Revista Jurídica Digital UANDES
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La matriz cristiana presente en el pensamiento político-jurídico de Abraham Kuyper
No full textThe purpose of this article is to explore the way in which the former Prime Minister of the Netherlands and founder of the Free University of Amsterdam, Abraham Kuyper, conceived some of the foundations of the political order, such as the concept of sovereignty, the role of the state, of intermediate groups and that of property. Kuyper, an author practically unknown in Ibero-America, but highly influential in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, reflected on issues of primary importance for the political life of any nation, and that today seem be being reformulated. Also, in each of the points we will try to establish parallels with the teachings of the Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church, in order to show the similarities between both traditions of social thought.El presente artículo tiene como propósito explorar la manera en que el ex primer ministro de Países Bajos y fundador de la Universidad Libre de Ámsterdam, Abraham Kuyper, concebía algunos de los fundamentos del orden político, tales como el concepto de soberanía, el rol del Estado, de los grupos intermedios y el de la propiedad. Kuyper, un autor prácticamente desconocido en Iberoamérica, pero de gran influencia en la Europa de principios del siglo XX, reflexionó a partir de categorías —que hoy llamamos— socialcristianas sobre asuntos de primera importancia para la vida política de cualquier nación, y que hoy parecen estar siendo reformulados. Asimismo, en cada uno de los puntos, intentaremos establecer paralelos con las enseñanzas de la doctrina social de la Iglesia católica, a fin de mostrar las similitudes entre ambas tradiciones de pensamiento social
Pasar la página ante el mal absoluto: una revisión crítica del debate Mignone- Nino sobre el perdón de los delitos de lesa humanidad
No full textThis ar t icle aims at reconstructing and discussing the Mignone v. Nino debate. Mignone, on one side, held the necessity of a robust punishment of all the military involved in the illegal repression of the latest civicmilitary dictatorship. Nino, on the other hand, maintained the possibility of a thin punishment that included only the highest military ranks. And, by the same token, Nino held that middle and lower ranks should be pardoned as they were justified because they acted under due obedience. He rejected the possibility of a robust punishment as that would provoke a serious risk to the novel constitutional democracy. History turned out to be on Nino’s side. However, the minute the military lost its power, the pardon policies ended up reverted. This work outlines the grounds for a pardon policy based on four steps as that would allow to overcome evolving circumstances.Este trabajo pretende brindar una reconstrucción y discusión crítica del debate entre Mignone y Nino. Por una parte, Mignone defendía la necesidad de un castigo amplio a los militares que estuvieron involucrados en la represión ilegal de la última dictadura cívico-militar argentina. Y, en la vereda opuesta estaba Carlos Nino, quien abogaba por un castigo limitado a los máximos responsables de la represión ilegal y, además, defendía la necesidad de una amnistía para quienes cometieron tales crímenes bajo una cadena de mando militar. Nino sostenía que la imposición de un castigo amplio por crímenes de lesa humanidad pondría en peligro a la subsistencia misma de la democracia constitucional. La historia le terminó dando la razón. Sin embargo, tan pronto los militares perdieron fuerza o poder, se revirtieron esas políticas del perdón. Con el fin de articular una estrategia de perdón más estable ante cambios de circunstancias que aquella elaborada por Nino, este artículo se dirige a esbozar las bases para una política del perdón de cuatro pasos
El injusto del delito de colusión del art. 62 DL. 211: una reconstrucción desde la accesoriedad administrativa
No full textThe article offers a systematic reconstruction of Collusion’s Criminal unjust, art. 62 DL. 211, from the theory of norms and the accessory nature of criminal law. For that, it analyzes the administrative norm content of art. 3 of the DL. 211 and the selection of criminal law behaviors and their particularities.El artículo ofrece una reconstrucción sistemática del injusto del delito de colusión del art. 62 DL. 211, a partir de consideraciones de la teoría de las normas y de accesoriedad administrativa del derecho penal. Para eso analiza el contenido de la norma administrativa del art. 3 del DL. 211 y, luego, la selección de conductas del derecho penal y sus particularidades
Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy:congenital malformation outcomes in the child
