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Theoretical analysis of sharing economy factors in Russia and Brazil
No full textThis paper examines the sharing economy as an advanced model of interaction between economic agents that helps them mitigate resource constraints and rapidly meet producers’ and consumers’ needs in the face of new challenges. We found the benefits of collaborative consumption, or sharing, to be largely determined by the level of trust in society, development of technological base and adaptation of legal framework to digital transformation of the national economy. Based on the evidence from Russia and Brazil, we classify the factors that determine the sharing economy development and identify effective instruments of regulating sharing relations. The results indicate that regulatory “sandboxes” appear to be most appropriate as they allow participants to test innovations of substantial public importance that lie outside the scope of existing legislative norms
Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal new species and records of Fusarium (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales) from China
No full textSpecies of Fusarium are important phytopathogens, saprobes, and endophytes around the world. Some species can affect plant health and cause yield loss of economic plants. Fusarium species are widely distributed in China, and many species were found from different plant hosts. The Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) is one of the most significant species complexes within the genus. Based on morphological and three-gene (cal, rpb2, and tef1) phylogenetic analyses, two new species are in the Incarnatum clade, and two new host records are identified and described, viz. Fusarium fici sp. nov., Fusarium xylosmatis sp. nov., Fusarium fecundum, and Fusarium weifangense
Re-description, systematics and complete mitochondrial genome of Philhelius coreanus (Shiraki, 1930) (Diptera, Syrphidae) in the Republic of Korea
No full textThe hoverfly Philhelius coreanus (Shiraki, 1930) was first described, based on only Korean male specimens and subsequent descriptions of the female from Russia did not include discussions of phenotypic variation. Furthermore, full-length mitochondrial genome sequences for the genus are lacking.To address these gaps, we here provide a diagnosis, re-description and mitochondrial genome of Philhelius coreanus (Shiraki, 1930). We evaluated genitalic characters of both males and females with colour photographs and they showed intraspecific variation. There was significant variation in the yellow spots on the pleuron, particularly in females. After obtaining the complete mitochondrial genome of P. coreanus, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using Maximum Likelihood, based on 13 protein-coding genes, with a focus on relationships within the tribe Syrphini. Our results supported the monophyly of Syrphini, showing a sister-group relationship between Philhelius and Doros Meigen, 1822. Furthermore, the Philhelius + Doros clade was closely related to the Chrysotoxum + Dideopsis clade, with relatively high support. The newly-obtained mitochondrial genome of P. coreanus and high-resolution phylogenetic analysis provide essential resources for further analyses of the genus and relationships within Syrphini
Species inventory and morphological traits of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) and ants (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in northern Ghana
No full textAgricultural expansion, a leading driver of biodiversity loss, has widespread effects on ecosystem services, particularly in tropical regions. In West Africa, the impact of intensified agriculture on local biodiversity – especially predator and decomposer species like spiders and ants – is understudied. This study in northern Ghana examines the species diversity and functional traits of spiders and ants in human-transformed mango orchards and pristine savanna, aiming to compare the biodiversity of intensively managed agroecosystems and the extensively managed natural habitats. Insights will aid in estimating the effort needed to promote diversity through agroecological practices in mango orchards.In this data paper, we publish the baseline checklist and morphological traits of spiders (Araneae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with mango orchards and forest savannas located in northern Ghana. In total, we collected 64 species (including 29 unidentified morphospecies) of spiders and 64 species (including 24 unidentified morphospecies) of ants. Of these, almost all spider species and nine ant species were new records for Ghana, while many of the morphospecies could potentially be undescribed new species to science. In addition, we collected six morphological traits for spiders: total body length, prosoma length, prosoma width, prosoma height, tibia I (leg) length, and fang length; and four traits for ants: total body length, head length, scape length, and eye distance
Comparative morphological analysis of mature larvae of eight Vespa Linnaeus, 1758 species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in South Korea
No full textThe social wasp genus Vespa, encompassing insects commonly referred to as hornets, consists of 22 species that are predominantly distributed across the Palearctic and Indomalayan regions. These harmful pests, often spread through trade, pose risks to public health. Hornet larvae undergo development within the protected environment of nests. Hence, they may exhibit more conserved characteristics than adults, which face direct selection pressure. To date, larval morphology has been studied in only approximately half of the 22 known hornet species, and in-depth comparative research on species within the genus Vespa is scarce. In South Korea, comprehensive descriptions and identification keys for the eight reported species and two subspecies are lacking. To address this gap, this study aimed to provide morphological descriptions and identification characteristics of mature larvae from eight Vespa species in South Korea. Between 2021 and 2024, larvae were collected from nests across South Korea. The larvae were observed under scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and stereo microscopy to evaluate various morphological characteristics. Results indicated that distinguishing hornet larvae morphologically from larvae of other taxonomic groups is challenging. Specifically, no significant morphological differences were noted between V. velutina nigrithorax and V. simillima simillima. The lack of distinctive morphological features in larvae complicates taxonomic identification, making it more challenging compared to the identification of adult specimens
Morphological and molecular identification for two new wood-inhabiting species of Botryobasidium (Basidiomycota) from China
