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    Current trends in ACL reconstructions. A Perspective Review of Recent Literature

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    INTRODUCTIONThe anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) plays a vital role in maintaining knee stability and supporting physical activity. ACL injuries, whether due to trauma or overuse, are common in both athletes and the general population, often resulting in impaired function and an elevated risk of osteoarthritis. In recent years, ACL reconstruction techniques have evolved significantly due to advancements in medical technology, a deeper understanding of knee biomechanics, and a stronger focus on patient outcomes. This review integrates current evidence on surgical innovations, graft selection, and rehabilitation to guide clinicians in optimizing ACL reconstruction and improving patient quality of life. METHODSThis review synthesizes literature from 2020 to 2025, focusing on ACL reconstruction techniques, graft selection, and adjunctive procedures. A systematic search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with terms including "ACL reconstruction," "graft choices," and "rehabilitation protocols." Studies addressing surgical innovations and outcomes were included without exclusion criteria. AIM OF THE STUDYThe aim is to synthesize and critically appraise current trends in ACL reconstruction based on recent evidence. CONCLUSIONACL reconstruction requires precise surgical technique, appropriate graft choice, structured rehabilitation, and psychological support. Autografts have shown favorable outcomes, while personalized rehab protocols enhance recovery. Addressing mental health during rehabilitation is also essential. Future strategies should focus on standardizing care, integrating psychological support, and exploring regenerative therapies. A multidisciplinary approach is key to improving outcomes and quality of life after ACL injuries

    Metody zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi w pomocy społecznej w reformach systemu

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    The aim of this article is to analyze human resource management in social assistance and to identify management instruments that are particularly suited to periods of systemic reform and emerging challenges. The text draws on a review of the relevant literature, empirical research findings, as well as the author’s didactic, training, and supervisory experience. The discussion will address, in turn, the role of supervision in social assistance and the concept of High Involvement Work Practices (HIWP), both of which appear to be valuable – yet underutilized – tools for managing public social assistance effectively

    Diagnozowanie oraz monitorowanie problemów społecznych na obszarach miejskich i wiejskich jako podstawowe elementy procesu zarządzania usługami społecznymi

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    The aim of the study is to present the basic elements of the process of managing social services, which are the diagnosis and monitoring of social problems in urban and rural areas. The specific aim is to present the triangulation method as a tool supporting management decision-making. The study is exploratory in nature and is based on a review of legal acts in force in Poland, Polish and foreign literature on the subject and Internet sources. For this purpose, the concept of a social problem and its characteristic features are first presented. Then, the main areas and entities responsible for conducting an appropriate diagnosis are discussed. The methods of conducting a diagnosis are also indicated, with particular emphasis on triangulation, which allows for the effective use of information obtained in it. The article also contains important conclusions and proposals for the use of diagnostic and monitoring methods and tools for the process of limiting and reducing social problems

    Centrum usług społecznych jako odpowiedź na problemy i potrzeby środowiska lokalnego na przykładzie Centrum Usług Społecznych w Myślenicach

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    The article presents the results of research conducted among employees of the Social Services Center in Myślenice and residents of the Myślenice Commune. The research focused on the services provided by the CUS in Myślenice. Utilizing the diagnostic survey method, it examined how the operation of the mentioned center contributes to improving the life situations of Myślenice commune residents.The article comprises several sections. The first serves as an introduction, delineating the primary aim and defining the research questions. The subsequent section elucidates the functions and responsibilities of the social services center. The third section discusses the local community’s service needs and identifies the tools employed to assess them. The fourth section delineates the characteristics of the Social Services Center in Myślenice, the research methodology employed, and details regarding the research group itself. The fifth section presents the research results derived from the diagnostic survey method. Finally, the conclusions of the research are provided, along with responses to the research questions. The concluding section offers a summary of the literature referenced in the article

    Kościoły w USA jako fundament lokalnych sieci wsparcia społecznego. Analiza wkładu kościołów w działalność CUS

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    Churches in the USA play an extremely important role in the system of Community Service Centers (CSC), serving as both partners and complements to their operations. Through their extensive community networks, churches make a unique contribution by combining spiritual support with practical material and social assistance. Their activities include organizing food distribution, providing shelter for the homeless, and offering educational, vocational, and family support. Thanks to their ability to respond quickly to local needs and to build volunteer networks, churches often reach areas where traditional institutions may not be sufficiently effective. Cooperation with CSCs amplifies the impact of their joint efforts, helping to build a more integrated and comprehensive support system for those most in need.Churches in the USA play an extremely important role in the system of Community Service Centers (CSC), serving as both partners and complements to their operations. Through their extensive community networks, churches make a unique contribution by combining spiritual support with practical material and social assistance. Their activities include organizing food distribution, providing shelter for the homeless, and offering educational, vocational, and family support. Thanks to their ability to respond quickly to local needs and to build volunteer networks, churches often reach areas where traditional institutions may not be sufficiently effective. Cooperation with CSCs amplifies the impact of their joint efforts, helping to build a more integrated and comprehensive support system for those most in need

    Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury, Życie – komentarz tłumaczy