No full textBACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to certain anti-seizure medications (ASMs) is associated with an increased risk of major congenital malformations (MCM). The majority of women with epilepsy continue taking ASMs throughout pregnancy and, therefore, information on the potential risks associated with ASM treatment is required.OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of prenatal exposure to ASMs on the prevalence of MCM in the child.SEARCH METHODS: For the latest update of this review, we searched the following databases on 17 February 2022: Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to February 16, 2022), SCOPUS (1823 onwards), and ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). No language restrictions were imposed.SELECTION CRITERIA: We included prospective cohort controlled studies, cohort studies set within pregnancy registries, randomised controlled trials and epidemiological studies using routine health record data. Participants were women with epilepsy taking ASMs; the two control groups were women without epilepsy and untreated women with epilepsy.DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Five authors independently selected studies for inclusion. Eight authors completed data extraction and/or risk of bias assessments. The primary outcome was the presence of an MCM. Secondary outcomes included specific types of MCM. Where meta-analysis was not possible, we reviewed included studies narratively.MAIN RESULTS: From 12,296 abstracts, we reviewed 283 full-text publications which identified 49 studies with 128 publications between them. Data from ASM-exposed pregnancies were more numerous for prospective cohort studies (n = 17,963), than data currently available for epidemiological health record studies (n = 7913). The MCM risk for children of women without epilepsy was 2.1% (95% CI 1.5 to 3.0) in cohort studies and 3.3% (95% CI 1.5 to 7.1) in health record studies. The known risk associated with sodium valproate exposure was clear across comparisons with a pooled prevalence of 9.8% (95% CI 8.1 to 11.9) from cohort data and 9.7% (95% CI 7.1 to 13.4) from routine health record studies. This was elevated across almost all comparisons to other monotherapy ASMs, with the absolute risk differences ranging from 5% to 9%. Multiple studies found that the MCM risk is dose-dependent. Children exposed to carbamazepine had an increased MCM prevalence in both cohort studies (4.7%, 95% CI 3.7 to 5.9) and routine health record studies (4.0%, 95% CI 2.9 to 5.4) which was significantly higher than that for the children born to women without epilepsy for both cohort (RR 2.30, 95% CI 1.47 to 3.59) and routine health record studies (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.64); with similar significant results in comparison to the children of women with untreated epilepsy for both cohort studies (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.96) and routine health record studies (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.83). For phenobarbital exposure, the prevalence was 6.3% (95% CI 4.8 to 8.3) and 8.8% (95% CI 0.0 to 9277.0) from cohort and routine health record data, respectively. This increased risk was significant in comparison to the children of women without epilepsy (RR 3.22, 95% CI 1.84 to 5.65) and those born to women with untreated epilepsy (RR 1.64, 95% CI 0.94 to 2.83) in cohort studies; data from routine health record studies was limited. For phenytoin exposure, the prevalence of MCM was elevated for cohort study data (5.4%, 95% CI 3.6 to 8.1) and routine health record data (6.8%, 95% CI 0.1 to 701.2). The prevalence of MCM was higher for phenytoin-exposed children in comparison to children of women without epilepsy (RR 3.81, 95% CI 1.91 to 7.57) and the children of women with untreated epilepsy (RR 2.01. 95% CI 1.29 to 3.12); there were no data from routine health record studies. Pooled data from cohort studies indicated a significantly increased MCM risk for children exposed to lamotrigine in comparison to children born to women without epilepsy (RR 1.99, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.39); with a risk difference (RD) indicating a 1% increased risk of MCM (RD 0.01. 