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Two new species of Otacilia Thorell, 1897 (Phrurolithidae) from Baima Mountain Nature Reserve, Chongqing, China
No full textThe genus Otacilia Thorell, 1897 comprises 141 species worldwide, with 118 (approximately 84%) distributed in China.Two new species of the genus Otacilia are described from Baima Mountain Nature Reserve, Chongqing, China: Otacilia baimashan Shi, Wang & Mu, sp. nov. (♂♀) and Otacilia wulong Shi, Wang & Mu, sp. nov. (♂♀). Detailed description, photos of habitus and copulatory organs of the new species are provided
Functional predictions of bacterial communities associated with sorghum cultivars across different rhizocompartments
No full textThe plant root microbiome played critical roles in nutrient acquisition and stress resilience, yet the impacts of host genotype on microbial functions remained poorly understood, particularly in economically important crops like sorghum. This study investigated how three genetically distinct sorghum cultivars (Hongyingzi, Hongzhenzhu, and Jinza) shaped microbial functional profiles across rhizocompartments (rhizosphere, rhizoplane, endosphere) and their contributions to soil nutrient dynamics. Using 16S rRNA sequencing combined with predictive functional profiling (PICRUSt2, FAPROTAX) and soil physicochemical analyses, we revealed compartment-specific functional stratification driven by cultivars. Results demonstrated pronounced genotype-dependent microbial functional adaptation: Jinza exhibited enhanced biofilm formation and aromatic compound utilization in the endosphere, while Hongyingzi prioritized broad metabolic versatility in the rhizoplane. Pathway enrichment analyses highlighted cultivar-specific strategies, with Hongzhenzhu showing heightened sulfur metabolism and nitrogen fixation in the rhizoplane, and Jinza displaying specialized nutrient transport pathways in the endosphere. Correlation networks further linked dominant taxa (e.g., Burkholderiales, Rhizobiales) to key metabolic processes, including pollutant degradation and stress response. Random forest models revealed increasing functional specialization from rhizosphere to endosphere, with microbial activities explaining 30% of total organic carbon variation and 28.7% of nitrogen availability in the endosphere. This compartmental gradient underscored host-mediated selection for microbial functions critical to nutrient cycling and plant performance. By disentangling genotype-driven functional adaptations in root microbiomes, this study advanced understanding of plant-microbe interactions beyond taxonomic composition, providing a framework for engineering microbiomes to enhance crop sustainability in diverse agroecosystems
Evaluation of spray penetration on different planes in pesticide applications using an agricultural Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) sprayer
No full textThis study aimed to evaluate the spray performance of an agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with four fan-type hydraulic nozzles (LU 120-01; IDK 100-01; AD 90-01-C; and ST 01-110) on target horizontal and vertical planes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) among nozzle types and sampling heights in terms of droplet coverage and distribution uniformity. The LU 120-01 nozzle achieved the highest mean horizontal surface coverage (6.40%), while the IDK 100-01 nozzle produced the highest vertical coverage (1.89%) and exhibited more uniform droplet distribution. LU nozzles generally performed better at lower heights, whereas ST 01-110 nozzles achieved superior coverage at higher altitudes. Overall, the results highlight the necessity of evaluating horizontal and vertical deposition patterns in UAV-based pesticide applications to ensure uniform and effective chemical delivery across crop canopies
Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Pleurotus djamor complex with descriptions of a new species from China
No full textThe Pleurotus djamor complex is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and is known for its more or less reddish pileus. Phylogenetic analyses of the P. djamor complex were carried out using multiple loci, including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1α), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2). In this study, a new species of Pleurotus, P. sinensis, is described based on morphological characters and molecular evidence. Pleurotus sinensis is characterized by a pileus that is white to pinkish buff or flesh-pink, flabelliform to petaloid, with inflexed and sometimes wavy margins. An illustrated description of the novel species is provided
An analytical synopsis of caddisfly (Insecta, Trichoptera) taxonomic history and progress in Canada and the United States
