Revista Jurídica Digital UANDES
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Identidad de género y sexo biológico: Una mirada desde la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en la sentencia Vicky Hernández y otras vs. Honduras, de 26 de marzo de 2021
No full textThis commentary will review and analyze a recent ruling of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the recognition of gender identity as a fundamental right of transgender people. Thus, the State of Honduras is held responsible for the death of a transsexual woman due to the acts of police officers, and for not carrying out the corresponding investigation to identify the responsible party. In this context, we will focus on the Inter-American Court’s analysis of the recognition of gender identity as a fundamental right and its consequences, and on the partially dissenting vote of the presiding judge of the same court, with a more restrictive view on the matter.En este comentario se revisará y analizará un reciente fallo de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos sobre el reconocimiento de la identidad de género como un derecho fundamental de las personas transexuales. Así, se imputa al Estado de Honduras responsabilidad por la muerte de una mujer transexual por actos de funcionarios policiales, y por no llevar a cabo la investigación correspondiente para identificar al responsable. En este contexto, nos centraremos en el análisis que la Corte Interamericana realiza acerca del reconocimiento de la identidad de género como un derecho fundamental y sus consecuencias, y en el voto parcialmente disidente de la jueza que preside el mismo tribunal, con una mirada más restrictiva al respecto
Vinculación entre recursos administrativos y contenciosos administrativos. Comentario a la sentencia de la Corte Suprema Rol Nº 42.004- 2017 y desarrollo jurisprudencial posterior
No full textThe purpose of this commentary is to review the criteria emanating from the judgment of the Supreme Court Nº 42.004-2017 in relation to the application of the theory of procedural deviation in the field of administrative litigation. Likewise, and considering that the judgment in question was issued some years ago, subsequent jurisprudence will also be reviewed in order to try to elucidate whether what was sustained by the judgment that is the subject of this comment has remained in force or whether new criteria have been added. In particular, reference will be made to the theory of procedural deviation and its facets; the determination of the concurrence of the theory of procedural deviation; the relevance of the characteristics of the administrative appeal and in particular the time limit element; the distinction between optional appeals and cases of exhaustion of administrative remedies; and finally, the link between administrative appeal and administrative litigation.Este comentario tiene por propósito revisar los criterios que se derivan de la sentencia de la Corte Suprema Rol N° 42.004-2017 en relación con la aplicación de la teoría de la desviación procesal en el ámbito de los contenciosos administrativos. Asimismo, y considerando que la sentencia en comento fue emitida hace algunos años, también se revisará jurisprudencia posterior para intentar dilucidar si lo sostenido por tal sentencia ha permanecido vigente o bien si se han sumado nuevos criterios. En particular, se hará referencia a la teoría de la desviación procesal y sus facetas, a la determinación de la concurrencia de la teoría de la desviación procesal, a la relevancia de las características del recurso administrativo y en particular el elemento plazo, a la distinción entre recursos potestativos y casos de agotamiento de la vía administrativa y, finalmente, a la vinculación entre recurso administrativo y contencioso administrativo
El control sobre la potestad discrecional contenida en el artículo 8° de la Ley N° 19.886
No full textThis investigation aims to demonstrate the existence of discretionary authority in public contracting matters—the one established in article 8 of Law 19.886. We analyze the doctrine and jurisprudence of the public contracting courts, the Supreme Court, and the Court of Appeals and how these jurisdictional organs have controlled it, especially when the fundamentals that sustain direct agreements do not comply with the principles of legality and motivation.La presente investigación tiene como objeto demostrar la existencia de la potestad discrecional en materia de contratación pública, precisamente la establecida en el artículo 8° de la Ley 19.886, investigación realizada mediante el análisis de la doctrina, jurisprudencia de los tribunales de contratación pública, de la Corte Suprema y de la Corte de Apelaciones, y cómo se ha controlado por estos órganos jurisdiccionales, especialmente cuando los fundamentos que sustenta la contratación directa no se ajustan a los principios de juridicidad y motivación
Una aproximación crítica a la aplicación de la regla in dubio pro operario en Chile
