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Current Insights into Ovarian Cancer: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Get PDFOvarian cancer remains one of the deadliest gynecological cancers worldwide. This review summarizes recent findings on its epidemiology, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and future directions. Despite scientific progress, ovarian cancer is still often detected at advanced stages due to vague symptoms and lack of effective early screening. This paper draws from recent studies, guidelines, and databases to outline current trends, molecular mechanisms, and diagnostic methods such as imaging and biomarkers. Surgery combined with platinum-based chemotherapy remains standard care, while genetic profiling and PARP inhibitors mark advances in personalized treatment. Challenges like drug resistance, healthcare disparities, and the lack of early detection persist, urging development of better diagnostic tools and broader access to targeted therapies and immunotherapy. Future research should focus on simple screening tests, deeper understanding of tumor biology, and universal genetic testing availability. Although management has improved, timely detection and individualized treatment are vital. Continued research and better healthcare infrastructure are key to improving survival and quality of life for ovarian cancer patients
Why Diabetes Worsens Patient Prognosis: A Literature Review of Cardiovascular and Renal Complications
Get PDFBackground. Diabetes is considered a serious chronic metabolic disease due to its increasing prevalence worldwide. The main factor worsening the prognosis of patients is cardiovascular complications, which are the main factors of morbidity and mortality in diabetes.
Aim. This review aims to explain why diabetes exacerbates cardiovascular and renal diseases, leading to worse clinical outcomes in affected individuals, focusing on its pathophysiological mechanisms.
Material and Methods. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and systematic reviews regarding the impact of diabetes on arrhythmogenesis, myocardial ischemia, stroke, venous thromboembolism and the development of chronic kidney disease were analysed.
Results. Cardiac arrhythmias have been shown to be promoted by glycaemic variability and autonomic neuropathy. Based on the research, we can conclude that the increased risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke is due to persistent hyperglycaemia, which, by inducing oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, leads to endothelial dysfunction and plaque instability. Based on the accumulated evidence, we know that the association between diabetes and venous thromboembolism remains inconsistent. Diabetes significantly increases the risk and worsens patients outcomes after ischemic stroke, mainly by increasing the risk of ischemic focus haemorrhagic and reducing cortical plasticity. The effect of diabetes on the course of haemorrhagic stroke is not unequivocal. Diabetic kidney disease increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Conclusion. The multifactorial effects of hyperglycaemia on both the cardiovascular system and chronic kidney disease synergistically worsen outcomes in diabetes. Early detection, rigorous glycaemic control, and multifaceted management of risk factors are essential to improve survival
Innovations in IBS Treatment: From Gut-Brain Therapies to Microbiome Modulation
Get PDFIrritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. It affects a significant portion of the global population and often leads to a diminished quality of life. Despite its relatively high prevalence, the exact cause of IBS remains unclear, making effective treatment challenging. Traditional approaches, including dietary modifications, fiber supplements, and antispasmodic medications, have offered relief for some but not all patients. In recent years, new treatment strategies have emerged, targeting the underlying mechanisms believed to contribute to IBS. These include gut-brain axis therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and hypnotherapy, microbiome-based treatments like faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and targeted probiotics, and novel pharmacological agents aimed at modulating serotonin signalling and intestinal motility. Advances in personalized medicine are also playing a growing role, enabling clinicians to tailor treatments based on individual symptom profiles and microbiome composition. These developments represent a promising shift toward more effective and patient-centred management of IBS
The Double-Edged Sword of Vitamin A: Function and Toxicity
Get PDFIntroduction: This article investigates the essential functions and health risks of vitamin A, focusing on its metabolic pathways, dietary origins, daily requirements, the clinical consequences of deficiency and the harmful effects of overdose.
Materials and Methods: A thorough literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases with the following keywords: "Vitamin A", "retinoids", "vitamin A deficiency", "hypervitaminosis A", "retinoic acid", "immune function", "vision", "skin health", "toxicity", and "wound healing".
Summary: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble micronutrient essential for maintaining healthy vision, a strong immune system, proper growth, reproduction, and skin integrity. It is found in two main forms: preformed vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids. After intestinal absorption, it is primarily stored in the liver and converted into active compounds such as retinoic acid, which regulate gene expression and support epithelial health and immune function. Deficiency can result in night blindness, increased susceptibility to infections, delayed wound healing, and skin disorders. On the other hand, excessive intake, particularly from supplements, may lead to acute or chronic toxicity affecting the liver, bones, and nervous system, and can be harmful during early pregnancy due to its teratogenic effects. Ensuring adequate vitamin A intake is therefore key to supporting overall health.
Conclusions: Vitamin A is essential for human health, but both its deficiency and excess pose significant risks. Deficiency remains a major concern in low-income countries, while preventing toxicity is increasingly important in high-income populations due to widespread supplement use. Key strategies include education, nutritional screening, food fortification, and individualized supplementation. Further research is needed to define safe dosage limits and therapeutic uses, particularly for vulnerable groups like pregnant women and children
Retinoblastoma: Evolving Concepts and Future Challenges
Get PDFRetinoblastoma is the most common ocular malignancy in children. It results from mutations in the RB1 gene or from MYCN oncogene amplification. We distinguish between the more common unilateral form and the rarer bilateral form. It is important to note that bilateral retinoblastoma is always hereditary. The most common and characteristic symptom is the white pupillary reflex. In addition, the child may develop strabismus or heterochromia. Treatment methods vary, ranging from those aimed at salvaging the eye to those involving total enucleation. Prognosis depends on the location and stage of the tumor. This review aims to explore the literature on new therapeutic methods and recent discoveries in the field of retinoblastoma. 
Czeskie ulotki jarmarczne z XIX w.
