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Enhanced high-harmonic generation up to the soft X-ray region driven by mid-infrared pulses mixed with their third harmonic
Get PDFWe systematically study the efficiency enhancement of high-harmonic generation (HHG) in an Ar gas cell up to the soft X-ray (SXR) range using a two-color laser field composed of 2.1 μm (ω) and 700 nm (3ω) with parallel linear polarization. Our experiment follows the recent theoretical investigations that determined two-color mid-infrared (IR) pulses, mixed with their third harmonic (ω + 3ω), to be close to optimal driving waveforms for enhancing HHG efficiency in the SXR region [Jin et al., Nature Comm. 5, 4003 (2014)]. We observed sub-optical-cycle-dependent efficiency enhancements of up to 8.2 of photon flux integrated between 20 – 70 eV, and up to 2.2 between 85 – 205 eV. Enhancement of HHG efficiency was most pronounced for the lowest tested backing pressure (≈ 140 mbar), and decreased monotonically as the pressure was increased. The single-color (ω)-driven HHG was optimal at the highest backing pressure tested in the experiment (≈ 375 mbar). Our numerical simulations based on single-atom response and 3D pulse propagation show good qualitative agreement with experimental observations. The lower enhancement at high pressure and higher photon energy indicates that phase matching of two-color-driven HHG is more sensitive to ionization rate and pulse propagation effects than the single-color case. We show that with further improvements to the relative phase jitter and the spatio-temporal overlap of the two beams, the efficiency enhancement could be further improved by at least a factor of ≈ 2
Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics
Get PDFX-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics, largely due to an explosive growth in capabilities in the past decade. XFELs now provide unprecedented intensity (1020 W cm−2) of x-rays at wavelengths down to ∼1 Ångstrom, and HHG provides unprecedented time resolution (∼50 attoseconds) and a correspondingly large coherent bandwidth at longer wavelengths. For context, timescales can be referenced to the Bohr orbital period in hydrogen atom of 150 attoseconds and the hydrogen-molecule vibrational period of 8 femtoseconds; wavelength scales can be referenced to the chemically significant carbon K-edge at a photon energy of ∼280 eV (44 Ångstroms) and the bond length in methane of ∼1 Ångstrom. With these modern x-ray sources one now has the ability to focus on individual atoms, even when embedded in a complex molecule, and view electronic and nuclear motion on their intrinsic scales (attoseconds and Ångstroms). These sources have enabled coherent diffractive imaging, where one can image non-crystalline objects in three dimensions on ultrafast timescales, potentially with atomic resolution. The unprecedented intensity available with XFELs has opened new fields of multiphoton and nonlinear x-ray physics where behavior of matter under extreme conditions can be explored. The unprecedented time resolution and pulse synchronization provided by HHG sources has kindled fundamental investigations of time delays in photoionization, charge migration in molecules, and dynamics near conical intersections that are foundational to AMO physics and chemistry. This roadmap coincides with the year when three new XFEL facilities, operating at Ångstrom wavelengths, opened for users (European XFEL, Swiss-FEL and PAL-FEL in Korea) almost doubling the present worldwide number of XFELs, and documents the remarkable progress in HHG capabilities since its discovery roughly 30 years ago, showcasing experiments in AMO physics and other applications. Here we capture the perspectives of 17 leading groups and organize the contributions into four categories: ultrafast molecular dynamics, multidimensional x-ray spectroscopies; high-intensity x-ray phenomena; attosecond x-ray science
Reaching Rigor for English Learners Through Responsive Interactions of Care
No full textCitation: Holmes, M., Kavimandan, S., & Herrera, S. (2018). Reaching rigor for English learners through responsive interactions of care. In N. Guler (Ed.), Optimizing elementary education for English language learners (pp. 91-115). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.This chapter explores what happens when teacher-student and student-student interactions reflect a higher level of responsiveness to the human beings involved. It describes biography-driven instruction (BDI), a research-based method of instruction that supports all learners to reach high academic standards, while at the same time ensuring that English learners have the scaffolds and tools needed to engage fully in the curriculum. Teachers who implement BDI develop a holistic understanding of students' sociocultural, linguistic, cognitive, and academic dimensions. They use students' background knowledge as a springboard to new learning. To determine the impact of BDI on the education of English learners in elementary classrooms, this chapter explores the perspectives of 16 teachers (Grades 1-6) who received professional development on BDI and then implemented the method with their own communities of learners. Interview data was collected in Spring 2016, transcribed, and qualitatively analyzed. Findings in the form of themes in participant voice are discussed throughout the chapter
Effects of varying protein sources and ammonium chloride sources on Boer goat growth performance and carcass traits
