Revista Jurídica Digital UANDES
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Los elementos de laboralidad en el trabajo vía plataformas digitales a la luz de la jurisprudencia laboral chilena
No full textThis paper aims to analyze the existence of the classical elements of labor in digital platforms, as a result of the incipient case law emanating from the specialized labor courts, limited to the Chilean experience. The analysis that is structured in the sections of this article works on the basis of two basic premises; the first one is related to the incursion of digital platform companies in the national market and the way in which this phenomenon came to question the effectiveness and power of subordination or dependence as a configuring and unequivocal element, with certain consensus, of the existence of an employment relationship, since this figure would not have been sufficient to provide due protection to those who perform functions through digital apps. Secondly, it is recognized that Labor Law and its normative scope is a changing branch of the law, which delimits its field of action as the labor relationship evolves, being, therefore, a reactive regulation to the social, economic and in this particular case, technological changes, which prevail in a society and at a given time. This particular but at the same time logical way of operating, developed by Labor Law, leads us to the urgent need to determine how the rights of those who work via digital platforms are protected, safeguarded and guaranteed. In this context, we will try to determine the role played by the labor courts in this possible exercise of “flexibilization” of the concept of subordination or dependence, taking as a basis for analysis the jurisprudential development that has been observed in the actions filed in the competent courts, which seek the declaration of the existence of an employment relationship of those who perform functions for digital platform companies.El presente trabajo pretende analizar la existencia de los elementos clásicos de laboralidad en el trabajo vía plataformas digitales, a raíz de la incipiente jurisprudencia emanada de los tribunales laborales especializados, limitado al caso chileno. El análisis que se estructura en los apartados del presente artículo trabaja sobre la base de dos premisas básicas. La primera de ellas dice relación con la incursión de las empresas de plataformas digitales en el mercado nacional y la forma en como este fenómeno vino a poner en tela de juicio la eficacia y poderío de la subordinación o dependencia como elemento configurador e inequívoco, con determinado consenso, de la existencia de relación laboral, ya que esta figura no habría sido suficiente para otorgar la debida protección a quienes desempeñan funciones mediante aplicaciones. En segundo término, se reconoce que el derecho del trabajo y su ámbito normativo es una rama en esencia cambiante que va delimitando su campo de acción conforme evoluciona la relación laboral, siendo, por ende, una regulación reactiva a los cambios sociales, económicos y, en este caso particular, a los tecnológicos, que imperan en una sociedad y en un tiempo determinados. Esta forma de operar, particular pero a la vez lógica, que ha desarrollado el derecho del trabajo nos lleva a la urgente necesidad de determinar cómo se resguardan, cautelan y garantizan los derechos de aquellos que desempeñan trabajos vía plataformas. En este contexto, se tratará de determinar el rol que en este posible ejercicio de “flexibilización” del concepto de subordinación o dependencia juegan los tribunales laborales, teniendo como base de análisis el desarrollo jurisprudencial que han observado las acciones interpuestas en los tribunales competentes, que persiguen la declaración de existencia de relación laboral de aquellos que desempeñan funciones para las empresas de plataformas digitales
El plazo judicial para formalizar. Una adecuada revisión a la luz de las normas del proceso penal
No full textThis article presents an analysis of the rule contained in article 186 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the effects of a non-compliance by the prosecutor in formalizing an investigation within the judicial period set by the Guarantee Judge on conform that rule, for this purpose it refers to the purpose of the rule under review, in order to subsequently address the positions that the doctrine and jurisprudence on the point has had on the point, in order to finally deliver a legal interpretation granting a procedural course, consistent with the guarantee of reasonable time, and with the need for criminal proceedings to reach decisions of a term with the effect of res judicata.Este artículo presenta un análisis de la norma contenida en el artículo 186 del Código Procesal Penal de Chile y de los efectos del incumplimiento del fiscal en formalizar una investigación en el plazo judicial fijado por el juez de garantía al alero de ella. Para ello se refiere a la finalidad de la norma, para posteriormente abordar las posturas que ha tenido la doctrina y la jurisprudencia sobre el punto, y, finalmente, entregar una interpretación jurídica que otorgue un curso procesal, concordante con la garantía del plazo razonable y con la necesidad de que los procesos penales arriben a resoluciones de término con efecto de cosa juzgada
Desnaturalización de la función pública por los Tribunales Superiores de Justicia: la salud incompatible con el desempeño del cargo como causal de vacancia. Análisis crítico de la sentencia dictada en causa Rol 58.355-2021 de la Excma. Corte Suprema de Chile
