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Energy-resolved attosecond interferometric photoemission from Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces
Get PDFPhotoelectron emission from solid surfaces induced by attosecond pulse trains into the electric field of delayed phase-coherent infrared (IR) pulses allows the surface-specific observation of energy-resolved electronic phase accumulations and photoemission delays. We quantum-mechanically modeled interferometric photoemission spectra from the (111) surfaces of Au and Ag, including background contributions from secondary electrons and direct emission by the IR pulse, and adjusted parameters of our model to energy-resolved photoelectron spectra recently measured at a synchrotron light source by Roth et al. [J. Electron Spectrosc. 224, 84 (2018)]. Our calculated spectra and photoelectron phase shifts are in fair agreement with the experimental data of Locher et al. [Optica 2, 405 (2015)]. Our model's not reproducing the measured energy-dependent oscillations of the Ag(111) photoemission phases may be interpreted as evidence for subtle band-structure effects on the final-state photoelectron-surface interaction not accounted for in our simulation
Acceptability of Dry Dog Food Visual Characteristics by Consumer Segments Based on Overall Liking: a Case Study in Poland
Get PDFCitation: Gomez Baquero, D., Koppel, K., Chambers, D., Hołda, K., Głogowski, R., & Chambers, E. (2018). Acceptability of Dry Dog Food Visual Characteristics by Consumer Segments Based on Overall Liking: a Case Study in Poland. Animals, 8(6), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8060079Sensory analysis of pet foods has been emerging as an important field of study for the pet food industry over the last few decades. Few studies have been conducted on understanding the pet owners’ perception of pet foods. The objective of this study is to gain a deeper understanding on the perception of the visual characteristics of dry dog foods by dog owners in different consumer segments. A total of 120 consumers evaluated the appearance of 30 dry dog food samples with varying visual characteristics. The consumers rated the acceptance of the samples and associated each one with a list of positive and negative beliefs. Cluster Analysis, ANOVA and Correspondence Analysis were used to analyze the consumer responses. The acceptability of the appearance of dry dog foods was affected by the number of different kibbles present, color(s), shape(s), and size(s) of the kibbles in the product. Three consumer clusters were identified. Consumers rated highest single-kibble samples of medium sizes, traditional shapes, and brown colors. Participants disliked extra-small or extra-large kibble sizes, shapes with high-dimensional contrast, and kibbles of light brown color. These findings can help dry dog food manufacturers to meet consumers’ needs with increasing benefits to the pet food and commodity industries
Big Food, Big Problems: The Ethical Implications of Nestlé’s Impact on Public Health in Brazil
Get PDFCitation: Whitney, J. (2018) Big Food, Big Problems: The Ethical Implications of Nestlé’s Impact on Public Health in Brazil. Unpublished manuscript, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.Kirmser Undergraduate Research Award - Individual Non-Freshman Category, honorable mentionSabine TurnleyAs multinational food companies face stalled growth in Western countries, they are increasingly looking to developing economies to grow their sales. Unfortunately, in order to do this, these companies end up shifting large parts of traditional diets to so-called “problem foods” that are empirically connected to long-term health issues. One stark example of this is Nestlé’s impact on public health in Brazil through their women-only direct sales team. Business strategy is evaluated to consider how "Big Food
Are smallholder farmers better or worse off from an increase in the international price of cereals?
