikan memiliki kemampuan antioksidan sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan dalam upaya pencegahan penyakit degeneratif. Salah satu bentuk eksplorasi dari ekstrak herba pegagan adalah pengembangan dalam bentuk sediaan fast disintegrating tablet (FDT). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan suatu formula optimum sediaan FDT ekstrak herba pegagan yang memenuhi persyaratan sifat fisik tablet, menggunakan mannitol sebagai bahan pengisi, crospovidone sebagai bahan penghancur, dan povidone sebagai bahan pengikat. Ekstrak herba pegagan dihasilkan dari proses maserasi menggunakan pelarut campuran etanol:air dengan perbandingan 75%:25%. Proses pembuatan sediaan FDT dilakukan dengan teknik direct compression, dan metode optimasi yang digunakan untuk memperoleh formula optimum adalah simplex lattice design. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan adanya area komposisi yang optimum antar eksipien yang dioptimasi, yang dapat menghasilkan sediaan FDT yang memenuhi persyaratan sifat fisik ditinjau dari parameter kekerasan tablet, kerapuhan tablet, dan waktu hancur tablet
Uji Klinik Khasiat Sediaan Rebusan Ramuan Jamu Hipertensi Dibanding Seduhan Jamu Hipertensi
Get PDFTo search for scientific evidence the efficacy of herbal medicine, has conducted clinical trial the efficacy of hypertension herbs compared with hydrochlorotiazide. Efficacy of clinical trials were conducted with the design open-label, randomized clinical trials and parallel design. It was involving 80 subjects who have met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects randomized study that is divided into two groups, a herbs group and hydrochlorotiazide group. Subjects performed once a week to check the complaint history, the development of clinical symptoms, the possibility of side effects and diagnostic physical examination. Assessment score of quality of life by questionnaires Short Form 36 (SF-36) every four weeks. Results showed that administration of herbal medicine for 56 days hypertension, lower blood pressure (systolic and diastolikic) is equivalent to hydrochlorotiazide (HCT). Lowering blood pressure to normal (normotensive) 62.7% of the subjects. Eliminating the clinical symptoms of hypertension (dizziness / headache, stiff neck / whiny and myalgia) herbs group subjects at almost the same time with the hidrochlorthiazide group. Raising the quality of life scores (SF-36) subjects herbs group equivalent to the increase in quality of life scores (SF-36) hydrochlorotiazide group.Untuk mencari bukti ilmiah khasiat jamu, telah dilakukan penelitian uji klinik khasiat jamu hipertensi dibanding obat hydrochlorotiazide. Uji klinik dilakukan dengan rancangan penelitian open label randomized clinical trial dan paralel design. Penelitian melibatkan 80 subjek penelitian yang telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Subjek penelitian dirandomisasi sehingga terbagi dalam dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok jamu dan kelompok obat hydrochlorotiazide. Perlakuan subjek selama delapan minggu. Subjek periksa seminggu sekali untuk dilakukan anamnesis keluhan, perkembangan gejala klinis, kemungkinan timbul efek samping dan dilakukan pemeriksaan fisik diagnostik. Dilakukan pemeriksaan skor kualitas hidup dengan kuesioner Short Form 36 (SF-36) empat minggu sekali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan jamu hipertensi selama 56 hari berkhasiat menurunkan tekanan darah (sistolik dan diastolik) setara dengan obat hydrochlorotiazide (HCT). Menurunkan tekanan darah menjadi normal (normotensi) sebesar 62,7 % subjek penelitian. Menghilangkan gejala klinis hipertensi (pusing/sakit kepala, tengkuk kaku/cengeng dan pegel linu) pada waktu yang hampir bersamaan dengan menghilangnya gejala klinis akibat pemberian obat hydrochlorotiazide. Menaikkan skor kualitas hidup (SF-36) setara dengan kenaikan skor kualitas hidup (SF-36) akibat perlakuan obat hydrochlorotiazide
Pengaruh Suplementasi Vitamin A pada Pengobatan Pasien TB Paru terhadap Percepatan Konversi Dahak pada Fase Intensif Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Medan Kota