Get PDFAlthough the global goat population has increased 34% in the past 10 years, there is very limited research on goat nutrition. Soybean meal (SBM) is the traditional protein source used in goat diets, but there has been growing interest in using other protein sources to promote growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying protein sources, such as SBM, dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and SoyPlus (Dairy Nutrition Plus), combined with ammonium chloride (AmCl) sources, such as AmCl and SoyChlor (Dairy Nutrition Plus) on growth performance and carcass traits. Seventy-five Boer goats were group housed and randomly allocated to 1 of 5 treatments (15 goats per treatment; 3 goats per pen); 1) SBM plus AmCl, 2) DDGS plus AmCl, 3) SoyPlus plus AmCl, 4) SBM plus SoyChlor, 5) SoyPlus plus SoyChlor. The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS was used to analyze data. With P0.05), average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.0869), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P=0.1412), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) (P=0.3739). However, based on feed costs, goats fed DDGS had lower feed cost per goat (P=.001) than goats fed SBM. Feeding treatment 2 (DDGS plus AmCl) gave the most savings in diet cost. Regarding carcass traits, SBM resulted in a greater loin eye area (LEA) than DDGS (P=0.04) and SoyPlus (P=0.005), while AmCl source had no effect on LEA (P=0.750). There was no significant difference in carcass yield (P=0.52) and backfat depth (P=0.71). Results indicate that farmers could utilize DDGS plus AmCl for high growth performance at a lower cost
Effects of replacing soy bean meal with dry distillers grain with solubles
Get PDFGoat populations are climbing rapidly both in the United States and other developing countries. There is a lack of research on the effects of increasing dried distiller grain in a goats’ diet when the staple of their diet is soybean meal. Forty-eight Boer goat kids around 70d of age were utilized in a randomized design to determine if soybean meal can be effectively replaced with dry distiller’s grain with solubles (DDGS). The Boer goat kids were evaluated for DDGS impact on carcass traits (HCW, Loin eye area, Loin eye depth, Back fat, Body wall thickness), ADG and G:F. With sixteen pens and three goats per pen the goats were randomly assigned one of the four treatments. With a 14d step up ration to ensure a smooth transition, the goats were assigned to diets with SBM replaced by 0% DDGS, 33% DDGS, 66% DDGS, 100% DDGS. Goat weight and feeder weight were collected every seven days for forty-seven days. On day forty-seven two kids from every pen were randomly selected to be sent to slaughter for the evaluation of their carcass parameters. The carcass traits collected were not statistically significant (P=0.478). Trends were able to be observed but scientifically we could not conclude any differences. Average daily gain yielded no statistically different results between treatments (P=0.092). The goats that were fed 66% DDGS and 100% DDGS had greater feed efficiency than those on the diets of 33% DDGS or 0%. The statistical evidence for carcass traits and ADG indicates that soybean meal can be effectively replaced with DDGS without altering the carcass traits of the goat. In summary, goats can effectively be feed a diet of up to 100% DDGS with solubles as a replacement for soy bean meal with no notable statistical differences in the carcass traits collected
Influence of dried distiller grains with solubles in replacement of soybean meal in Boer goat diets
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to determine the levels of dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) as replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in a Boer goat diet. Our hypothesis was that with the replacement of SBM with DDGS would not influence the goat performance but would reduce cost. Forty-eight meat goat kids (approximately 70 d of age) were used in a completely randomized design. The beginning body weight (BW) was similar across all the treatments (P=0.99). Animals were housed at the KSU Sheep and Meat Goat Center with 3 kids per pen (4 pens per treatment). Kids were housed allotted into one of four experimental diets: 1) 0% SBM replaced by DDGS; 2) 33% SBM replaced by DDGS; 3) 66% SBM replaced by DDGS; and 4) 100% SBM replaced by DDGS. For producers if you feed the control group it will cost you 135. These diets were fed in a self-feeder that gave access of pelleted diet and there was continued clean fresh water through the treatment. All diets were pelleted at the Kansas State University feed mill, with pellets containing roughage, so no supplemental forage was needed. We calculated the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G:F). Diets were fed for 42 days, with average daily gain (ADG), ADFI, and G:F calculated every week. Upon completion of the experiment, two kids per pen were slaughtered with carcass data collected, including hot carcass weight, yield, loin eye area, loin eye depth, fat depth at the 13th rib, and body wall thickness. Data was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Cary, NC) with pen serving as the experimental unit. The results of this study were that both ADG (P=0.006) and G:F (P=0.005) linearly with increasing DDGS in place of SBM. However, there was no effect from DDGS on BW, ADFI, and any carcass data. The results confirm producers can replace 100% SBM with DDGS without affecting growth performance and can save the producer $27.27 per ton in feed cost
Effects of protein on fermentation and fiber disappearance in vitro using an equine cecal inoculum