Get PDFReview of: Maciej Mętrak, Mapa świata z jarmarcznej ulotki. Czeska dziewiętnastowieczna twórczość kramarska w perspektywie etnolingwistycznej, Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze, Wrocław 2024.Recenzja publikacji: Maciej Mętrak, Mapa świata z jarmarcznej ulotki. Czeska dziewiętnastowieczna twórczość kramarska w perspektywie etnolingwistycznej, Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze, Wrocław 2024
Preliminary experimental research of phytotea “ATINE”
Get PDFBackground and aim. Earlier we shown that phytotea “ATINE” enhances the immunomodulatory effect of adaptogenic factors of the Truskavets’ Spa in patients after radical treatment of oncological pathology as well as has physiologically beneficial effects on the neuro-endocrine-immune complex and metabolism of patients with maladaptation. The purpose of this study is to find out fundamental effects of “ATINE” in controlled experiments on rats.
Material and methods. The experiments were conducted on 42 outbred white female rats weighing 170 - 250 g. In the first experiment, the object of the study was the weight of the body and individual organs, the activity of AlT and AsT as markers of cytolysis, the levels of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and leukocytes in the blood as well as leukocytogram at intact rats ant treated by daily water or “ATINE” infusion. In the second experiment with a similar design, an open field test and immune test was performed. In the third experiment, the subjects of the study were plasma levels of lipid peroxidation products and the weight of the adrenal glands, thymus, and spleen in intact rats and rats exposed to acute heat stress while consuming daily water or “ATINE”.
Results. We first of all stated the absence of general toxic effects of ATINE during 28 days of use. Judging by the significant Cohen’s effect sizes ds of the registered variables, the antioxidant effect of “ATINE” is 3.37±0.13; stress-limiting 2.97±0.75; erythropoietic 2.67±0.43; neurostimulating 1.95±0.32 and immunostimulating 1.78±0.30.
Conclusion. Phytotea “ATINE” exhibits significantly pronounced classic adaptogen properties
Jak inhibitors in the treatment of alopecia areata - a literature review
Get PDFIntroduction Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder causing non-scarring hair loss, which can range from isolated patches to complete scalp (alopecia totalis, AT) or body hair loss (alopecia universalis, AU). It affects people of all ages, genders, and ethnicities. Around 10-20% of cases have a familial component, indicating a genetic predisposition. Symptoms often begin before age 40, with about half of patients experiencing onset in childhood, and it may coexist with other autoimmune diseases. The disease’s course is unpredictable, with spontaneous hair regrowth possible, though relapses are common, reaching a 100% relapse rate after 10-20 years. AA significantly affects quality of life, increasing the risk of anxiety and depression. Research has linked AA to autoimmune processes involving the JAK-STAT pathway, which promotes inflammation around hair follicles. Recent studies highlight the potential of JAK inhibitors as effective treatments.
Material and methods
An electronic literature search was performed using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Evidence‑Based Medicine Reviews. Search terms included ‘alopecia areata’, ‘hair loss‘ , ‘JAK inhibitor’, ‘JAK-2 inhibitors’, ‘ Janus Kinase Inhibitors‘, ‘tofacitinib’, ruxolitinib’, ‘baricitinib’ as keywords. The review focused on articles published in English from their inception until 2025.
Conclusions
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors represent a significant advancement in treating alopecia areata by specifically targeting the JAK/STAT pathway, which is linked to hair loss. Oral JAK inhibitors like have shown the most promising results. However, challenges remain, including the risk of relapse after therapy, side effects, and limited efficacy of topical formulations. Ongoing research aims to develop more selective JAK inhibitors and maintenance strategies while addressing high treatment costs
The role of the gut microbiome in cardiovascular disease
Get PDFIn recent years, the gut microbiome has gained increasing recognition as a crucial modulator of physiological homeostasis, including cardiovascular function. Numerous studies indicate that disruptions in the composition and activity of intestinal microbiota—referred to as dysbiosis—may significantly contribute to the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Particular attention has been paid to microbial metabolites such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which exert significant effects on inflammatory, immunological, and metabolic pathways.
The aim of this review was to synthesize current evidence regarding the association between the gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders, emphasizing potential molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities arising from microbiome modulation. Additionally, environmental, dietary, and pharmacological factors influencing microbiota composition and their implications for cardiovascular risk were discussed.
Accumulated evidence suggests the gut microbiome could serve both as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk and as a potential therapeutic target within personalized medicine frameworks. However, further clinical research is required to precisely define its role in the pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases
An Advancements In Treatment Of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Symptoms, causes, gene theraphy. Literature review
Get PDFIntroduction and Objective: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons. Each year, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is diagnosed in 4-5 people per 100,000 population. The disease is commonly known as Lou-Gehrig's disease after the famous American baseball player who died two years after receiving the diagnosis at the age of 39. The etiology of the disease is not fully understood, but gene mutations that contribute to the development of ALS have been identified. Such mutations include the gene encoding superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1), C9orf72, TBK1 and FUS125, among others. Since the first SOD1 mutation was identified as the genetic cause of SLA, there has been a significant milestone in clinical research aimed at finding a cure for this terminal and dreaded disease. In this article, we will discuss the early symptoms of ALS, factors that increase the risk of developing the disease and, most important, the knowledge and latest treatments, such as the use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs).
Aim of Study: This article presents up-to-date treatments for the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, focusing on recent clinical trials and their potential therapeutic targets. We will also review interdisciplinary treatments such as mechanical ventilation and pain management. We will also discuss factors that increase the risk of developing this incurable disease.
Materials and methods:
For this review article, databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were searched. The search terms used to find relevant scientific articles included: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, ALS treatment, Tofersen, Riluzole. Ultimately, 35 research articles were cited