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    The text presents the translators’ commentary on a fragment of Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury’s notebooks entitled Life. These notebooks, never intended for publication, significantly complement the contents of the philosopher’s published works by highlighting their Stoic elements and by drawing analogies between Shaftesbury’s own life and the writings of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius.The text presents the translators’ commentary on a fragment of Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury’s notebooks entitled Life. These notebooks, never intended for publication, significantly complement the contents of the philosopher’s published works by highlighting their Stoic elements and by drawing analogies between Shaftesbury’s own life and the writings of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius.The text presents the translators’ commentary on a fragment of Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury’s notebooks entitled Life. These notebooks, never intended for publication, significantly complement the contents of the philosopher’s published works by highlighting their Stoic elements and by drawing analogies between Shaftesbury’s own life and the writings of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius

    Biografia intelektualna Mieczysława Wallisa w świetle inspiracji filozoficznych: Zarys problemowy

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    The article presents the intellectual biography of Mieczysław Wallis in the light of philosophical inspirations. Numerous, unedited and previously un published archival materials of this representative of the second generation of the Lvov-Warsaw School prove that his intellectual development and scientific attitude were significantly influenced by the attitudes and views of many outstanding Pol ish philosophers of the 20th century. The article will therefore consider the following research issues: Under the influence of what philosophical inspirations did Wallis’s interests and creative achievements evolve? Who among the representatives of the philosophical milieu had the most intellectually stimulating effect on him? What was the nature of his relationships with these intellectuals? Did Wallis draw motivation for creative work only from thinkers who displayed a methodological attitude close to his own? There are many indications that resolving the above issues will open up new research perspectives for a full understanding of the phenomenon of Wallis’s creative profile, allowing for the determination of his actual contribution both to the achievements of the Kazimierz Twardowski School and to native philosophy of the 20th century.The article presents the intellectual biography of Mieczysław Wallis in the light of philosophical inspirations. Numerous, unedited and previously un published archival materials of this representative of the second generation of the Lvov-Warsaw School prove that his intellectual development and scientific attitude were significantly influenced by the attitudes and views of many outstanding Pol ish philosophers of the 20th century. The article will therefore consider the following research issues: Under the influence of what philosophical inspirations did Wallis’s interests and creative achievements evolve? Who among the representatives of the philosophical milieu had the most intellectually stimulating effect on him? What was the nature of his relationships with these intellectuals? Did Wallis draw motivation for creative work only from thinkers who displayed a methodological attitude close to his own? There are many indications that resolving the above issues will open up new research perspectives for a full understanding of the phenomenon of Wallis’s creative profile, allowing for the determination of his actual contribution both to the achievements of the Kazimierz Twardowski School and to native philosophy of the 20th century.The article presents the intellectual biography of Mieczysław Wallis in the light of philosophical inspirations. Numerous, unedited and previously un published archival materials of this representative of the second generation of the Lvov-Warsaw School prove that his intellectual development and scientific attitude were significantly influenced by the attitudes and views of many outstanding Pol ish philosophers of the 20th century. The article will therefore consider the following research issues: Under the influence of what philosophical inspirations did Wallis’s interests and creative achievements evolve? Who among the representatives of the philosophical milieu had the most intellectually stimulating effect on him? What was the nature of his relationships with these intellectuals? Did Wallis draw motivation for creative work only from thinkers who displayed a methodological attitude close to his own? There are many indications that resolving the above issues will open up new research perspectives for a full understanding of the phenomenon of Wallis’s creative profile, allowing for the determination of his actual contribution both to the achievements of the Kazimierz Twardowski School and to native philosophy of the 20th century

    What predicts climate concern and pro-environmental behavior? Case study on Eastern Hungarian settlement.

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    The study examined climate concern (CC) and pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) regarding climate change. In our research, we chose the second largest city in Hungary, Debrecen. We conducted a questionnaire survey among residents in 2020 (N = 200). The closeness, strength and intensity of the relationship between the predictors, Total Climate Concern Index (TCCI) and PEB Index (PEBI), were examined by correlational analyses. Regression analysis investigated selected variables' relative impacts on and relationships to TCCI and PEBI. We revealed that the TCCI of inhabitants is very high, but PEBI is much lower. In correlational analyses, TCCI and PEBI were each separately found to correlate positively and significantly with AI (Attitude Index, which comprises risk perception and confident willingness to change lifestyle). ...

    Foreign tourist trips of Polish residents in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

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    The article addresses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourist behaviour of Polish residents traveling abroad. Based on publicly available data for 2018–2023 from mass surveys conducted by the Statistics Poland (GUS), it was found that the COVID-19 pandemic in reduced the number of Poles traveling abroad for tourist purposes 2020–2021 by more than half and partially changed their tourist behaviour in terms of the frequency, purposes and season of traveling abroad; the choice of accommodation facilities and means of transport; travel expenses: and destinations of foreign trips compared to the pre-pandemic period (2018–2019). The changes in tourist behaviour of Polish residents caused by the COVID-19 pandemic were largely similar to the changes observed in the societies of many European countries. The change in Poles' tourist behaviour resulting from the pandemic turned out to be temporary. In 2022–2023, the numbers of foreign-destination tourist trips recovered, and there was a return to and continuation of the trends in tourist behaviour of Poles traveling abroad that were observed in the period preceding the COVID-19 pandemic

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