Journal Service - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
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Religionsfreiheit im Beruf
No full textDie (positive wie negative) Religionsfreiheit des Individuums birgt Potential, im beruflichen Umfeld Konflikte zu entfachen. Diese Konfliktfelder sowohl im Verhältnis zu staatlichen als auch privaten Arbeitgebern und den Sonderfall der kirchlichen Arbeitgeber sucht dieser Beitrag überblicksartig zu beleuchten. Ein besonderes Augenmerk gilt der (zum Teil nicht unproblematischen) Rechtsprechung des EuGH, die sich auch aufgrund in der Sache noch nicht abgeschlossener Verfahren aktuell noch in einem Prozess der Fortentwicklung befindet. Dabei hat dieser Beitrag den Anspruch, einen Überblick über die mitunter tiefgehenden Problemfelder zu geben
Reflections on the Legality of Attacks Against the Natural Environment by Way of Reprisals
No full textThe paper examines the concept of belligerent reprisals and assesses the legality of attacking the environment by way of reprisals. The law of belligerent reprisals, which is linked to the principle of reciprocity, allows one belligerent State unlawfully injured by another to react by means of what under normal circumstances would constitute a violation of the jus in bello, so as to induce the violating State to comply with the law. The instances of lawful recourse to reprisals have been considerably limited, since their application is either explicitly prohibited against certain protected persons and objects, including against the natural environment, or is subject to stringent conditions according to customary International Humanitarian Law (IHL).
Despite its narrowing scope, the doctrine of reprisals remains a valid concept under the existing legal framework. For one, the state of affairs under customary international law with respect to reprisals directed at civilian objects (including against parts of the environment), subject to certain rigorous conditions, remains unclear. To complicate matters even further, any proposition on the status of reprisals in the context of a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) is shrouded in controversy, as there is no relevant treaty provision. In this regard, the present author endorses the approach espoused in the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Study on Customary IHL, namely to altogether prohibit resort to reprisals in the context of a NIAC.
Turning to the status of reprisals against the natural environment under customary IHL, it is argued that a prohibition of attacks against the natural environment by way of reprisals is in the process of formation with respect to the use of weapons other than nuclear ones. All things considered, the International Law Commission (ILC) was confronted with an uncomfortable situation in the context of its work on the ‘Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts’. By sticking to the verbatim reproduction of Article 55(2) of Additional Protocol I, the ILC chose the proper course of action, since any other formulation would not only undercut a significant treaty provision, but might also result in the normative standard of conduct being lowered
Through the Looking Glass: Corporate Actors and Environmental Harm Beyond the ILC
No full textCorporate activities take place in a variety of social contexts, including in countries affected by armed conflict. Whether corporations are physically present in these regions or merely do business with partners from conflict zones, there is an increased risk that their activities contribute to egregious human rights abuses or serious environmental harm. This is especially so for corporations active in or relying on the extractives sector. It is against this background that the ILC included two principles addressing corporate responsibility for environmental harm in its Draft Principles on the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict. Both principles explicitly call on the home States of these corporations to give effect to their complementary role in regulating and enforcing corporate social responsibility. Draft Principle 10 addresses the responsibility of home States to regulate multinational corporations under the heading of “corporate due diligence”, while Draft Principle 11 addresses the responsibility of home States to hold multinational corporations liable for environmental damage caused in conflict zones. The current contribution engages with the potential normative foundations underpinning extraterritorial responsibilities for the home States of multinational corporations with respect to the prevention and remediation of environmental harm in conflict zones, focusing on international humanitarian law and international human rights law. It concludes that the Draft Principles are certainly indicative of the direction in which the law is evolving, but that no firm obligations beyond treaty law can be discerned as of yet. It was therefore a wise decision to phrase the respective Draft Principles as recommendations instead of obligations. At the same time, there are sufficient indications to conclude that it seems a matter of time before it is accepted that States have distinct obligations under customary international law for which their responsibility may be engaged. It is argued that the ILC Draft Principles provide an important impetus to these developments, not in the least because they provide a reference to States regarding the state-of-the-art and guidance for future action
Musical Dancers and Dancing Musicians, Who’s in Charge? Choreomusical Analysis of pols Performances in Haltdalen, Norway
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JSTOR link to article (restricted access) https://www.jstor.org/stable/2697025
Introduction: Choreomusical Perspectives
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JSTOR link to article (restricted access) https://www.jstor.org/stable/2697025
»Rassenhygiene« im »Dritten Reich« – spezifisch nationalsozialistisches Unrecht?