No full textFor some time now, the Hon. Supreme Court has introduced an individualistic interpretation of the public function in its rulings on vacancy due to incompatible health, distorting it and losing sight of the foundation of the regulatory differences that exist between public and private employment. In these lines I will analyze the reason of the different regulation, how that foundation has been rescued both by the Constitutional Court and by the Comptroller General of the Republic, and the problem that it represents, for the validity of the Principles of Serviceability and Regularity of the Public Administration, the denaturalization of the public function, regarding the recent jurisprudence of the highest court concerning the cause of vacancy called “incompatible health with the performance of the position”.De un tiempo a esta parte, la Excma. Corte Suprema de Chile ha introducido en sus sentencias relativas a la declaración de vacancia por salud incompatible una interpretación individualista de la función pública, desnaturalizándola y perdiendo de vista el fundamento de las diferencias regulatorias que existen entre el empleo público y el privado. En estas líneas, analizaré el porqué de la diferente regulación, cómo es que ese fundamento ha sido rescatado tanto por el Tribunal Constitucional como por la Contraloría General de la República y el problema que representa, para la vigencia de los principios de servicialidad y regularidad de la Administración del Estado, esta desnaturalización de la función pública, a propósito de reciente jurisprudencia del máximo tribunal respecto de la causal de vacancia denominada “salud incompatible con el desempeño del cargo”
Pension sharing on divorce:the future for women
No full textThis chapter views the potential financial position of divorced women in retirement in England and Wales from two convergent perspectives. The first is a review of the location of the United Kingdom within the welfare state theory as a paradigm male breadwinner nation state. The second is focused on a certain policy solution to the ‘problem’ of the retirement income of divorced women that has been chosen and recently implemented by the UK government. The chapter also introduces the concept of ‘pension sharing’, which is the allocation of pensions between divorced spouses
Caducidad o decaimiento administrativo por prescripción, preclusión y resolución
No full textParcial regulation on the extinction of administrative legal realities has been a fertile soil for uncertainty in Chile. Currently, the author of an act levied with penalty or tax does not know whether the excessive delay of the State in imposing it will produce a perpetual lack of definition due to the exclusion of the statute of limitations or the interruption or suspension of the period to exercise powers due to the initiation of the administrative procedure. He does not know either whether his perplexity will have an end date due to the application of fatal terms either proper or analogous (civil, criminal), or due to a declaration of procedural lapse. This uncertainty is mainly caused by the variety of postulates on the questions raised in legal literature and case law. While some contribute to the lack of definition at the expense of the perpetrator’s expectations, others try to solve it, although in a manner which may be inconsistent with public interests at stake.This paper aims to contribute to the solution of the practical problems and uncertainty caused by administrative delay or inactivity in a way that reconciles private and public interests. It proposes to recover the concept of expiry or administrative decay as a generic extinctive effect in accordance with its etymology and legal nature, to define its essential features, and to assign a specific denomination and legal regime to the causes that trigger it, namely, statute of limitations, preclusion and termination.La regulación parcial de la extinción de algunas figuras jurídicas administrativas ha sido un terreno fértil de incertidumbre en Chile. En la actualidad, el autor de un hecho gravado con sanción o tributo desconoce si el atraso excesivo del Estado en pronunciarse sobre el gravamen implicará un estado de indefinición permanente por imprescriptibilidad de la potestad o por interrupción o suspensión del plazo para ejercerla debido al inicio del procedimiento administrativo; o si su perplejidad tendrá fecha de término por aplicación de plazos de preclusión o de prescripción fatales, propios o análogos (civiles, penales), o por declaración de decaimiento procedimental. Esta incerteza jurídica se debe, principalmente, a la variedad de postulados acerca de las interrogantes planteadas en la doctrina y la jurisprudencia. Mientras unos contribuyen al estado de indefinición de la situación del autor del hecho gravado, otros procuran solucionarlo no siempre de modo coherente o en armonía con los intereses públicos en juego. Este trabajo tiene pretende contribuir a la solución de los problemas prácticos y de incerteza que produce el atraso o inactividad administrativa de un modo que compatibilice intereses privados y públicos. Se propone recuperar el concepto de caducidad o decaimiento administrativo como efecto extintivo genérico conforme a su etimología y naturaleza jurídica, definir sus rasgos esenciales, y asignar una denominación y régimen específico a las causales que lo provocan, en particular, la prescripción, la preclusión y la resolución
Incidence and outcome of anaphylaxis in cardiac surgical patients
No full textIntroduction: Anaphylaxis is a rare but serious and potentially fatal complication of anesthesia. Little is known about the incidence and outcome of anaphylaxis in cardiac surgical patients, which we aimed to investigate.Methods: This was a 21-year retrospective study of cardiac surgical patients at Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.Results: A total of 19 cases of anaphylaxis were reported among 17,589 patients (0.108%) undergoing cardiac surgery. The majority (15/19) occurred before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), mostly during or within 30 min after the induction of anesthesia (10/19). Two occurred within 15 min of going onto CPB. Of these 17 cases, 11 were abandoned, and 6 proceeded. The severity of reactions in the patients who proceeded ranged from grade II to grade IV of the Ring and Messmer classification. Two cases occurred after the completion of surgery. All patients survived to 90 days. However, this did not appear to be related to CPB or protamine as most of the reactions occurred before CPB. Instead, the most common causative agents were gelofusine, antibiotics, muscle relaxants, and chlorhexidine. In 6 cases, surgery proceeded despite the anaphylaxis, in 11 cases the surgery was postponed, and in 2 cases the procedure had already been completed.Conclusion: As all patients survived, our results provide preliminary support for proceeding with surgery although we cannot speculate on the likely outcomes of patients who were postponed, had their surgery proceeded. Based on our data, the incidence of anaphylaxis in cardiac surgical patients may be 10-20 times higher than in the general surgical population.</p