No full textA total of 1,510 caddisfly species representing 28 families and 155 genera are reported from the 63 states and provinces of Canada and the United States of America (USA). These species have been described over a period of nearly 270 years, with the most prolific period occurring during the 1930–1940s. The families Hydroptilidae (307), Limnephilidae (255), and Hydropsychidae (159) contain the most species, whereas six families contain less than five species each. Canada and the USA host 644 and 1,487 species, respectively. The states and provinces with the greatest species richness are Tennessee (384), Virginia (383), and Alabama (378), and those with the least are Rhode Island (27), Prince Edward Island (23), and Nunavut (15). Differences in state species assemblages largely followed a geographic pattern, with a non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination suggesting six regions of caddisfly diversity corresponding to the central, far north, northeastern, northwestern, southeastern, and southwestern portions of the study area. Caddisfly species richness was highest in the southeastern region, despite being the smallest region of the six, and lowest in the far north. Species rarefaction predicted 129–181 species remain to be discovered within the two countries, while multiple linear regression modeling using common environmental variables suggested 17 states and provinces with at least 50 species remaining to be found in each
The genus Atopsyche (Trichoptera, Hydrobiosidae) in Peru, with the description of seven new species
No full textThe caddisfly genus Atopsyche (Trichoptera: Hydrobiosidae) in Peru currently includes 12 species, three of which occur only in Peru. Herein, we describe and illustrate seven new species: A. cedroi sp. nov., A. chemillen sp. nov., A. corcuerai sp. nov., A. huascarani sp. nov., A. refulioae sp. nov., A. sofiae sp. nov., and A. yanachaga sp. nov. We also include illustrations for the species included in the subgenus Dolochorema as a comparison. Finally, one new country record is added, A. tincuracu, and expand the distributional range of five additional species, thus increasing the number of species of Atopsyche from Peru to 20
Citizen science reveals a shift in the commonness and rarity of Trichoptera in the Netherlands
No full textUnderstanding aquatic insect species responses to environmental change necessitates robust data on species occurrences. Using over 140,000 citizen-science records from the Netherlands, we analysed trends in adult caddisflies (Trichoptera) to explore temporal changes in 146 species with differing life-history traits, particularly summer diapause. Diapause, a state of suspended development, allows certain Trichoptera to withstand unfavorable environmental conditions. Our analyses indicate a disproportionate rise in observations of species with summer diapause, which is independent of ease of detection (i.e. a species’ body size and rarity). This is exemplified by the increased prevalence of the caddisfly, Glyphotaelius pellucidus (Retzius, 1783), a species with an adult summer diapause. We interpret these results from the perspective of climate change. Summer droughts and high water temperatures have become more prevalent in recent decades, representing harsh conditions for aquatic larvae. Having an adult summer diapause helps species to avoid these harsh conditions, which is consistent with the observed changes. Conversely, species lacking summer diapause, such as Mystacides longicornis (Linnaeus, 1758), may be more vulnerable to warming. Our results underscore the value of citizen-science data in elucidating shifts in insect populations and offer insight into the adaptive significance of life-history traits
Additions to the genus Rhyacopsyche Müller, 1879 (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) in Ecuador
No full textPrior to this publication, six species of microcaddisflies in the genus Rhyacopsyche (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) had been recorded from Ecuador. Herein, we describe five new species: Rhyacopsyche abdita sp. nov., Rhyacopsyche bellavista sp. nov., Rhyacopsyche decouxi sp. nov., Rhyacopsyche patula sp. nov., and Rhyacopsyche tumida sp. nov. Illustrations of male genitalia are provided with each description. This work brings the total number of Rhyacopsyche species in Ecuador to eleven, and the world total to 37
MIDS in Practice: Comparing Specimen Digitisation Levels
No full textThe MIDS standard (Minimum Information about a Digital Specimen) aims to indicate the digitisation level of natural history specimens on a simple scale. Much progress has been made over the past year to standardise this process for optimal reusability and scalability. The Simple Standard for Sharing Ontological Mappings (SSSOM) framework (Matentzoglu et al. 2022) has been adopted by the MIDS task group for this purpose and mappings are now available for Darwin Core archives and ABCD. The use of SSSOM mapping sets should facilitate the assessment of digitisation status over time, for different kinds of specimens and for different data standards and their serialisation. In this presentation, we will show the results of calculating MIDS levels for those different use cases when applied to several datasets acquired from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), using