International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF COMPRESSOR ENCLOSURE WITH PYRAMID ACCOUSTIC FOAM
Get PDFThis study investigates the performance of compressor enclosures for noise absorption, reverberation, and machine ventilation to ensure a safe and healthy working environment for people. The Multi pro air compressor model BC 150 DMBW 1.5 HP is placed in an enclosure made of wood board, and for absorbing material, use 6 cm thick polyurethane pyramid foam. A fan with a flow rate of 280 CMH is used as a cooling medium and will operate simultaneously with the compressor operation. Flow Air Delivery (FAD) of the compressor is 126 L/min. The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) value is determined using a sound level meter before and after the compressor uses the enclosure. In addition, the enclosure's room temperature is recorded within 30 minutes of operation to determine whether there is a significant increase in heat to ensure that the enclosure for this compressor is still within safe limits. Based on the test results, it is known that after a 30-minute operation, the temperature rises from 29 OC to 65 OC in the inlet on the enclosure with the fan off, and the temperature rises from 29 OC to 51 OC on the enclosure with the fan on. While from the results of measuring the sound noise level, taken at a distance of 1 meter outside the enclosure, there is no significant difference, with or without using a fan, the decrease in sound noise level is only about 10 dB, which is 84 dB before using the enclosure, to 74 dB after using the enclosure. So, it can be concluded that the use of fans as coolers is quite effective in maintaining the temperature of the enclosure space when compared to natural cooling through ventilation, but the use of enclosures using pyramid foam material is not effective for reducing the noise level produced by the compressor when operating
ADVANCING ENERGY CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE BUILDING PRACTICES THROUGH COMPREHENSIVE THERMAL-COOLING LOAD ANALYSIS IN AIRPORT BUILDING
Get PDFThe global discussion on conserving energy's importance has persisted, paralleling the surge in energy use over two decades. This rise presents challenges for local energy supply to diverse buildings. Designing energy-efficient buildings has become crucial in reducing energy usage and promoting sustainability. This research comprehensively analyzed and assessed thermal-cooling loads within an airport building using Panasonic software. The investigation primarily focuses on evaluating cooling load and thermal dynamics within the airport facility, emphasizing enhancing energy efficiency, and ensuring thermal comfort. Additionally, duct sizing design was conducted to achieve a comprehensive HVAC installation. From the result of the investigation, it was found that the highest Cooling Load at the airport occurs at 4:00 PM, aligning with the peak temperature resulting from heat transmitted into the building, reaching 263,591 Watts for the Airport Lounge and 82,202 Watts for the Luggage Room. Building energy management must be undertaken to minimize the energy consumption during that period. By thoroughly examining thermal-cooling loads within an airport building, this research contributes to decision-making for designing and operating HVAC systems, thereby advancing sustainable building practices
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PANDAS PROFILING AS A TOOL FOR ANALYZING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DATA OF NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOYS BASED ON ALLOY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloys with variations in alloy chemical compositions using the Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) method with the assistance of the pandas profiling library on Google Colab. In this study, data from 312 tensile tests of nickel-based superalloys were used as research samples, with alloy chemical compositions including carbon (C), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), nitrogen (N), niobium (Nb), cobalt (Co), tungsten (W), aluminum (Al), and titanium (Ti), as well as mechanical properties such as yield strength (YS), tensile strength (TS), and elongation (EL). The methodology used in this study was the EDA method with the assistance of the pandas profiling library on Google Colab, which enables the automatic creation of a dataset report, presenting information on various aspects such as data structure, descriptive statistics, correlation, distribution, and missing values. The results show that yield strength has a fairly high correlation with titanium (0.51), medium correlations with nickel (0.25), vanadium (0.2), and cobalt (0.2). Tensile strength in nickel-based superalloys has a fairly high correlation with yield strength (0.88), carbon (0.49), and cobalt (0.55), and medium correlations with titanium (0.25) and vanadium (0.25). Elongation in nickel-based superalloys has a negative and fairly high correlation with tensile strength (-0.62) and yield strength (-0.58). Some warnings for missing data and zero values in some variables were identified. These results indicate that the pandas profiling library can be used as a tool to analyze the data of mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloys quickly and easily, and provide clear information on data patterns, data structure, and correlation among data
COMPARATIVE STUDY USING LOW COST ACETIC AND SULFURIC ACIDS ON ROASTING AND PEROXIDE FOR LEACHING PROCESS TO EXTRACT PB FROM GALENA
