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A proposed mechanism for texture proterty of woody breast in broilers
Get PDFOBJECTIVE: Woody breast is a myopathy observed in chicken breast meat (Pectoralis major) characterized by its tough and rubbery texture. However, the exact causation of woody breast texture is still unknown. The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate if the abnormal meat texture observed in woody breast meat is due to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) dysfunctionality due to rapid leakage of intracellular calcium.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen Ross line broiler breast fillets (7 severe woody breast and 7 normal) were collected at 3 h postmortem from a commercial processing plant in the southeast United States. The 7 woody breast samples exhibited moderate to severe white striping. Each sample was trimmed, weighed, vacuum packaged and frozen at -20°C at approximately 8 hrs. postmortem. One 1.9 cm strip across the cranial end of each fillet was fabricated and pulverized in liquid nitrogen to measure sarcomere length, calpain activity, proteolysis and collagen content. Purge was collected from each sample to evaluate protein and free calcium concentration.
RESULTS: Woody breast fillets were heavier than normal breast fillets (522.9vs.446.9g; P<0.05). Woody breast samples tended to have shorter sarcomeres (1.70vs.2.02µm; P=0.0543) and less intact troponin-T (relative intact troponin-T band density: 49.98vs.56.97%; P=0.0515). All µ-calpain was completely autolyzed for both the woody breast and normal samples at 8 hrs. postmortem, so no µ-calpain band was detected through immunoblotting. In addition, the purge from woody breast samples also had higher levels of free calcium (6.2vs.4.2nmol calcium/mg protein; P<0.05). Lastly, there was more collagen present in the woody breast samples (3.89vs.2.08mg collagen/g muscle tissue; P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the cause of texture abnormality of woody breast may be the combined effects of more calcium being released from the SR early postmortem resulting in shorter sarcomere length and more collagen being deposited in the chicken breast meat
Evaluating the efficacy of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) as a replacement for zinc oxide (ZnO) and carbadox in nursery pig diets
No full textIncreased pressure on the agriculture to limit antibiotics in livestock has forced the industry to look for alternative diets. This trial assessed if Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCFA) can replace Zinc Oxide(ZnO) or carbadox in nursery pig diets. In this experiment, diets of varying levels of MCFA were fed to 360 nursery pigs (DNA 200x400);5.4±kg) in a completely randomized design with 6 pigs/pen and 10 replicates. Replicates were fed one of six treatments: 1) control 2) 3,000 ppm ZnO (phase 1), 1500 ppm ZnO (phase 2); 3) 50g/ton carbadox; 4) 1% blend C6:C8:C10; 5) 1% Feed Energy R2(Feed Energy Corp., Des Moines, IA); 6) 1% FORMI GML (ADDCON, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). The treatment period was split into two dietary phases: Phase 1: d0 to 7; Phase 2: d8 to 19, with a common phase 3, d20 to 35. Data was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Cary, NC.). Pigs fed the ZnO diet were significantly different from those fed control, C6C8C10 and R2 diets. Pigs fed ZnO had similar results to those fed carbadox and FORMI. (P<0.0001). Pigs fed C6C8C10 and R2 diets had significantly different results from those on the ZnO diet, while C6C8C10, R2 and FORMI were all similar to carbadox (P=0.012). ZnO outperformed the control, C6C8C10 and R2 diets. Feed intake of pigs fed Treatments C6:C8:C10 and FORMI were not significantly different from ZnO (P=0.012) for ADG for days 0 to 35. These results suggest that there were no significant differences in using the R2 or FORMI diets to replace Zinc Oxide or Carbadox for use in promoting growth in nursery pigs. Further research needs to be conducted on MCFA in nursery pigs
Modifications of membrane phospholipids in response to extended aging in pork loins
Get PDFMeat quality deterioration during the aging process could be partially caused by phospholipid oxidation. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate modifications of phospholipids in three different aging periods. In this study, Duroc sired crossbred pigs were processed at a commercial harvest facility in the Midwest. Loins from 20 carcasses were collected at one-day postmortem. Three chops containing the longissimus muscle were vacuum packaged and aged at 4 degree C. The three chops were aged for either 1, 8 or 21 days. The lipid was extracted from each sample using the Folch method and prepared for lipidomic analysis. The samples were taken to K-State Lipidomics Research Center where mass spectrophotometry was used to analyze phospholipid species (n=60). Total phospholipid quantity remained the same from day 1 to day 8 (P>.05). However, total phospholipid quantity decreased significantly from day 8 to day 21 (P<.05). All classes of phospholipid quantity decreased from aging 1 to 21 days (P<.05). There were significant changes in the molar percentage in three phospholipid classes: lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS). LPE molar percentage decreased significantly from day 8 to 21 (P<.05). PI and PS molar percentage increased significantly from day 1 to 21 (P<.05). The results indicated that PI and PS are more resistant to degradation in comparison to other phospholipid classes. In conclusion, our results confirm that phospholipids experience significant degradation throughout the aging process. Certain phospholipid classes like PI and PS are more resistant to degradation compared to other classes. More research on alterations of phospholipids during aging will help to shed light on shelf-life extension in pork
The effect of replacing soybean meal and dried distillers grains with corn gluten feed in Boer goat diets