Get PDFCitation: Nakelse, T., Dalton, T. J., Hendricks, N. P., & Hodjo, M. (2018). Are smallholder farmers better or worse off from an increase in the international price of cereals? Food Policy, 79, 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.07.006The effect of agricultural price shocks on household welfare in low-income countries is a major concern for policymakers attempting to reduce poverty rates. This study estimates the impact of an increase in the world cereal price on rural households in Burkina Faso in an agricultural household model framework. We account for imperfect transmission of global prices to local prices as well as supply and demand response of rural households to price signals. The increase in price during the period from 2006 to 2014 is translated to welfare improvement ranging from 0.02 percent for 2006 to 0.06 percent for 2011 for farmers in Burkina Faso
Thermometry of flow fields using a two-color ratiometric PLIF technique
Get PDFMaster of ScienceDepartment of Mechanical and Nuclear EngineeringSteven J. EckelsIn this thesis, a two-color ratiometric planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique for the measurement of temperature fields in liquids is described. The method uses the temperature sensitive rhodamine B and temperature insensitive rhodamine 110 fluorescent dyes. The ratio of the fluorescent emission intensity of these two dyes is inversely proportional to temperature and is independent of laser intensity variation in the flow field. Because the emission spectra of these two dyes overlap, a correction was developed to disentangle the two signals. In addition, the absorption spectra of rhodamine B and rhodamine 110 and emission spectrum of rhodamine 110 overlap, leading to the self-attenuation of the rhodamine 110 signal by the dye solution. A correction with respect to path length was developed for self-attenuation. This thesis presents the calibration process for a PLIF thermometry system and visualization of temperature gradients in a glass water tank with motion induced by large temperature gradients. A step-by-step procedure of the final calibration process is also presented
Lake storage variation on the endorheic Tibetan Plateau and its attribution to climate change since the new millennium
Get PDFCitation: Yao, F., Wang, J., Yang, K., Wang, C., Walter, B. A., & Crétaux, J.-F. (2018). Lake storage variation on the endorheic Tibetan Plateau and its attribution to climate change since the new millennium. Environmental Research Letters, 13(6), 064011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab5d3Alpine lakes in the interior of Tibet, the endorheic Changtang Plateau (CP), serve as ‘sentinels’ of regional climate change. Recent studies indicated that accelerated climate change has driven a widespread area expansion in lakes across the CP, but comprehensive and accurate quantifications of their storage changes are hitherto rare. This study integrated optical imagery and digital elevation models to uncover the fine spatial details of lake water storage (LWS) changes across the CP at an annual timescale after the new millennium (from 2002–2015). Validated by hypsometric information based on long-term altimetry measurements, our estimated LWS variations outperform some existing studies with reduced estimation biases and improved spatiotemporal coverages. The net LWS increased at an average rate of 7.34 ± 0.62 Gt yr−1 (cumulatively 95.42 ± 8.06 Gt), manifested as a dramatic monotonic increase of 9.05 ± 0.65 Gt yr−1 before 2012, a deceleration and pause in 2013–2014, and then an intriguing decline after 2014. Observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites reveal that the LWS pattern is in remarkable agreement with that of regional mass changes: a net effect of precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P-ET) in endorheic basins. Despite some regional variations, P-ET explains ∼70% of the net LWS gain from 2002–2012 and the entire LWS loss after 2013. These findings clearly suggest that the water budget from net precipitation (i.e. P-ET) dominates those of glacier melt and permafrost degradation, and thus acts as the primary contributor to recent lake area/volume variations in endorheic Tibet. The produced lake areas and volume change dataset is freely available through PANAGEA (https://doi.pangaea.de/ 10.1594/PANGAEA.888706)
Different effects of various protein and ammonium chloride products
No full textMany livestock producers want products that gets them the greatest gain for the lowest price. Our objective was to measure effects of varying protein sources and ammonium chloride incorporation on feedlot goat growth and carcass traits. A hypothesis that we expected was that SoyPlus as a protein source would result in better carcass traits than dried distiller grains (DDGS). In order to test this hypothesis, we had allotted 75 whethers and dolings into indoor pens at the Kansas State University Sheep and Meat Goat Center. Goats were randomly put into 25 pens (5pens/treatment; 3 goats/pen) based on their body weight when they had been received to be on a 42d finishing study. Five treatments were calculated to have the same caloric count were: 1) 18.7% soybean meal (SMB) with 0.75% ammonium chloride (AmCl), 2) 34.4% DDGS with 0.75% AmCl, 3) 22% SoyPlus with 0.75% AmCl, 4) 17.2% SMB with 4.83% SoyChlor, and 5) 20% Soyplus with 4.83% SoyChlor. Goats stayed on a self-feeder ad libitum, along with giving them fresh water twice a day and clean-living quarters. Goats were weighed weekly to get 14 measurements, however only looking at two, the first and the last weights of the trial. Since we measured weekly we looked at the beginning and total growth through the end of the trial and calculated BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F. The beginning BW was similar at the start (P=0.57). By adding different protein/ ammonium chloride sources at 42d the BW (P=0.284), ADFI (P=0.140), ADG (P=0.099), and G:F (P=0.431) seemed to have no huge impact on carcass growth. These results fail our hypothesis that SoyPlus doesn’t produce better carcass traits. Although when looking at current prices treatment 2 has the lowest cost with no significant carcass difference than the other four treatments, showing the best cost benefit