Get PDFIndonesia is the second rank for the most TB (Tuberculosis) cases in the world after India. It’s estimated there are a million cases per year in Indonesia. The objective of the research was to find out the influence of Vitamin A supplementation in the medication of pulmonary TB on the acceleration of sputum conversion time at intensive phase in the Working Area of Puskesmas in Medan Kota Subdistrict. This research applied clinical testing design with experimental approach and Experimental Quasi method. The samples were 30 newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients consisting of 15 patients in the treatment group and 15 patients in the control group. They were ≥ 18 years old, regularly consumed category I OAT with BMI ≥ 18.5. The statistical data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney statistical testing at reliability rate 95% (p < 0.05). The results of the research on the treatment group discovered that they were mostly 18-27 years old 40.0%, male 73.3%, mostly university students 26.7%, had BTA conversion in the second week 80.0%; and the sputumconversion time was 2.4 weeks in average. The results of the research on the control group demonstrated that they were mostly 18-27 years old 33.3%, male 80.0%, mostly university students and entrepreneurs 20.0%, had BTA conversion in the second week 80%; and the sputum conversion time was 4.1 weeks in average. Vitamin A supplementation in the medication of pulmonary TB patients had some influence on the acceleration of sputum conversion at intensive phase (p = <0.001) < (alpha = 0.05). Vitamin A supplementation in the medication of pulmonary TB patients had some influence on the acceleration of sputum conversion at intensive phase in the Working Area of Puskesmas in Medan Kota Subdistrict. speed up wound healing on second degree burns. White egg gel had significantly difference compared to negative control of NaCl 0.9% and no signifi cantly difference compared to Bioplacenton as positive control.Background: Indonesia is in the second rank for the most TB (Tuberculosis) cases in the world after India. It is estimated that there are 1 million cases per year in Indonesia.
Objective: The objective of the research was to find out the influence of Vitamin A supplementation in the medication of pulmonary TB on the acceleration of sputum conversion time at intensive phase in the Working Area of Puskesmas in Medan Kota Subdistrict.
Methods: This research applied clinical testing design with experimental approach and Experimental Quasi method. The samples were 30 newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients consisting of15 patients in the treatment group and 15 patients in the control group. They were ³18 years old, regularly consumed category I OAT with BMI ³18.5. The statistical data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney statistical testing at reliability rate 95% (p<0.05).
Result: The results of the research on the treatment group discovered that they were mostly 18-27 years old 40.0%, male 73.3%, mostly university students 26.7%, had BTA conversion in the second week 80.0%; and the sputum conversion time was 2.4 weeks in average. The results of the research on the control group demonstrated that they were mostly 18-27 years old 33.3%, male 80.0%, mostly university students and entrepreneurs 20.0%, had BTA conversion in the second week 80%; and the sputum conversion time was 4.1 weeks in average. Vitamin A supplementation in the medication of pulmonary TB patients had some influence on the acceleration of sputum conversion at intensive phase (p= <0.001) < (alpha = 0.05).
Conclusion: Vitamin A supplementation in the medication of pulmonary TB patients had some influence on the acceleration of sputum conversion at intensive phase in the Working Area of Puskesmas in Medan Kota Subdistric
Uji Efektifitas Ekstras Etanol Buah Naga Putih (Hylocereus undatus) Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Asam Urat Darah Pada Mencit (Mus musculus)
Get PDFBuah naga putih (Hylocereus undatus) mengandung flavonoid yang dapat menghambat kerja enzim xantin oksidase yang dapat mengurangi kadar asam urat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak etanol buah naga putih dalam menurunkan kadar asam urat darah pada mencit yang diinduksi kafein secara oral dengan dosis 0,39 mg/25 g BB. Sampel buah naga putih diambil saat berumur 50-55 hari setelah muncul bunga. Pada uji efektifitas, hewan coba mencit dibagi menjadi lima kelompok perlakuan dan diinduksi dengan kafein yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif yang hanya diinduksi kafein, kelompok kontrol positif diberikan allopurinol 0,26 mg/25 g BB, kelompok dosis 0,455 mg/25 g BB, kelompok dosis 0,91 mg/25 g BB, kelompok dosis 1,82 mg/25 g BB ekstrak etanol buah naga putih. Pengukuran kadar asam urat darah dilakukan sebelum induksi (hari ke 1), sesudah induksi atau sebelum pemberian ekstrak (hari ke 6) dan sesudah pemberian ekstrak pada (hari ke 9, 12 dan 15). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol buah naga putih dosis 1,82 mg/25 g BB dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat darah pada mencit secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan dosis 0,455 mg dan dosis 0,91 mg/25 g BB, tetapi tidak berbeda bermakna dengan kontrol positif (allopurinol) dengan presentase penurunan sebesar 92,16%.