95% CI 0.00 to 0.03). This was not replicated in the comparison to the children of women with untreated epilepsy (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.63), which contained the largest group of lamotrigine-exposed children (> 2700). Further, a non-significant difference was also found both in comparison to the children of women without epilepsy (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.64) and children born to women with untreated epilepsy (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.28) from routine data studies. For levetiracetam exposure, pooled data provided similar risk ratios to women without epilepsy in cohort (RR 2.20, 95% CI 0.98 to 4.93) and routine health record studies (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.17 to 2.66). This was supported by the pooled results from both cohort (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.28) and routine health record studies (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.71) when comparisons were made to the offspring of women with untreated epilepsy. For topiramate, the prevalence of MCM was 3.9% (95% CI 2.3 to 6.5) from cohort study data and 4.1% (0.0 to 27,050.1) from routine health record studies. Risk ratios were significantly higher for children exposed to topiramate in comparison to the children of women without epilepsy in cohort studies (RR 4.07, 95% CI 1.64 to 10.14) but not in a smaller comparison to the children of women with untreated epilepsy (RR 1.37, 95% CI 0.57 to 3.27); few data are currently available from routine health record studies. Exposure in utero to topiramate was also associated with significantly higher RRs in comparison to other ASMs for oro-facial clefts. Data for all other ASMs were extremely limited. Given the observational designs, all studies were at high risk of certain biases, but the biases observed across primary data collection studies and secondary use of routine health records were different and were, in part, complementary. Biases were balanced across the ASMs investigated, and it is unlikely that the differential results observed across the ASMs are solely explained by these biases.AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Exposure in the womb to certain ASMs was associated with an increased risk of certain MCMs which, for many, is dose-dependent.</p
Market Failures in Business-to-Business (B2B) Data Exchanges and the Ways to Solve Them Through Regulation and Competition Remedies: A European Lege Lata and Lege Ferenda Perspective
No full textEl acceso a datos resulta crítico para el desarrollo de productos y servicios que resulten competitivos en el mercado digital. Sin embargo, su generación y captación se somete a dinámicas que llevan a la acumulación de datos en manos de pocas empresas que los acaparan. A pesar de que los datos están llamados a ser compartidos e intercambiados entre las empresas, se aprecian importantes fallos de mercado que impiden el desarrollo de un mercado interempresarial de datos eficiente. Ello da lugar a un uso sub-óptimo de los datos y a que se desaproveche buena parte de la utilidad social que puede obtenerse de ellos. Las conductas de acaparamiento de datos por las empresas -especialmente cuando se trata de guardianes de acceso- lleva a su infrautilización en detrimento de la competencia en el mercado y de la innovación. En el desarrollo de su Estrategia de Datos, la Unión Europea trata de abordar estos fallos de mercados a través de dos vías: por medio de la regulación del sector digital, y más concretamente estableciendo normas relativas al intercambio de datos. Se imponen así obligaciones y derechos de portabilidad, se fomentan los intercambios y la creación de espacios comunes de datos y pools de datos. A nivel regulatorio, los guardianes de acceso o gatekeepers quedan sometidos a una serie de obligaciones y prohibiciones dirigidas a la apertura del mercado y evitar la consolidación de posiciones indisputables. Complementariamente, las autoridades de competencia pueden también imponer remedios en los expedientes que instruyan ante infracciones antitrust con el objetivo de promover un mercado abierto de datos.Access to data is critical for the development of products and services that are competitive in the digital market. However, the generation and collection of data are subject to dynamics that lead to the accumulation of data in the hands of a few companies that monopolize it. Despite the fact that data can potentially be shared and exchanged among companies, significant market failures are observed that hinder the development of an efficient business-to-business data market. This results in suboptimal use of data and a significant portion of the social utility that can be derived from them being wasted. Companies’ data hoarding behaviors, especially when they act as gatekeepers, lead to underutilization of data to the detriment of market competition and innovation. By means of its Data Strategy, the European Union seeks to address these market failures through two avenues. On the one hand, by regulating the digital sector, specifically by establishing rules regarding data exchange. This imposes obligations and portability rights, promotes exchanges, and encourages the creation of common data spaces and data pools. Similarly, access gatekeepers are subject to a set of obligations and prohibitions aimed at opening the market and preventing the consolidation of uncontestable positions. Additionally, competition authorities can impose remedies in the cases they investigate for antitrust infringements, with the aim to promote an open data market