No full textThe in dubio pro operario is a legal concept of Labour Law that allows the judge, when faced with legitimate doubts about a labour rule, to prefer the interpretation that is more favorable to the worker. Practically every labour judge applies this figure to interpret the norm of the labour legal system, however, this interpretive criterion has not been critically analysed (with honourable exceptions). Indeed, at least in Chile, almost nothing has been said about whether in dubio pro operario is a principle or a legal rule and whether this interpretive criterion can really be used in the Chilean legal system. This research article aims to critically analyse the in dubio pro operario and, ultimately, settle certain doubts that this issue could raise.El in dubio pro operario es un concepto jurídico del derecho del trabajo que permite al juez, ante la duda legítima sobre el sentido de una norma laboral, preferir aquella interpretación que sea más favorable al trabajador. Prácticamente, todo juez del trabajo recurre a esta figura para interpretar la norma del ordenamiento jurídico del trabajo, sin embargo, no se ha analizado críticamente este criterio interpretativo (salvo honrosas excepciones). En efecto, a lo menos en el plano nacional, casi nada se ha dicho sobre si el in dubio pro operario es un principio o una regla jurídica y si realmente este criterio interpretativo se puede utilizar en el sistema legal chileno. Este artículo de investigación pretende analizar críticamente el in dubio pro operario y, en definitiva, zanjar ciertas duda que pudiese suscitar esta temática
La interferencia excesiva del Estado en el ámbito familiar. Comentario a la sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional sobre el proyecto de ley que establece un sistema de garantías de los derechos de la niñez Rol Nº 11.315/11.317-21-CPT (acumuladas), de fecha 26 de julio de 2021
No full textThis commentary analyzes the majority vote of the Constitutional Court’s ruling on the bill that prescribes a guaranteed system for children’s rights. The sentence accepted two parliamentary recourses that challenged three controversial articles of the bill on the grounds of the State’s excessive interference in the family sphere, violation of parents’ right and preferential duty to educate their children, and freedom of education, among others.El presente comentario tiene por objeto el análisis del voto de mayoría de la sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional sobre el proyecto de ley que establece un sistema de garantías de los derechos de la niñez. En la sentencia comentada se acogen dos requerimientos parlamentarios en virtud de los cuales se impugnaron tres artículos controversiales del proyecto de ley debido a la excesiva interferencia del Estado en el ámbito familiar, la vulneración del derecho y deber preferente de los padres a educar a sus hijos, la libertad de enseñanza, entre otros
Medidas de satisfacción y garantías de no repetición: comentarios a partir de las decisiones de la CIDH contra Chile
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to make a critical analysis of the measures of satisfaction and guarantees of nonrepetition granted by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) in eight cases in which the responsibility of the Chilean State has been determined. It is proposed to analyze whether such measures are compatible with the subsidiary nature of the IACHR’s jurisdiction, how their dictation in some cases seems to cross the border of the specific case and how they could be generating problems from the democratic point of view and being decisions that weaken the authority of the IACHR.Este trabajo tiene como finalidad hacer un análisis crítico a las medidas de satisfacción y garantías de no repetición acordadas por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) en ocho casos en los que se ha determinado la responsabilidad del Estado chileno. Se propone analizar si dichas medidas son compatibles con la naturaleza subsidiaria de la jurisdicción de la CIDH, cómo su dictación en algunos casos parece traspasar la frontera del caso concreto y cómo podrían estar generando problemas desde el punto de vista democrático, siendo asimismo decisiones que debilitan la autoridad de la CIDH
Sobre la procedencia de requerir la vacunación en el ámbito laboral: facultades del empleador y derechos de los trabajadores. Análisis de la jurisprudencia relevante en Reino Unido, España y Canada
No full textThe River Nile: Evolution and Environment
No full textThe Nile Basin drains about one-tenth of the African continent and contains the longest river channel system in the world. This chapter reviews the evolution of the river – with a particular focus on the Quaternary Period including the present-day hydrology and fluvial geomorphology. Fluctuations in the climate and hydrology of tropical Africa during the Quaternary exerted an important influence on the behaviour of the Nile sediment system. During the cold stages of the Pleistocene, low lake levels reflect a decrease in precipitation as the expanded ice sheets cooled the global oceans and monsoon intensity fell. The marine sedimentary record in the Eastern Mediterranean provides a valuable record of the long-term behaviour of the River Nile because long-term changes in the flux of water and sediment from various parts of the catchment have exerted an important influence on oceanographic and sedimentation dynamics. The chapter examines the contemporary suspended sediment budget of the delta complex
International Business and Human Rights:Understanding the Conditions Multinational Enterprises Institutionalise Human Rights Due Diligence
No full textSealants for preventing dental caries in primary teeth