Get PDFThere is minimal research on the dietary implications of corn co-products in small ruminants, especially in goats. This experiment was conducted to determine if corn gluten feed (CGF) could replace soybean meal (SBM) and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as a protein source in Boer-type goat diets. Seventy-five goats that were initially 26.9±.2kg and approximately 70 d of age were separated into 5 treatment groups with 5 replications. The experimental unit was pen. Treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous, but varied in protein source: 1) soybean meal; 2) 100% DDGS/0% CGF; 3) 66% DDGS/33% CGF; 4) 33% DDGS/66% CGF; 5) 0% DDGS/100% CGF. Average daily feed intake, average daily gain and feed to gain ratios were calculated every week over the 35-day experiment. The cost per pound of feed and pound of gain were calculated at the end of the experiment using the price of the feed ingredients as of March 28, 2019. Analysis was made using the Glimmix Procedure of SAS. There was no observable difference (P>.05), in all the measured data except the cost per goat (P=.0008) over the course of the 35 d experiment. Goats fed increasing amounts of CGF cost less to feed even though there was a quadratic increase in the amount of feed consumed in treatments containing increasing amounts of CGF (P=.038). In addition, cost per goat increased quadratically in treatments with increasing amounts of CGF (P=.049). However, this research found that CGF mixed with DDGS can replace SBM as a protein source with no observable effect on growth, while also being less expensive in maintenance situations
Microbiome of the mare and the foal at parturition
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to identify the microbial community in the meconium and to compare it to the microbiome of the mare’s placenta, milk, and feces at parturition. Six mares were used for this study. Mare fecal, milk, placental and foal meconium samples were collected at parturition. The mare and foal fecal matter were obtained by means of a rectal grab with a lubricated, sterile glove. Prior to nursing, a sample of the colostrum was taken after disinfecting the teats with an iodine solution. When the placenta was expelled from the mare, a sample was collected from the internal portion. All samples were frozen after collection until they were analyzed with Next Generation Sequencing techniques. The samples were run through a DNA extraction kit, followed by PCR, and then sequenced using Illumina Miseq. The sequencing data were analyzed using the QIIME bioinformatics pipeline. The foal meconium consisted of a unique microbial community that differs from the microbiome of the mare. In the meconium and placenta, the dominant phylum was Proteobacteria, however Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were also present within the microbial community at lesser relative abundancies. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia compromised the majority of the phyla in mare feces. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in milk. The mare feces were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in microbial diversity when compared with meconium, milk and placental samples. Meconium was greater (P < 0.05) in bacterial diversity than milk, however there was no difference in diversity between meconium and placental samples. In conclusion, the microbial community of the foal meconium shared taxa with both the mare fecal and placental samples. This indicates the possibility that microbes were transferred between the mare and the foal during gestation, however the timing and methods of transport remain unknown
Reviving Troost: Using Phytotechnology to Decontaminate Troost Avenue's Vacant lots
Get PDFCitation: Belk, A. (2018) How Hale helped me Revive Troost. Unpublished manuscript, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.Kirmser Undergraduate Research Award - Individual Freshman Category, grand prizeDr. Anne BeamishKansas City is a divided city, split along its north-south axis by Troost Avenue. Most African-American residents live on the east side of Troost, while on the west side are primarily white and upper-middle class residents. Troost Avenue was once an attractive and desirable place to have a business. Today, the street is run-down, with many vacant lots and buildings and exclusively serves as an artery of the local bus route. My aim is to find a way to improve Troost’s streetscape in an attempt to unify the city aesthetically and culturally. The question that drives this project is: What design interventions could bring Troost Avenue back to being an asset for the community? To answer this, I have done archival research at Kansas State University and the Kansas City Public Libraries to better understand the role of Troost Avenue in the past. I have also delved into the world of phytotechnology via the book Phyto: Principles and Resources for Site Remediation and Landscape Design. Phytotechnology is a design tool that uses vegetation to contain or prevent the movement of contaminants in soils, sediments and groundwater. With this information I am proposing a demonstration neighborhood park at the corner of Troost and Linwood to show how the existing vacant lots could be improved to better meet the expectations of the community. This entails documentation of the current conditions of the street and a proposed design for improvements
Policing in America: Abolish or Amerliorate