Effects of soybean meal replacement with dried distillers grains on Boer goat growth performance, feed efficiency, and carcass composition
No full textDried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) provides more economical replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in many growing animals diets. While research has been done on the effects of SBM replacement with DDGS in other meat providing species, there is very little research on the effects of soybean replacement on the Boer goat performance. The objective of this experiment evaluates the efficacy of corn dried distiller’s grains with the solubles as a replacement for soybean meal in a Boer goat diet. 48 meat Boer goat kids were randomly separated into 16 pens with 3 kids/pen. Each pen was assigned one of four treatments: 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% of SBM replaced with DDGS with 4 replicates per treatment. All diets were pelleted and formulated so no supplemental forage was necessary. A step-up period of 14 days was utilized to help gradually introduce the feedstuff to the goats, and help the rumen adapt successfully. The goats were fed for 47 days with growth (ADG, ADFI, G: F) being recorded and calculated. After the growth period 2 out of 3 goats in the pen were randomly selected for slaughter, and carcass composition (carcass weight, yield, loin eye area, 13th rib fat depth, fatty acid profile) was also found. At the end of the experiment it was found that DDGS did in fact provide a nutritionally adequate substitute for soybean meal with no statistical differences being found in either ADG or ADFI. An improvement was seen when comparing gain to feed ratios with statistically separate groups being formed between goats being fed lower amount of DDGS and higher amounts of DDGS (P= 0.001). Trends also began to appear when analyzing the carcass compositions suggesting that the goats fed DDGS instead of SBM had higher final weights. While this is not statistically significant it is biologically relevant especially to producers and the goats economical value. Future experiments utilizing a greater goat number would help confirm this hypothesis statistically
Effects of dried distillers grains as a replacement for soybean meal in Boer goat diet
Get PDFThe lack of peer-reviewed, published research evaluating dried distillers grains (DDGS) inclusion in goats limits producers’ ability to utilize the feed ingredient. With the per protein unit cost advantage of DDGS over soybean meal (SBM) being $1.86, this is a missed opportunity for the corn industry, and is becoming even more so due to the rapid growth of the U.S. goat industry over the past 15 years. The objective of this project was to evaluate the efficacy of DDGS as a replacement for SBM in a Boer goat diet. 48 meat goat kids were split into pens and assigned to one of four experimental diets. Treatment 1 was 0% SBM replaced by DDGS, treatment 2 was 33% SBM replaced by DDGS, treatment 3 was 66% SBM replaced by DDGS, and treatment 4 was 100% SBM replaced by DDGS. There were 3 kids per pen and 4 pens per treatment. The diets were pelleted and contained roughage, so no supplemental forage was needed, and the goats had constant access to water. These diets were fed for 56 days, and weights were recorded every week to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. The kids were also given 140 mg/hd/d of thiamin to avoid potential polioencephalomalacia. At the end of the experiment, 2 kids per pen were slaughtered, and hot carcass weight, yield, loin eye area, and fat depth at the 13th rib were measured. Data was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with pen serving as the experimental unit and P-value ≤ 0.05 considered significant. The results showed that there was no statistical difference between the goats fed the different diets for ADFI (P=0.346), ADG (P=0.092), hot carcass weight (P=0.674), yield (P=0.478), loin eye area (P=0.505), or fat depth (P=0.977). The G:F ratio for treatment 4 was statistically significantly higher than that for treatment 1 (P=0.001). Overall, these results indicate that including DDGS in a goat diet will result in financial savings without having any negative impacts on the growth or carcass characteristics of Boer goats
Dried distiller's grains with solubles ability to replace soybean meal in Boer goat diets
Get PDFCurrently there is little data available to producers regarding basic nutrition for growing Boer goat kids. Feed costs are often the greatest expenses associated with raising livestock, so finding ways to make the goats more efficient in terms of growth without sacrificing carcass performance should be a main focus for the industry. Therefore, the objective of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) in a growing Boer goat diet with regards to growth and carcass responses. The experiment consisted of four different treatments with varying inclusion rates of DDGS (0%, 33%, 66% and 100%). Prior to starting the trial, the goats were involved in a DDGS step-up program. Our trial consisted of 48 Boer goat kids, roughly 70 days of age, weighing between 28.2-28.4 kg on day 0. Each treatment consisted of 4 pens with 3 goats per pen in a completely randomized design. Goats were fed for 47 days with both the goats and feeders being weighed weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Following the trial, 2 goats per pen were slaughtered at a USDA inspected facility to analyze HCW, LEA, back fat depth, and body wall thickness. Data was analyzed utilizing the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) with an alpha value of 0.05. Upon analysis of the data, it was found that G:F was the only factor that showed a significant difference (P0.05) were seen in the carcass traits, ADFI, or ending body weight. HCW did increase from 18.4 to 19.8 kg across the treatments, which makes further research to explore carcass performance necessary. Therefore, this experiment concluded that DDGS can effectively replace SBM up to 100% with improved G:F and ADG, and have no negative impacts on carcass performance. Replacing 100% of SBM with DDGS could save the producer up to $53.19/ton. These combined results make replacing SBM with DDGS an economically smart decision for the Boer goat producer