No full textDer nachfolgende Beitrag behandelt – unter Einbettung in
den nationalen und internationalen Kontext – die »rassenhygienische « Sterilisations- und Familiengesetzgebung im Nationalsozialismus. Zentrale Forschungsfrage ist dabei, ob es sich bei den Maßnahmen tatsächlich um NS-spezifisches Unrecht handelte oder ob sich die »Rassenhygiene« im NS, insbesondere mit Blick auf internationale Ausprägungen, als Konzept gängiger Bevölkerungspolitik zu jener Zeit darstellte. Die dem Beitrag zugrundeliegende Studienarbeit wurde mit dem Nachwuchspreis für die beste studentische Arbeit an der hiesigen Juristischen Fakultät im Fach Rechtsgeschichte während des Sommersemesters 2019 von der Göttinger Vereinigung zur Pflege der Rechtsgeschichte e. V. ausgezeichnet
Ein »für immer und ewig« von kurzer Dauer: Fallbearbeitung im Strafrecht für Anfänger
No full textDiese Fallbearbeitung befasst sich mit Körperverletzungs-
und Tötungsdelikten sowie mit Problemen des allgemeinen Teils des Strafrechts. Schwerpunkte stellen insbesondere Versuchsund Unterlassungsdelikte, die objektive Zurechnung und die Abgrenzung von Täterschaft und Teilnahme dar
Protecting Protected Areas in Bello: Learning From Institutional Design and Conflict Resilience in the Greater Virunga and Kidepo Landscapes
No full textIt has often been cited that major armed conflicts (>1,000 casualties) afflicted two-thirds (23) of the world’s recognized biodiversity hotspots between 1950 and 2000.1 In 2011, the International Law Commission (ILC) included in its long-term work program Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflict.2 This led to the adoption of twenty-eight Draft Principles, including designation of protected zones where attacks against the environment are prohibited during armed conflict.3 Protected zone designations apply to places of major environmental and cultural importance, requiring that they “[...] shall be protected against any attack, as long as it does not contain a military objective.”4 Most research on armed conflict and protected areas has focused on impacts to wildlife and less on how to protect these natural habitats from the ravages of armed conflict.5
This article highlights some of the gaps in the ILC Draft Principles towards protecting protected zones in bello. It uses transboundary protected areas (TBPAs) formalized through multilateral agreements to illustrate challenges on the ground. TBPAs are internationally designated “[...] protected areas that are ecologically connected across one or more international boundaries [...]” and sometimes even established for their promotion of peace (i.e., Parks for Peace).6 There is little legal research on how to design TBPA agreements for conflict resilience, conflict sensitivity, and ultimately positive peace.7 The research draws from two case studies in Africa’s Great Rift Valley: the Greater Virunga Landscape (GVL) between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Rwanda, and Uganda, and the Kidepo Landscape, which forms part of the broader Landscapes for Peace initiative between South Sudan and Uganda. Both suffer from armed conflicts of various types and present two of the only TBPAs in the world that have incorporated environmental peacebuilding into their transboundary agreements.8 The case studies illustrate different approaches to TBPA design and the pros and cons of each modality in the context of conflict resilience and conflict sensitivity. This guides us on how to better protect protected areas in bello, ensuring that protected zones endure on the ground and not just in principle.1 T. Hanson et al., ‘Warfare in Biodiversity Hotspots’, 23 Conservation Biology (2009) 3, 578, 578.2 Report of the International Law Commission to the Sixty-Third Session, UN Doc A/66/10, 2011, 289.3 ILC, Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts, Text and Titles of the Draft Principles Provisionally Adopted by the Drafting Committee on First Reading, UN Doc A/CN.4/L.937, 6 June 2019, Draft Principle 4.4 Report of the International Law Commission to the