No full textBACKGROUND: Pit and fissure sealants are plastic materials that are used to seal deep pits and fissures on the occlusal surfaces of teeth, where decay occurs most often in children and adolescents. Deep pits and fissures can retain food debris and bacteria, making them difficult to clean, thereby causing them to be more susceptible to dental caries. The application of a pit and fissure sealant, a non-invasive preventive approach, can prevent dental caries by forming a protective barrier that reduces food entrapment and bacterial growth. Though moderate-certainty evidence shows that sealants are effective in preventing caries in permanent teeth, the effectiveness of applying pit and fissure sealants to primary teeth has yet to be established.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of sealants compared to no sealant or a different sealant in preventing pit and fissure caries on the occlusal surfaces of primary molars in children and to report the adverse effects and the retention of different types of sealants.SEARCH METHODS: An information specialist searched four bibliographic databases up to 11 February 2021 and used additional search methods to identify published, unpublished and ongoing studies. Review authors scanned the reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews for further studies.SELECTION CRITERIA: We included parallel-group and split-mouth randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared a sealant with no sealant, or different types of sealants, for the prevention of caries in primary molars, with no restriction on follow-up duration. We included studies in which co-interventions such as oral health preventive measures, oral health education or tooth brushing demonstrations were used, provided that the same adjunct was used with the intervention and comparator. We excluded studies with complex interventions for the prevention of dental caries in primary teeth such as preventive resin restorations, or studies that used sealants in cavitated carious lesions.DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened search results, extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies. We presented outcomes for the development of new carious lesions on occlusal surfaces of primary molars as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Where studies were similar in clinical and methodological characteristics, we planned to pool effect estimates using a random-effects model where appropriate. We used GRADE methodology to assess the certainty of the evidence.MAIN RESULTS: We included nine studies that randomised 1120 children who ranged in age from 18 months to eight years at the start of the study. One study compared fluoride-releasing resin-based sealant with no sealant (139 tooth pairs in 90 children); two studies compared glass ionomer-based sealant with no sealant (619 children); two studies compared glass ionomer-based sealant with resin-based sealant (278 tooth pairs in 200 children); two studies compared fluoride-releasing resin-based sealant with resin-based sealant (113 tooth pairs in 69 children); one study compared composite with fluoride-releasing resin-based sealant (40 tooth pairs in 40 children); and one study compared autopolymerised sealant with light polymerised sealant (52 tooth pairs in 52 children). Three studies evaluated the effects of sealants versus no sealant and provided data for our primary outcome. Due to differences in study design such as age of participants and duration of follow-up, we elected not to pool the data. At 24 months, there was insufficient evidence of a difference in the development of new caries lesions for the fluoride-releasing sealants or no treatment groups (Becker Balagtas odds ratio (BB OR) 0.76, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.42; 1 study, 85 children, 255 tooth surfaces). For glass ionomer-based sealants, the evidence was equivocal; one study found insufficient evidence of a difference at follow-up between 12 and 30 months (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.49; 449 children), while another with 12-month follow-up found a large, beneficial effect of sealants (OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.15; 107 children). We judged the certainty of the evidence to be low, downgrading two levels in total for study limitations, imprecision and inconsistency. We included six trials randomising 411 children that directly compared different sealant materials, four of which (221 children) provided data for our primary outcome. Differences in age of the participants and duration of follow-up precluded pooling of the data. The incidence of development of new caries lesions was typically low across the different sealant types evaluated. We judged the certainty of the evidence to be low or very low for the outcome of caries incidence. Only one study assessed and reported adverse events, the nature of which was gag reflex while placing the sealant material.AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The certainty of the evidence for the comparisons and outcomes in this review was low or very low, reflecting the fragility and uncertainty of the evidence base. The volume of evidence for this review was limited, which typically included small studies where the number of events was low. The majority of studies in this review were of split-mouth design, an efficient study design for this research question; however, there were often shortcomings in the analysis and reporting of results that made synthesising the evidence difficult. An important omission from the included studies was the reporting of adverse events. Given the importance of prevention for maintaining good oral health, there exists an important evidence gap pertaining to the caries-preventive effect and retention of sealants in the primary dentition, which should be addressed through robust RCTs.</p