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ANNALES DE L’INSTITUT FOURIER
XAVIER GOMEZ-MONT
Integrals for holomorphic foliations with
singularities having all leaves compact
Annales de l’institut Fourier, tome 39, no 2 (1989), p. 451-458
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Ann. Inst. Fourier, Grenoble
39, 2 (1989), 451-458.
INTEGRALS FOR HOLOMORPHIC FOLIATIONS
WITH SINGULARITIES HAVING
ALL LEAVES COMPACT (*)
by Xavier GOMEZ-MONT
The problem of understanding smooth foliations with all leaves
compact has been analysed by Reeb, Epstein and Edward, Millet and
Sullivan ([R], [E], [EMS]). In the holomorphic category, these last ones
have shown that if the manifold is compact and Kaehler, then the leaf
space is Hausdorff, and hence carries a canonical structure of a complex
analytic space. Non-singular holomorphic foliations are difficult to find,
but singular holomorphic foliations are abundant, at least in projective
varieties. The objective of this paper is to give an extension of the
theorem of Edwards, Millet and Sullivan to the case of singular
holomorphic foliations in projective varieties. Due to the singularities
(i.e. the closure of the leaves passing through the same point, or
irreducible varieties converging to reducible varieties), the conclusion
obtained is in the rational category, instead of the holomorphic one.
Our technique is different from the one used in [EMS]: we rely on the
Hilbert scheme parametrizing subvarieties of a given projective variety.
To describe the result, let M be a projective integral (i.e. irreducible
and reduced) variety over the complex numbers. A holomorphic foliation
(with singularities) ^ of codimension q in M is a coherent subsheaf of
the sheaf of differential 1-forms ^ c: QJ^ such that over a Zarizki dense
open subset of M it defines a non-singular holomorphic foliation of
codimension q. The leaves of ^ are the leaves of this non-singular
(*) Research supported by British Council and CONACYT-CNRS at Universities of
Warwick and Toulouse.
Key-words : Holomorphic foliations - Meromorphic first integrals - Hilbert scheme.
AMS Classification : 34 C 20 - 58 C 25 - 53 C 65.
452 XAVIER GOMEZ-MONT
foliation. A subvariety of M is quasiprojective if it is of the form
V — W, with V and W projective subvarieties of M.
In this paper we prove :
THEOREM 3. — Let ^ be a holomorphic foliation (with singularities)
of codimension q in the projective integral variety M, and assume that
every leaf L of ^ is a quasiprojective subvariety of M ; then there is a
projective integral variety V of dimension q and a rational map f: M -> V
such that the closure of a general f-fibre is the closure of a leaf of ^ ' .
By pulling back the rational functions on F, one may formulate
the result by saying that the set of rational first integrals of the foliation
is a function field of trascendence degree q . The variety V is a geometric
realization of this function field. We also obtain a generic equidesin-
gularization of the leaves:
COROLLARY 4. — Let M, ^ and V be as in Theorem 3, then there
is a quasiprojective smooth variety M' with a smooth, proper and surjective
holomorphic map f : M' —> V — W', W a subvariety of V and a
holomorphic birational map v)/ : M' —> M such that the image under \j/ of
an f-fibre is the closure of an ^-leaf (i.e. \^/(/'-l(l;))==£).
The main ingredient in the proof of the theorem consist in showing
that there is a unique q dimensional variety in the Hilbert scheme of
M parametrizing codimension q integral subvarieties of M which are
not contained in the singular locus of ^ and which are tangent to ^ .
The Zarizki closure of this subvariety is V ,
I would tike to thank Dominique Cerveau for posing the problem
for foliations by curves in projective 3-space, which was the motivation
for carrying out this research.
1. The Hilbert scheme.
We will consider projective or quasiprojective varieties with the
algebraic Zarizki topology. Recall that a subset of a projective variety
is constructible if it can^ be written as a finite disjoint union of locally
closed subsets ([H], p. 94).
It has been shown by Grothendieck ([G]) that given a projective
variety M, one may introduce into the set ^fiU (M) of subvarieties
INTEGRALS FOR FOLIATIONS 453
of M an algebraic structure converting it into a countable union of
projective varieties and there is a proper and flat morphism^i
(1)
^M c Mx^f/^
\ ^
^fi^{>^
such that the fibre over any point in ^f</^ is the variety it represents,
and it is universal for flat and proper families of subvarieties of M.
h: i^M-^ ^^M is called the Hilbert scheme ofM.
LEMMA 1. — Let M be a projective variety, A a projective subvariety
of M and f : X < ^ M ^ T - > T a flat, proper algebraic morphism between
quasiprojective varieties parametrizing subvarieties of M. If X^ = f~\t)
denotes the f fibre over t, then the set
T •=• {t E T/Xf is integral and not contained in A}
is open in T. The subset
T" = {rerySingW £ A}
is constructible in T.