No full textThe purpose of this experiment is to determine the effects of varying protein sources on in vitro fermentation characteristics and fiber disappearance utilizing an equine cecal fluid inoculum. Experimental design consisted of a completely randomized design with 4 replications (horse). Treatments consisted of protein source (no protein, casein, whey, soybean meal, plasma, L-lysine, and fishmeal). Cecal fluid was acquired from 4 cecally cannulated horses consuming a diet of smooth bromegrass hay (1.5% BW) and commercial concentrate (0.5% BW). Strain and stratified cecal fluid was mixed with McDougal’s buffer, substrates, and respective treatments and then incubated for 48 hours in a shaking incubator at 39°C. Gas pressure was continuously recorded and terminal concentrations of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate, Valerate and Isovalerate) were determined. Compared to the control, casein, soybean meal, whey, plasma, L-lysine, and fishmeal increased (P < 0.05) DM disappearance and acetate production. NDF and ADF disappearance was greater (P < 0.05) for all protein sources when compared to control. Total VFA concentrations increased (P < 0.05) with all protein sources when compared to the control. Results from this experiment demonstrate that fiber disappearance of a low quality can be enhanced via supplemental protein, regardless of source. Similarly, protein increases VFA production which can be attributed to greater microbial activity and/or populations. Protein sources with greater solubility appear to be more effective at improving fiber disappearance and VFA production although this observation was not statistically significant. Future work in vivo is warranted to determine if the same effects would be observed in the equine
The Hate U Give Guide
Get PDFCitation: K-State First (2018). The Hate U Give Guide [Brochure]. Manhattan, Kansas: K-State First.This guide provides resources for faculty and staff at Kansas State University on the book "The Hate U Give" by Angie Thomas. Included in the guide are discussion questions, suggested classroom activities, other titles of interest, vocabulary, and additional resources
Stitching the Strip: 7 Visions for the Future of Southeast Coralville
Get PDFThe Strip in Coralville is iconic of mid-century American strip retail development. Highway 6, also known as 2nd Street, is a 5-lane arterial street with the highest volume of traffic in the metro area. Buildings are located far from the street edge, and the vast majority of the area is covered with paved parking lots. While 2nd Street’s sidewalks are adequately wide and established street trees provide shade and enclosure, there are few crosswalks, creating unsafe conditions for pedestrians crossing the street. The Southeast Commercial District, located at the intersection of 2nd Street and 1st Avenue, is comprised of multi-family residential housing, retail, commercial, and industrial uses. Many of the buildings are functionally obsolete and some parcels exhibit evidence of neglect. Creative planning and design proposals envision alternative futures for the district, but existing conditions present several significant challenges. Towering electrical transmission lines bisect the district, some parcels are known to be contaminated and others potentially contaminated, and all new inhabited structures must be elevated above the FEMA 100-year flood plain to be insurable. At the same time, some conditions present opportunities: The Clear Creek and Iowa River waterfronts are underutilized and two rail lines with public transit potential bookend the district, and with any urban design proposal, there are opportunities for creating a sense of identify and place.
Stitching The Strip: 7 Visions for the Future of Southeast Coralville presents urban design ideas for the Southeast Commercial District in Coralville, Iowa. Twenty-three mid-level landscape architecture graduate students enrolled in an intensive 8-week Community Planning and Design studio completed the work during the summer of 2018. The studio was co-led by Associate Professor Blake Belanger and Associate Professor Howard Hahn. The effort was supported with funding from Kansas State University’s Technical Assistance to Brownfields (TAB), and would not have been possible without support and engagement from Maggie Egbarts, TAB Services Coordinator (EPA Regions 5 and 7). We are also grateful for the support and guidance from Dan Holderness, Coralville City Engineer and Scott Larson, Coralville Assistant City Engineer, as well as our visiting design critic Associate Professor Carl Smith who delivered both exceptional insights and humor.
The idea for the collaboration emerged from discussions at the 2017 National Brownfields Training Conference in Pittsburgh. Goals of the collaborative service-learning studio included providing students with first-hand experience working with a community, generating creative ideas for advancing the dialogue about planning the future of southeast Coralville, engaging residents and stakeholders and responding to their input, and supporting the mission of the project partners. The studio’s process included rigorous mapping of various conditions, a community planning workshop, design development through an iterative process, a final presentation to project partners and the Coralville Community Advisory Panel, and a public open house exhibiting posters of student proposals.
In Chapter 1, we introduce Coralville’s Southeast Commercial District and present eight influential site and contextual factors identified in our research. We detail the studio’s methods and process, and introduce the seven student design proposals. In the following seven chapters, we present specific urban design strategies for establishing a new mixed-use district.
In contrast to a singular master plan, the collection of ideas presented in Stitching The Strip provides a multitude of ideas that can be compared, evaluated, prioritized, and perhaps hybridized. We aspire that Stitching The Strip will contribute to the ongoing dialogue about the future of the Southeast Commercial District, and serve as an enduring legacy project for Coralville