the MIDSCalculator and the GBIF MIDS Checker tools. We will determine the reasons why MIDS levels were (not) met, highlighting the impact of MIDS information element definitions and, in particular, their mappings to different standards and the stability of their implementation in different kinds of software. These results should show the feasibility of enabling MIDS across different infrastructures and promote implementation of the MIDS standard.To acquire an overview of the current digitisation status of specimen data, we downloaded an export of specimens from GBIF (GBIF.org 2025f) using its new SQL API service to minimize data storage requirements for unrequired data. To calculate the MIDS scores for this large dataset - 265 million records - we used an adapted script re-using the MIDSCalculator calculation scripts in batches of 10 million (omitting the RShiny interface). We subsequently summarised the results per MIDS information element and level and performed follow-up analyses, again using the GBIF SQL API, to look into the causes of some MIDS information elements often being absent in the GBIF data. Fig. 1 shows the overall results per information element. 4% failed to meet MIDS level 0 and would be considered undigitised. 69% met MIDS level 0, 25% level 1 and 2% level 2. No specimen met level 3, but this was because Darwin Core terms mapped to MediaID are only available in multimedia extensions to Darwin Core and were not available through the SQL API, so achieving this level was impossible through this method.Significant impacts were observed for several information elements: An unmapped Organization caused ca. 10 million specimens to remain at the level of "undigitized" (technically MIDS level -1) (GBIF.org 2025a). More than half of the datasets with specimens seemed to omit a last Modified date, preventing the specimens in them from reaching MIDS level 1 (GBIF.org 2025b). Object Type was even more impactful, missing from 173 million specimens or almost 2 out of every 3 specimens (GBIF.org 2025e). Collecting Number was missing for more than half of the specimens, but this one is difficult to assess properly in the absence of a reliable vocabulary for unknown, blank and non-applicable values (GBIF.org 2025g, GBIF.org 2025d, GBIF.org 2025c). This number is very important for a significant amount of specimens, as it is often used to refer to them in literature, but many specimens do not use these numbers at all.These results show that calculating MIDS even at larger scales is possible and insightful. The technical workflow used could still be optimized in several ways, including parallel computing, more efficient storage methods and more powerful software frameworks than R, and potentially be leveraged to show the evolution of MIDS values, and hence digitization, through time using past GBIF snapshots
Taxonomy, morphology and cytology of Micranthes virginiensis (Michaux) Small (Saxifragales, Saxifragaceae), new chromosome counts for Micranthes and description of a new Micranthes species from the south-eastern USA
No full textMicranthes virginiensis (Saxifragaceae) is an herbaceous, flowering plant species native to eastern North America with a range extending from the Gulf of Mexico into Canada. This broad range, known from previous studies to contain individuals with varying chromosome numbers and morphological variation outside of the current formal description, indicates the need for a re-examination of the taxonomy of this species. Some populations in south-eastern Appalachia display intermediate traits between M. virginiensis and the peripatric congener M. careyana and have unresolved phylogenetic placement, raising the possibility of hybridisation. This study explored hypotheses of hybridisation and undescribed taxa within M. virginiensis, based on morphometric and chromosome data collected from samples across Eastern North America. Floral, fruit and leaf measurements were analysed to investigate morphological variation across the species’ range. Chromosome counts from south-eastern U.S.A. congener populations of M. careyana, M. palmeri and M. petiolaris all showed diploidy (2n = 20), representing the first known chromosome counts for these species. Tetraploidy and unique floral morphology in two populations of the Blue Ridge Escarpment of SC, where the distribution of M. virginiensis and M. careyana abut, indicate an undescribed species, possibly of hybrid origin. Other tetraploid populations in the south-eastern USA showed no morphological differences from diploid M. virginiensis, suggesting autopolyploidy. In addition, we document a trend of decreased reproductive investment with increasing elevation within M. virginiensis. Overall, the taxonomic boundaries across the broad range of M. virginiensis proved intact, aside from the escarpment tetraploid species. Here, we describe the new escarpment species, Micranthes scopularum Hall, Lanning & Mathews and provide a complete list of synonyms of M. virginiensis, in which we designate two lectotypes and one neotype