Information as a risk distribution mechanism in the mortgage loan: projections in the pre-contractual stage
No full textEl presente artículo examina la relevancia que reviste la información de que disponen las partes al momento de negociar el contrato de mutuo hipotecario a partir de la regulación contenida en la Ley de Protección de los Derechos del Consumidor y el Reglamento sobre Información al Consumidor de Créditos Hipotecarios. Se analiza la cotización y su naturaleza jurídica como elemento fundante de la formación del consentimiento, así como su relación con otras instituciones análogas. También, se examina la importancia de precisar el concepto de riesgo comercial empleado por la normativa vigente y sus alcances. Finalmente, se revisa la responsabilidad en que puede incurrir el Proveedor como consecuencia de incumplimientos o infracciones de distinta naturaleza que pueden darse en esta relación.This article examines the relevance of the information available to the parties at the time of negotiating the mortgage loan contract, based on the regulations contained in the Consumer Rights Protection Law and the Regulation on Consumer Information on Mortgage Loans. It analyzes the mortgage commitment letter and its legal nature as a founding element of the formation of consent, as well as its relationship with other similar institutions. Also, the importance of clarifying the concept of commercial risk used by the regulations in force and its scope is elucidated. Finally, the civil and infractional liability in which the Supplier may incur as a consequence of breaches or infringements of different nature, whether they take place in pre-contractual stages or after the formation of the consent, is reviewed
The meaning of inclusive education in Spain and its application to the problem of the existence of “special centres” for students with disabilities
No full textLos sistemas educativos contemporáneos gravitan sobre el modelo de la “educación inclusiva”, pero este es un concepto que procede de la Pedagogía y tiene un sentido jurídico oscuro y polisémico. El presente trabajo pretende dotar de perfiles jurídicos a la idea de educación inclusiva y de hacerlo, precisamente, en uno de sus campos característicos (pero no único): el de la educación del alumnado con discapacidad. La principal conclusión del estudio es que el sistema educativo español, con su doble red de centros, ordinarios y especiales para alumnado con grandes discapacidades, no es, en realidad, compatible con la Convención de Naciones Unidas de 2006 sobre derechos de las personas con discapacidad.Contemporary education systems gravitate towards the model of “inclusive education”, but this is a concept that comes from pedagogy and has an obscure and polysemic legal meaning. The aim of this paper is to provide legal profiles to the idea of inclusive education and to do so, precisely, in one of its characteristic (but not only) fields: that of the education of students with disabilities. The main conclusion of the study is that the Spanish education system, with its dual network of schools, ordinary and special for students with severe disabilities, is not, in fact, compatible with the 2006 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
La cuestión de la “legitimidad” de las últimas constituciones chilenas. Un acercamiento histórico-jurídico
No full textIn recent years, there has been a tendency to make of the Political Constitution of 1980 a kind of pariah within our constitutional history; it would be an illegitimate constitution. In this way, an attempt has been made to justify the need that there would have been to initiate a new constituent process. In this argument, it seems to forget that the same or even greater problems of legitimacy can be found in the constitutional texts of 1833 and 1925, despite which —as has also happened during the validity of the current one— under them Chile has experienced long periods of political and institutional stability.En los últimos años se ha tendido a hacer de la Constitución Política de 1980 una especie de paria dentro de nuestra historia constitucional; se trataría de una constitución ilegítima. De esa forma se ha buscado justificar la necesidad que habría habido de iniciar un nuevo proceso constituyente. En esa argumentación parece olvidarse que iguales o aún mayores problemas de legitimidad pueden encontrarse en los textos constitucionales de 1833 y de 1925, pese a lo cual —como también ha ocurrido durante la vigencia del actual— bajo ellos Chile ha vivido largos períodos de estabilidad política e institucional
Urofacial Syndrome