Responsabilidad subjetiva del Estado por acciones de sus agentes. Análisis jurisprudencial de Sentencia de la Corte Suprema Rol N° 306-2020 caratulada "Hernández Céspedes, Marcelo y otros con Fisco de Chile"
No full textThe concept of the State’s subjective liability must be applied when the actions of its agents differ from the Service’s proper functioning and regulation, resulting in trials for Damages, due to the lack of service. Notwithstanding the above, before the State’s subjective liability is confirmed by a Court of Law, it is necessary to evaluate the sort of activities and required performance standards that it must abide by. The Chilean police force, Carabineros de Chile, is authorized by our legal system to use force, being liable for their actions when such force is not adequate to its objectives which is the reestablishment of public order, or when their actions result in undesired consequences, that could have been avoided by the institution.Corresponde aplicar una noción subjetiva a la responsabilidad del Estado cuando las actuaciones de sus agentes se alejan del funcionamiento correcto del servicio, que finalmente resultan en demandas por indemnización de perjuicios por falta de servicio. Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, previo a determinar la concurrencia de responsabilidad, es necesario tener en consideración el tipo de actividad y el estándar de actuación que le es exigible. Carabineros de Chile está autorizado por nuestro ordenamiento jurídico para hacer uso de la fuerza, siendo responsable cuando ese uso no resulta adecuado a los fines buscados -el restablecimiento del orden público- o cuando de su actuar derivan consecuencias alejadas de dicho fin, que pudieron ser evitadas por la institución
Reconstructive surgery for treating pressure ulcers
No full textBACKGROUND: There are several possible interventions for managing pressure ulcers (sometimes referred to as pressure injuries), ranging from pressure-relieving measures, such as repositioning, to reconstructive surgery. The surgical approach is usually reserved for recalcitrant wounds (where the healing process has stalled, or the wound is not responding to treatment) or wounds with full-thickness skin loss and exposure of deeper structures such as muscle fascia or bone. Reconstructive surgery commonly involves wound debridement followed by filling the wound with new tissue. Whilst this is an accepted means of ulcer management, the benefits and harms of different surgical approaches, compared with each other or with non-surgical treatments, are unclear. This is an update of a Cochrane Review published in 2016.OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of different types of reconstructive surgery for treating pressure ulcers (category/stage II or above), compared with no surgery or alternative reconstructive surgical approaches, in any care setting.SEARCH METHODS: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was January 2022.SELECTION CRITERIA: Published or unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed reconstructive surgery in the treatment of pressure ulcers.DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected the studies, extracted study data, assessed the risk of bias and undertook GRADE assessments. We would have involved a third review author in case of disagreement.MAIN RESULTS: We identified one RCT conducted in a hospital setting in the USA. It enrolled 20 participants aged between 20 and 70 years with stage IV ischial or sacral pressure ulcers (involving full-thickness skin and tissue loss). The study compared two reconstructive techniques for stage IV pressure ulcers: conventional flap surgery and cone of pressure flap surgery, in which a large portion of the flap tip is de-epithelialised and deeply inset to obliterate dead space. There were no clear data for any of our outcomes, although we extracted some information on complete wound healing, wound dehiscence, pressure ulcer recurrence and wound infection. We graded the evidence for these outcomes as very low-certainty. The study provided no data for any other outcomes.AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Currently there is very little randomised evidence on the role of reconstructive surgery in pressure ulcer management, although it is considered a priority area. More rigorous and robust research is needed to explore this intervention.</p
Communication about distress and well-being:Epistemic and ethical considerations
No full textCommunication about wellbeing and distress involves multiple stakeholders - including experts by experience (EBE), researchers, clinical practitioners, interpreters, and translators. It can also involve a variety of discourses and languages. Each of the stakeholders may employ diverging epistemologies to understand and/or explain experiences. These may link to differing sources of authority, and be articulated using particular linguistic resources. If the stakeholders, intentionally or unintentionally, fail to recognise the validity of other stakeholders’ ways of conceptualising and verbalising their experience of wellbeing and distress, epistemic injustice can arise. Language lies at the heart of the epistemic injustice risks involved in the languaging of wellbeing and distress. Its problematic presence can be seen in: 1) the interface between divergent discourses on wellbeing and distress (e.g. biomedical versus spiritual); and 2) communications involving multiple linguistic resources, which can be subdivided into multi-language communications involving a) translation of assessment measures and b) interpreted interactions. Some of the multi-language challenges of communication can be addressed by translators and/or interpreters as, for example, they strive for conceptual equivalence. We argue, however, that all stakeholders have an important role as epistemic brokers in the languaging of possible epistemological differences - thus, fully equitable communication requires fully effective epistemic brokering. In turn, effective epistemic brokering requires all stakeholders to be reflexively and critically aware of the epistemic injustice risks inherent in multi-language communication. The article concludes with a set of prompts to help raise stakeholder awareness and reflexivity when engaging in communication about wellbeing and distress