No full textThe wood-inhabiting fungi refer to large basidiomycetes that grow on various woody materials and are distributed in various forest ecosystems, some of which have important economic value. In the present study, two new resupinate, adnate, wood-inhabiting fungal taxa, Botryobasidium latihyphum and B. zhejiangensis, are introduced based on morphological and molecular characteristics. A molecular phylogenetic study based on sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the large subunit (nLSU) regions supported the two new species in the genus Botryobasidium. Maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian inference (BIBI) were employed to perform phylogenetic analyses of these datasets. The new species B. latihyphum is characterized by its cream hymenial surface when fresh, olivaceous buff when dry, a monomitic hyphal system with clamp connections, the presence of clavate to tubular cystidia, basidia with six sterigmata, and broadly oval basidiospores measuring 7.9–10.2 × 3.2–4.3 μm. Botryobasidium zhejiangensis sp. nov. is characterized by its white to buff-yellow hymenial surface when fresh, cream when dry, a monomitic hyphal system with clamp connections, lacking cystidia, basidia with six sterigmata, and broadly navicular basidiospores measuring 7.9–9.2 × 2.6–3.4 μm. The phylogenetic result inferred from ITS + nLSU sequence data revealed that B. latihyphum is closely related to B. vagum, B. laeve, B. subincanum, and B. incanum, while B. zhejiangensis is closely related to B. leptocystidiatum, B. subcoronatum, B. xizangense, and B. intertextum
MANGF: a reference library of DNA barcodes for Mantodea from French Guiana (Insecta, Dictyoptera)
No full textMantodea plays a special role in the food chain as a group charismatic generalist predators. They regulate invertebrate populations while themselves being prey for many larger animals such as reptiles and birds. The present study focuses on Fench Guiana where about 78 species are known within eight families. This diversity represents a challenge for specimen identification.The MANGF project aims at developing a DNA metabarcoding approach to facilitate and enhance the monitoring of mantises as indicators in ecological studies. As a first step towards that goal, we assembled a library of DNA barcodes using the standard genetic marker for animals, i.e. a portion of the COI mitochondrial gene. In the present contribution, we release a library including 425 records representing 68 species in eight different families. Species were identified by expert taxonomists and each record is linked to a voucher specimen to enable future morphological examination. We also highlight and briefly discuss cases of low interspecific divergences, as well as cases of high intraspecific divergences that might represent cases of overlooked or cryptic diversity
New distribution records of Gomphrena fuscipellita T. Ortuño & T. Borsch (Amaranthaceae): a rare endemic from Bolivia
No full textWe report on Gomphrena fuscipellita T. Ortuño & T. Borsch, a species endemic to Bolivia’s dry valleys. This species was initially described from a type specimen collected in 2005 in Cochabamba (Mizque Province) and an additional sample from Potosí (Charcas Province). However, after two decades, the species has been documented further across southern Bolivia. This study provides an updated geographical distribution, micro‑morphological trichome descriptions, and ecological insights that refine habitat characterization and advance the understanding of its ecological and geographical features
Fungal Frontiers in Toxic Terrain: Revealing Culturable Fungal Communities in Taiwan’s Serpentine Paddy Fields
No full textSerpentine soils are predominantly distributed along the Circum-Pacific margin and the Mediterranean, including eastern Taiwan. These soils are characterized by high levels of heavy metals, including nickel and chromium, and a low calcium-to-magnesium ratio, creating a unique environment that fosters microorganisms with specialized traits. In this study, culture-dependent isolation methods were used to elucidate the composition of culturable fungal communities in serpentine-characterized paddy fields in eastern Taiwan. A total of 154 fungal strains were isolated from serpentine paddy fields in eastern Taiwan. These strains were grouped into 79 morphotypes based on colony morphology and subsequently evaluated through morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses. The results revealed that 60% of the strains belong to class Dothideomycetes, followed by 21% in Sordariomycetes and 19% in Eurotiomycetes. At the genus level, Westerdykella was the dominant genus, accounting for 35% of the total isolated strains, followed by Pyrenochaetopsis (20%), Talaromyces (19%), and Pseudorhypophila (8%). The study reports 11 novel species: Dimorphiseta formosana sp. nov., D. serpentinicola sp. nov., Parasarocladium formosum sp. nov., Phialoparvum formosanum sp. nov., Poaceascoma serpentinum sp. nov., Pseudorhypophila formosana sp. nov., Reticulascus formosana sp. nov., Sarocladium formosum sp. nov., S. serpentinicola sp. nov., Talaromyces taiwanensis sp. nov., and Westerdykella formosana sp. nov. Additionally, 11 species are reported for the first time in Taiwan: Pseudothielavia terricola, Pseudoxylomyces aquaticus, Pyrenochaetopsis oryzicola, Py. paucisetosa, Setophaeosphaeria microspora, Talaromyces adpressus, T. thailandensis, Westerdykella aquatica, W. capitulum, W. dispersa, and W. globosa. In addition, this study presents the first documented asexual morph within the genus Poaceascoma, represented by P. serpentinum. These discoveries will be valuable for future evaluations of the potential uses and functions of these species as bioremediation agents
Not so Lessepsian migrants of the Spirobranchus tetraceros complex (Serpulidae, Annelida)
No full textSpirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861), originally described from New South Wales, Australia, was later reported as a widely distributed succesful species of Indo-Pacific origin, including as Lessepsian migrant to the Mediterranean, until evidence has accumulated that the nominal taxon is a large complex of morphologically similar species. Specimens of Spirobranchus cf. tetraceros recently discovered in the Western Mediterranean (Valencia, Spain) morphologically resembled those of S. multicornis from the Red Sea rather than S. tetraceros sensu stricto from Australia. However, genetic studies proved that sequences of the introduced specimens match neither those of the S. tetraceros morphotype from warm temperate Australia (NSW) nor those of S. multicornis from the Red Sea. Subsequently, Kupriyanova et al. (2022) designated a neotype of S. tetraceros from New South Wales supported by DNA sequence data and demonstrated that several species of the S. tetraceros complex exist in Australia alone. This study examined several populations of the S. tetraceros complex world-wide in search of the source population for the Western Mediterranean invader and demonstrated its identity with S. arabicus widely distributed in the Persian (Arabian) Gulf