Proof. - The condition of Xf to be integral is open by [G-D]
IV. l2.2A.viii, and since the ima^ge of ^^6{A) -^ Jf/^(M) is closed in
every connected component of JfW^(M) ([G] Thorem 3.2), we obtain
that T is open. Applying [G-D] IV.12.L6Ju to the restriction o f / t o
Xr^(M-A) x T we obtain that T" is constructible.
2. Singular foliations with quasiprojective leaves.
Let M be a projective integral variety over the complex numbers
and QJ^ the sheaf of differential 1-forms on M. A holomorphic filiation
(with singularities) in M is a coherent subsheaf ^ of 0.^ such that ^
satisfies the Frobenius integrability condition on a Zariski dense open
subset, namely, i^ c, ^r A Q^ on a Zarizki dense open subset, where
d is the differential operator on differential forms. The singular set
Sing y of the filiation ^ is the union of the singular points of M and
the set of points where OM/^ is not locally free. In M - Sing ^ we
have a non-singular holomorphic foliation. The leaves of ^ are the
leaves of the non-singular holomorphic foliation in M - Sing^. The
454 XAVIER GOMEZ-MONT
rank of the sheaf ^ is called the codimension of the foliation. A smooth
quasiprojective subvariety Y of M is tangent to the foliation if for any
irreducible component V of V, it is not contained in Sing ^ and the
image of the sheaf ^ under the canonical map Q^ly-)- Q)y has support
on a proper analytic subset.
LEMMA 2. — Let M" and T be quasiprojective varieties with M"
non-singular, ^ a non-singular holomorphic foliation in M" and X a
closed subvariety of M" x T such that the projection to the second factor
g : X —> T is a smooth morphism with connected fibres, then the set of
points of T such that X^ is tangent to ^ is a Zarizki closed subset
ofT.
Proof. — Denote by pj the projections of M" x T to the factors
and co: ^ -> Q^ the map defining ^ . Let TI be the map between
locally free sheaves on X defined by the diagram
P^\x = ^\x -^ ̂  0
T /
Pf^x / ^
?U^}\x
where Qj, and Q^ are the sheaves of relative 1-forms (see [H]), p. 176).
Let Z c: X be the Zarizki closed set defined by r\ = 0. (This is well
defined since r| is a map of locally free sheaves). X^ is tangent to ^
if and only Xf is contained in Z. The set of points of T such that
Zf = Xf is the set of points where Z^ has dimension dim X^, which is
closed by [Sh], p. 61, applied to the irreducible components of the
closure Z of Z in M x T, where M is a projective closure of M " .
THEOREM 3. — Let ^ be a holomorphic foliation (with singularities)
of codimension q in the projective integral variety M, and assume that
every leaf L of ^ is a quasiprojective subvariety of M : then there is a
projective integral variety V of dimension q and a rational map f : M —> V
such that the closure of a general f-fibre is the closure of a leaf of ^ .
Proof. - Let T " be the constructible set obtained by applying
Lemma 1 to those components of the Hilbert scheme of M that
parametrize subvarieties of M of codimension q, with A = Sing(^').
Let [T]} be the decomposition of T " into a disjoint union of a countable
number of reduced quasiprojective varieties (this is possible since T " is
INTEGRALS FOR FOLIATIONS 455
constructible in every connected component of Jf/^(M)), and let
{h'j: ̂ j -> Tj] be the restriction of the Hilbert scheme (1) of M to 7}.
Let Sj be the reduced subvariety of Tj obtained by applying Lemma 2
to the family
r̂, = -r, - A x r, - r,
of smooth sub varieties of M-Sing(^).
We claim that there is one and only one irreducible component of
one Sj of dimension q. To see this, observe that the projection of
i^j n M x Sj to the first factor is an injective map. This is so, since
every fibre of h'j is a reduced and irreducible variety tangent ot ^ in
M — Sing ^ , and hence is completely determined by its set of points.
Since the image of this projection is a constructible set, this implies
that the dimension of Sj is less than or equal to q. If all of them had
dimension less than q then, since there are a countable number of such
components, their union would be properly contained in M — Sing ^ .
But we know that the union is all of M — Sing ^F , hence there must
be at least one component of {5',} which has dimension q. There can
be no more than one such component, since these components haye as
image in M disjoint constructible sets of total dimension, and by
hypothesis M is irreducible.
Let V be the closure (with respect to the Zarizki topology) in
J^W^ (M) of this component of dimension q, provided with its reduced
structure, and let ho: V -> V be the restriction of the Hilbert scheme
to V. The projection of i^ c: M x V to the first factor is surjective,
and it is injective over a Zarizki dense, hence it is a birational map,
with inverse a birational map ̂ .