Kata kunci: Ekstrak buah naga putih, asam urat darah, kafein, allopurinol.White dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) contains flavonoids that can inhibit the action of xanthine oxidase enzymes that can reduce uric acid levels. The aim of this research is to know the effectiveness of white dragon ethanol extract in decreasing uric acid level in caffeine-induced mice with dose 0.39 mg/25 g BW (body weight). White dragon fruit samples taken at the age of 50-55 days after the flower appeared. In the effectiveness test, animals were divided into five groups of treatments and induced by caffeine i.e. negatively control group induced only by caffeine, positive control group given allopurinol 0.26 mg/25 g BW, group of dose 0.455 mg/25 g BW, group of dose 0.91 mg/25 g BW, group of dose 1.82 mg/25 g BW ethanol extract of white dragon fruit. Measurements of blood uric acid levels were performed before induction (day 1), after induction or before administration of the extract (day 6) and after administration of the extract on (days 9, 12 and 15). The results showed that ethanol extract of white dragon fruit dose 1.82 mg/25 g BW could significantly lower blood uric acid levels in mice compared to dose 0.455 mg and dose 0.91 mg/25 g BW, but not significantly different with positive control (allopurinol) with percentage decrease of 92.16%.
Keywords: White dragon fruit extract, blood uric acid, caffeine, allopurinol
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis Of Using Cephalosporin Group In Appendicitis Prophylactic In Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Subang
No full textThe administration of cephalosporin group antibiotics in patients with post-surgical appendicitis is necessary to prevent postoperative wounds. This pharmacoeoconomic study was conducted retrospectively in the period of 1 January to 31 December 2015 in RSUD Subang for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of drugs and the cost of antibiotic use of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and ceftizoxime injection by Cost Effectiveness Analysis method. The subject of the patient was 78 people. Based on Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ACER), the smallest value is ceftriaxone Rp 729.124 / day, while the result of Cost Effectiveness plane with cefotaxime as standard drug, ceftriaxone occupies quadrant IV and ceftizoxime occupies quadrant I. The result of Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) calculation obtained by difference of value equal to Rp 106.347 / day hence can be concluded that antibiotic injection of cefotaxime as standard injection antibiotics used by RSUD Subang can be replaced by antibiotic injection of ceftizoxim by adding cost Rp 106.347 / day but need attention to resource especially funds owned and should be selected if sufficient resources are available
Analisis Ramuan Obat Tradisional untuk Wasir di Pulau Jawa; Studi Etnofarmakologi RISTOJA 2015
Get PDFThe using of traditional medicine among community has being accepted and become huge potency to be developed by our country. One of disease which is often treated with traditional medicine is hemorrhoid or in bahasa as known as “wasir”. According to the result of ethopharmacology research of traditional medicine and jamu (RISTOJA) 2015 in java island, there are several formulas used by traditional healers to treat hemorrhoid. In order to fi nd potential formulas to be developed, a descriptive study was conducted involving identifi cation of medicinal plant and also literature study about its benefi t and toxicity evidences. The plants which named in formula’s ingredient were analized to see how important and utility value for hemorrhoid treatment. Literature study was conducted to assess potential benefi t and toxicity. The result said there were 37 species of medicinal plant in 25 family used in traditional medicine formula for hemorrhoid. Based on Frequency Citation(FC), Utility Value (UC) and literature study, Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff ., Curcuma longa L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.F, and Musa balbisiana have enough scientifi c evidence to be studied further development