Get PDFCitation: St. Clair, Z. (2018) Policing in America: Abolish or Amerliorate. Unpublished manuscript, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.Kirmser Undergraduate Research Award - Individual Non-Freshman Category, honorable mentionDr. Cameron Leader-PiconeThis paper offers an exploration into the world of American police abolition and police reform. Through perspectives of community groups, criminology scholars and theorists, as well as criminological data, this paper presents a history of policing in America, an argument of the necessity of action in the realm of police reform or abolition, as well as a selection of possible policing alternatives which are in use across America currently. Sources for this work were compiled through various search engines within and outside of K-State Libraries, as well as through the use of K-State Libraries’ Interlibrary Loan. Featured texts range from leading books in the field of criminology, to the work of activist groups, to data compiled by the U.S. Government, to more culturally and less-academically oriented texts such as various reporting features and interviews
Self-regulation of wealth
Get PDFDoctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Human Ecology-Personal Financial PlanningSonya L. BrittThe purpose of this study was to determine the influence of self-regulation on positive financial behaviors and bankruptcy filings of high net worth individuals. The implications are directed toward various groups and factions of high net worth individuals as populations of interest. The basic premise of self-regulation of behavior theory is that human action is driven by attainment of goals and the degrees and forms of behavior expressed by an individual can be quantified by specific personality characteristics which affect both the response to, and velocity toward, those goals (Carver & Scheier, 1998). A survey administered to high net worth individuals (i.e., net worth of $1 million or greater) with a oversampling of high net worth individuals who have filed bankruptcy focused on self-reporting personality measures key to the self-regulation of behavior theory, such as optimism-pessimism and appetitive motives. By utilizing data gathered from high net worth individuals, a t test was used to examine mean differences in the personality characteristics of high net worth individuals who have filed bankruptcy and high net worth individuals who have not filed bankruptcy. The debt-to-income and debt-to-assets ratios were utilized as the dependent variables in an OLS regression analysis to analyze if any of the variables of interest significantly influenced the debt-to-income ratio, or DTI, or debt-to-assets ratio, or debt-ratio. This was followed by a logistic regression analysis predicting the odds of a bankruptcy filing based on the variables of interest. Potential differences in personality and behavior may explain wealth management issues that exist between high net worth individuals who have filed bankruptcy and high net worth individuals who have not filed bankruptcy
Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of Rocks: An Experimental Investigation
Get PDFCitation: Fernando, P., Zhang, M., & Pei, Z. (2018). Rotary ultrasonic machining of rocks: An experimental investigation. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 10(3), 168781401876317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814018763178Rock drilling is widely used to explore and mine energy resources. It has also been used to extract samples to study the earth’s geological composition and topography and to explore different planets. Percussive drilling is, as of right now, the most commonly used rock drilling method. Due to the high hardness and abrasiveness of rock, tool wear in rock drilling is severe, thus limiting its penetration rate and resulting in high cost. Therefore, it is crucial to develop more costeffective rock drilling processes. Rotary ultrasonic machining has been used to drill many materials including metal alloys, ceramics, and composites, and its cost advantages have been demonstrated in many previous studies. This article presents the first experimental investigation of rotary ultrasonic machining of rocks. Three types of rocks (basalt, marble, and travertine) were used. Six input variables (tool rotation speed, feedrate, ultrasonic power, abrasive size, abrasive concentration, and drill bit diameter) were examined and two output variables (cutting force and surface roughness) were measured. Results indicate that rotary ultrasonic machining can drill holes of high quality on rocks of different hardness with a much lower cutting force and at a penetration rate of approximately three times faster than percussive drilling
Reduced Translocation of Glyphosate and Dicamba in Combination Contributes to Poor Control of Kochia scoparia: Evidence of Herbicide Antagonism
Get PDFCitation: Ou, Junjun, Curtis R. Thompson, Phillip W. Stahlman, Nicholas Bloedow, and Mithila Jugulam. “Reduced Translocation of Glyphosate and Dicamba in Combination Contributes to Poor Control of Kochia Scoparia : Evidence of Herbicide Antagonism.” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23742-3.Kochia scoparia is a troublesome weed across the Great Plains of North America. Glyphosate and dicamba have been used for decades to control K. scoparia. Due to extensive selection, glyphosate- and dicamba-resistant (GDR) K. scoparia have evolved in the USA. Herbicide mixtures are routinely used to improve weed control. Herbicide interactions if result in an antagonistic effect can significantly affect the management of weeds, such as K. scoparia. To uncover the interaction of glyphosate and dicamba when applied in combination in K. scoparia management the efficacies of different doses of glyphosate plus dicamba were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions using GDR and a known glyphosate- and dicamba-susceptible (GDS) K. scoparia. The results of greenhouse and field studies suggest that the combination of glyphosate and dicamba application controlled GDS, but glyphosate alone provided a better control of GDR K. scoparia compared to glyphosate plus dicamba combinations. Furthermore, investigation of the basis of this response suggested glyphosate and dicamba interact antagonistically and consequently, the translocation of both herbicides was significantly reduced resulting in poor control of K. scoparia. Therefore, a combination of glyphosate plus dicamba may not be a viable option to control GDR K. scoparia