Get PDFExtraction of heavy metals from mineral concentrate applying leaching acids is a major issue due to simple, fast, and economical process. This article aims to present the application of acetic acid and sulfuric acid for lead (Pb) extraction from galena concentrate applying roasting (600oC and 60 min.) and peroxide oxidant (0.5 M) for 60 min. leaching process. Nowadays, lead has been broadly applied for batteries, besides for PVC tubes, chemicals, paint color, and alloys for joint. The peroxide increases the percentage of Pb extraction. This study shows the effect of acid concentrations (1.0 M, 1.5 M, and 2.0 M), temperatures (30, 50, and 70oC), and stirring speed (200, 400, and 600 rpm) on Pb extraction from galena. A particle size of galena ≤ 200 mesh after roasting has been used for leaching process. AAS has been used to determine Pb concentration in solution after leaching process. This study shows that acetic acid is a better leaching agent rather than sulfuric acid due to lead sulfate precipitation. Optimization result shows leaching with acetic acid achieved 35.64 ppm Pb extraction using 2.0 M acetic acid, 50oC, and stirring speed of 200 rpm. This study used low-cost acids as leaching agent for Pb recovery that can be viewed as a preliminary breakthrough in heavy metal recovery. The simple leaching technique looks promising for future application on heavy metal separation from mining mineral
MATERIAL SELECTION OF PROPOSED AIR RECEIVER TANK APPLIED FOR ELECTRICAL GENERATOR
Get PDFAir receiver tank in electrical generator used as pressured air vessel is mainly consisted of shell cylinder and head part. This work has searched for the more suitable material to be used for the shell and head of the proposed air receiver tank because the older material (SPV 355) has some limitations. This study has been conducted based on several parameters in standard references. The calculations have applied relevant technical formulas such as corrosion factor, thickness design, and Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP). There are three types of selected materials available that are expected to yield similar previous condition parameters addressing to operational pressure 10 bar and temperature 40oC, i.e., SA-36 (Type I), SA-516 Gr 70 (Type II), and SS-304 (Type III). The economic factor is also taken into consideration. Considering the economic cost and mechanical characteristics, finally the material of Type II is selected to be the most appropriate material to replace SPV 355 material for the proposed air receiver tank. In the upcoming, this study is useful for the knowledge of material design
ANALYSIS OF OIL ABSORPTION AND FRICTION COEFFICIENT OF BAMBOO POWDER, COCONUT POWDER, GLASS POWDER, AND COPPER POWDER COMPOSITES FOR CLUTCH PADS
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the characteristics of the absorption test with SAE 10W-30 and the friction coefficient test with the ASTM D 3702-94 test standard on composite clutch pads made from bamboo powder, coconut powder, glass powder, and copper powder. It is based on the considerations that there are abundance of natural resources of bamboo and coconut with that is still not optimally utilized as well as the discovery of several hazardous clutch lining (asbestos) basic material properties. In each test, each composition variation was tested 3 times and from the data, the average value of the composition variation was taken. Based on this research, the specimen with the highest oil absorption value is specimen combination 3 (BB20KL20CU0KC20) with an absorption value of 17.98% and the specimen with the lowest absorption value is specimen combination 2 (BB20KL20CU5KC15) with an absorption value of 4.88%, and the specimen with the highest percentage change in volume is specimen combination 1 (BB20KL20CU10KC10) with a percentage of 3.30%, and the specimen with the lowest percentage change in volume is specimen combination 2 (BB20KL20CU5KC15) with a percentage of 1.01%. From the results of the combined friction coefficient test, specimen 3 (BB20KL20CU0KC20) has the highest friction coefficient value of 0.54526 and specimen 2 (BB20KL20CU5KC15) has the lowest friction coefficient value of 0.16923
THE EFFECT OF ADDITION GREEN INHIBITOR D-GALACTOSE ON CORROSION RATE OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 5052 IN SULFURIC ACID (H2SO4) MEDIA
Get PDFAluminum alloy 5052 (Al5052) is one of the metals used as a bipolar plate in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) due to has its light mass and being easy to form, and, has high conductivity and resistivity properties. This material is prone to corrosion and current knowledge to protect its surface is currently lacking. The product of PEMFC produces electrical energy, hot steam (313 – 353 K), and water. These conditions have an impact on the degraded bipolar plate caused by the acidic nafion membrane. This increases the risk of corrosion on the cathode side of the bipolar plate. Coating with a green inhibitor using the electrophoretic deposition technique (EPD) is one way to deal with the corrosion that occurs. The analysis method used electrochemical with potentiodynamic polarization techniques, electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In this study, green inhibitor D-galactose was used with a concentration of 0.5 – 1.5 g and an, EPD time of 15 – 45 minutes in 0.5 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) media pH 1-4. Potentiodynamic polarization analysis at the lowest corrosion current value (Icorr) at demonstrates (the inhibitor concentration of 1.5 g with an and EPD time of 45 minutes) resulted corrosion rate of Al5052 before EPD was 0.0075 mmPY while the corrosion rate of Al5052 after EPD was 0.0041 mmPY with (inhibitors efficiency 45.2%). The FTIR spectrum, broad peak appeared in the range of 3000-3600 cm-1, which refers to the formation of hydrogen bonding of hydroxyl group. Methyl group of D-galactose also appear on 2918 cm-1 and 2850 cm-1 which attributed to =CH2 asymmetric stretch and −CH3 symmetric stretch, respectively. Carbonyl group on 1500 – 1700 cm-1 represent C=O bond of amide, and aldehyde. Peak 1097 – 1035 cm-1 which attributed to C-O were connected to the secondary and primary alcohols. The resistance value for Al5052 before and after EPD are 1.2 kΩ/cm2 after and 2.2 kΩ/cm2, respectively. Here we find that the resistance increases with the increasing concentration and time of EPD. The results cross section Al5052 within average 29.8 μm, and morphology with SEM Al5052 before EPD showed pitting corrosion. On the other hand, the image of Al5052 inhibitor coating 1.5 gr with EPD of 45 minutes shows a smooth surface and visible black lumps, suggesting Al5052 is successfully reduced a corrosion rate by the D-galactose. Our simple and robust method inferred a protection route towards a viable and physically stable green inhibitors