No full textClinical characteristics: Urofacial syndrome (UFS; also known as Ochoa syndrome) is characterized by prenatal or childhood onset of urinary bladder voiding dysfunction, abnormal facial movement with expression (resulting from abnormal co-contraction of the corners of the mouth and eyes), and often bowel dysfunction (constipation and/or encopresis). Bladder voiding dysfunction can present before birth as megacystis. In infancy and later childhood, UFS can present with a poor urinary stream and dribbling incontinence; incomplete bladder emptying can lead to urinary infection with progressive kidney failure. Investigations after birth can show abnormal bladder contractility and vesicoureteral reflux of urine into the ureter and renal pelvis. Nocturnal lagophthalmos (incomplete closing of the eyes during sleep) has also been documented.Diagnosis/testing: The clinical diagnosis of UFS can be established in an individual with urinary tract dysfunction and characteristic facial movement with expression, or the molecular diagnosis can be established in an individual with characteristic features and biallelic pathogenic variants in either HPSE2 or LRIG2 identified by molecular genetic testing.Management: Treatment of manifestations: Rapid and complete antibiotic therapy for acute urinary tract infections. Anticholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic blocking medications can respectively lower raised pressure within the bladder and enhance voiding of urine. Drug treatment can be complemented by intermittent catheterization per urethra or through vesicostomy. Management of kidney disease per nephrology; management of severe kidney failure may warrant long-term dialysis and kidney transplantation. Lubricant eye drops during the day and eye ointment at night under the care of an ophthalmologist for nocturnal lagophthalmos; standard management for constipation and encopresis.Surveillance: Ultrasonography to monitor for evidence of urinary tract dysfunction including incomplete bladder emptying and hydroureteronephrosis. Kidney excretory function should be monitored, initially by measuring plasma creatinine at intervals determined by urinary tract features at presentation and their subsequent progression. Ophthalmology examinations to assess for corneal involvement; assessment for bowel dysfunction annually or at each visit.Agents/circumstances to avoid: Nephrotoxic substances.Evaluation of relatives at risk: At-risk sibs: it is appropriate to examine sibs of an affected individual as soon as possible after birth to determine if facial and/or urinary tract manifestations of UFS are present to allow prompt evaluation of the urinary tract and renal function and initiation of necessary treatment. At-risk fetus: although no guidelines for prenatal management of UFS exist, it seems appropriate to perform ultrasound examination of pregnancies at risk (in the second and third trimesters) to determine if urinary tract involvement of UFS is present, as this may influence the timing and/or location of delivery (e.g., in a tertiary medical center that could manage renal/urinary complications immediately after birth).Genetic counseling: UFS is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. If both parents are known to be heterozygous for a UFS-related pathogenic variant, each sib of an affected individual has at conception a 25% chance of being affected, a 50% chance of being an asymptomatic carrier, and a 25% chance of being unaffected and not a carrier. Once the UFS-related pathogenic variants have been identified in an affected family member, carrier testing for at-risk relatives and prenatal and preimplantation genetic testing are possible
El delito de desacato en contexto de violencia intrafamiliar: un análisis del Párrafo 2° de la Ley N° 20.066
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of the crime of contempt in the context of domestic violence, since the entry into force of Law N° 20.066. For this purpose, the Chilean criminal doctrine developed around the interpretation of the wrongful act in the crime of contempt will be studied. In particular, the interpretative criteria proposed to address the breadth of the norm that contains this crime will be analyzed. To conclude, an analysis of the crime of contempt will be proposed to reconcile the doctrinal studies reviewed and the special characteristics of domestic violence, with a view to a standardized criterion in this area.El presente trabajo se propone analizar el rol del delito de desacato en contexto de violencia intrafamiliar, a partir de la entrada en vigor de la Ley N° 20.066. Con ese propósito, se estudiará la doctrina penal chilena desarrollada en torno a la interpretación del injusto en el delito de desacato. En particular, se analizarán los criterios interpretativos propuestos para enfrentar la amplitud de la norma que contiene este delito. Adicionalmente, se planteará un análisis en torno al delito de desacato que concilie los estudios doctrinarios revisados y las características especiales de la violencia intrafamiliar, con miras a un criterio estandarizado en esta materia