Seventy-First Session, UN Doc A/74/10, 2019, 213.5 A. J. Plumptre, ‘Lessons Learned from On-the-Ground Conservation in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo’, 16 Journal of Sustainable Forestry (2003) 3-4, 69-88; J. H. Daskin & R. M. Pringle, ‘Warfare and Wildlife Declines in Africa’s Protected Areas’, 553 Nature (2018) 7688, 328-336; J. P. Dudley et al., ‘Effects of War and Civil Strife on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitats’, 16 Conservation Biology (2002) 2, 319-329.6 M. Vasilijević et al., Transboundary Conservation: A Systematic and Integrated Approach (2015), available at https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/PAG-023.pdf (last visited 17 March 2020).7 E. C. Hsiao, ‘Missing Peace: Why Transboundary Conservation Areas Are Not Resolving Conflicts’, News Security Beat (19 February 2019), available at https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2019/02/missing-peace-transboundary-conservation-areas-resolving-conflicts/ (last visited 17 March 2020).8 E. C. Hsiao, Protecting Places for Nature, People, and Peace: A Critical Socio-Legal Review of Transboundary Conservation Areas (2018), available at https://hdl.handle.net/2429/67561 (last visited 17 March 2020)
Preventing a Warming War: Protection of the Environment and Reducing Climate Conflict Risk as a Challenge of International Law
No full textGlobal warming poses serious risks to the environment, communities, and international peace and security. Significant concerns have been raised that, in the case of climate policy failures, the world may enter a Warming War, threatening the future viability of the planet and its life-sustaining ecosystems. While the regime of treaties and agreements governing climate change acknowledges the science and threats posed by global warming, it is not well positioned to constrain the securitization of climate change. A function of international law is to prevent armed conflict by resolving disputes through the judicial application of principles and norms governing relations between States. However, to date, it has been ineffective in addressing the impacts of climate change on armed conflict, because the treaties applicable to climate change fail to provide preventative, enforcement, and dispute resolution mechanisms. It is time for international law to establish judicial bodies with jurisdiction for conflict resolution and response capacities in the pre-phase to a Warming War. The challenge is to develop soft security measures to avoid climate conflict risks turning violent and becoming a hard security issue, attracting the use of force by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The establishment of an International Court for the Environment (ICE) is proposed as an entity that could enforce legally binding norms and resolve climate-induced disputes, opening an avenue for stakeholders to bring climate loss and damage cases to court. Aside from the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) to limit global warming, and the establishment of new legal regimes, alternative actions can be undertaken to protect the environment and communities, by mitigating climate-related risks. There is growing discourse surrounding climate change as a threat multiplier, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities. In the pre-phase to conflict, there is an urgent need to identify these vulnerabilities and their levels of influence on the compound effects of climate and conflict risks
Die Zulässigkeit wirtschaftlicher Betätigung der Gemeinden – Ist die Schrankentrias des § 136 I 2 NKomVG tatsächlich Schranke?
No full textDer Beitrag beleuchtet die Voraussetzungen, die insbesondere das Kommunalrecht an die wirtschaftliche Betätigung von Gemeinden stellt. Dabei wird vor allem die (durchaus prüfungsrelevante) Schrankentrias des § 136 I 2 NKomVG in den Blick genommen. Der Befund der jetzigen Rechtslage führt – auch rechtsvergleichend – zu Vorschlägen, wie die Schrankentrias de lege ferenda ihrer Bedeutung und ihrem Zweck nachkommen kann