PLANNING AND FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A HYBRID SOLAR POWER PLANT WITH AN ADDED AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH (ATS) FOR AN OFFICE BUILDING
Get PDFThe Office of the Regent of Sidenreng Rappang (Sidrap), situated on Harapan Baru Street, Batu Lappa, Watang Pulu District, Sidrap Regency, South Sulawesi, consumes 200 kWh of electricity daily for lighting, resulting in substantial energy costs. Recognizing the potential for renewable energy, especially with a daily solar radiation potential of 5.8 kWh/m2, this study proposes the implementation of a hybrid solar power plant system. The system incorporates Photovoltaic (PV) as the primary energy source, with the Grid and Generator serving as backup sources through an AC Coupling configuration utilizing Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS). The research employs a simulation approach using HOMER Pro software for system modeling, SketchUp software for solar panel layout, AutoCAD software for ATS circuit modeling, and theoretical calculations for financial analysis. The results indicate a solar power plant capacity of 39.6 kW, producing 75,701 kWh/year with an impressive 83.3% renewable penetration. From an economic standpoint, the project requires an investment of IDR 642,714,960, with a net present cost of IDR 1,573,177,823, and a cost of energy value of IDR 1,401.38/kWh. In terms of feasibility, the project demonstrates a net present value exceeding zero (IDR 216,680,041), a profitability index greater than one (1.33), an internal rate of return surpassing the credit interest rate (12.488%), and a payback period of 7 years and 7 months. These findings affirm the feasibility of the hybrid solar power plant planning project for the Sidrap Regent's Office, showcasing its economic viability and potential for sustainable energy solutions
MORPHOLOGICAL AND PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND-COMPOSITE CEMENTS WITH CLASS C FLY ASH
Get PDFPortland-composite cements (PCC) were prepared with partial substitution of 5 to 25% of class C fly ash, obtained from East Java steam power plant. Properties of the composite cements was evaluated, through the setting time (initial and final) and compressive strength (3, 7, and 28 days) compared with control PCC. Setting time is retarded in Portland-composite cements with higher fly ash content. The retardation is highest in PCC with substitution of 25% fly ash. Lower compressive strength is obtained after 3 and 7 days of curing for PCC with 5-25% fly ash substitution in comparison with control cement, since pozzolanic reaction still did not show its effect. After 28 days, compressive strength was higher than that for control cement because pozzolanic reaction show its effect, highlighted by compressive strength increase of PCC substituted by 5% and 10% fly ash, 16.48 MPa and 16.52 MPa, respectively. This attributed to the differences in the pozzolanic activity of the applied fly ash. The compressive strength increase was explained by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), which shows that PCC with substitution of 10% fly ash had more Tobermorite presented compared to control cement
COMPARISON OF THE DRYER AIR INLET POSITION ON THE SPRAY DRYER WITH A DOUBLE CONDENSER TO PRODUCE A ROTATING FLOW THROUGHOUT THE DRYING CHAMBER: CFD ANALYSIS
Get PDFSimulation of the drying air and the spray of liquid in the spray dryer chamber with Discrete Phase Material (DPM) and Discrete Random Walk (DRW) was presented in this study using CFD methods to analyze the drying liquid. The main problem in spray drying is the adhesion of the material to the drying chamber walls, which causes uneven drying material. This adhesion can slow down the drying process and reduce productivity. The design of the drying air inlet into the drying chamber becomes essential to research. Variations in the position of the drying air inlet into the drying chamber are carried out in the 3D spray dryer room to see the mechanism of the centrifugal velocity of the drying airflow, which can improve uniform mixing with flow resistance due to friction with small walls and the drying air velocity. This phenomenon is impossible to observe in experiments. A geometric model consisting of 1,054,000 hexa-mesh elements at the area around the nozzle, the top spot of the chamber and the remaining area covered with a tetrahedral mesh, was determined to predict velocity, temperature, and fluid flow behavior. The first position, the dryer air inlet, is at an angle from the diameter of the spray drying chamber. The second position is in the middle of the diameter of the drying chamber. The position of the first inlet produces a more even temperature contour with a more tangential velocity due to the small frictional resistance with the walls. At the same time, the second position is not recommended because the flow leads to one side of the wall and creates sticking and even material buildup. A double-heated condenser can dry air at moderate temperatures, and it is a very effective drying product— positioning the dryer air inlet into the drying chamber, achieving the economical production of high-quality products
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