The rational map /= ho0 ( ^ : M -> V satisfies the properties required
to prove the theorem. D
COROLLARY 4. — Let M, ^ and V be as in Theorem 3, then there
is a quasiprojective smooth variety M' with a smooth, proper and surjective
456 XAVIER GOMEZ-MONT
holomorphic map f : M' -> V — W, W a subvariety of V and a
holomorphic birational map \|/: M' -> M such that the image under \|/ of
an f-fibre is the closure of an ^-leaf (i.e. ^(f"'l(v))=L).
Proof. - Let ^t -^ V be a desingularization of ^ ([Hi]). The map
\|/ from y to M obtained by composition
is a holomorphic birational map. Let V — W be the non-empty Zarizki
open subset of V where the map h" is smooth ([H], p. 272) and let
M' = h"~\V-W). Then the restriction/' of h" and v(/ of \|/ to M1
satisfy the properties in the statement of the corollary. D
The following lemma gives conditions under which we may apply
Theorem 3.
LEMMA 5. — Let ^ be a holomorphic foliation (with singularities) of
codimension q in an integral projective variety M such that Sing(^) has
codimension bigger than q. Then the leaves of ^ are quasiprojective if
and only if they are closed subsets in M — Sing(^) with the transcendental
topology.
Proof. — A Theorem of Bishop (see [S]) asserts that if the local
2 (dim M-k) Hausdorff measure of the closure E of a pure codimension
k subvariety B of M — Sing(^) intersected with Sing(^) is zero, then
B is an analytic subset of M. The hypothesis on the codimension of
Sing^) imply that the hypothesis in Bishop's Theorem are satisfied
for every closed leaf of ^ , hence the lemma. D
Remarks. — 1) The flatness condition determines which codimension
q sub varieties of M should be considered as leaves of M, even though
they are reduced (branching behaviour of the foliation at the leaf),
reducible (breaking of the generic leaf into several components; these
leaves would give non-Hausdorff points if we consider a naive leaf
space) or completely contained in the singular set of 3F .
2) An example of Suzuki (see [CM], p. 74) gives a holomorphic
foliation by curves in the ball B in C2, singular only at 0 such that
INTEGRALS FOR FOLIATIONS 457
the closure of every leaf is an analytic curve through 0, but there does
not exist a germ of a meromorphic function at 0 which is constant
along the leaves. There is then a marked difference between the local
and the global problems on the existence of meromorphic first integrals
in the presence of closed leaves.
3) The existence of a universal object parametrizing complex analytic
subspaces of a compact complex manifold was shown by A. Douady
([D]), where the connected components of the parameter space are not
necessarily projective, but if M is Kaehler they are compact by a
theorem of Fujiki ([F]). Lemmas 1 and 2 hold in the analytic category,
and the above argument suffices to prove Corollary 4 for Kaehler
manifolds, but the part of the argument of Theorem 3 that uses the
algebraic Zarizki topology (i.e. the closure of the component of
dimension q is a variety of dimension q) does not extend to the analytic
category.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[D] A. DOUADY, Le probleme des modules pour les sous-espaces analytiques
compacts d'un espace analytique donne, Ann. Inst. Fourier, 16-1
(1966), 1-95.
[C.M.] D. CERVEAU, J.-F. MATTEI, Formes integrables holomorphes singulieres,
Asterisque, 97 (1982).
[E.M.S.] R. EDWARDS, K. MILLET, D. SULLIVAN, Foliations with all leaves
compact, Topology, 16 (1977), 13-32.
[E] D. EPSTEIN, Foliations with all leaves compact, Ann. Inst. Fourier,
26-1 (1976), 265-282.
[F] A. FUJIKI, Closedness of the Douady spaces of compact Kaehler
spaces, Publ. Math. RIMS, Kyoto U., 14 (1978).
[G] A. GROTHENDIECK, Techniques de construction et theoremes d'existence
en Geometric Algebrique IV: Les Schemas de Hilbert, Seminaire
Bourbaki, Exp. 221 (1961), Benjamin, N.Y., 1975.
[G.D.] A. GROTHENDIECK, J. DIEUDONNE, Elements de Geometric Alge-
brique IV : Etude locale des schemas et de morphismes de schemas,
Publ. Math. IHES, 28, 1966.
[H] R. HARTSHORNE, Algebraic Geometry, Springer Verlag, 1977.
[Hi] H. HIRONAKA, Resolution of singularities of an algebraic variety
over a field of characteristic zero. Annals of Math., 79 (1964),
1: 109-203 ; II: 205-326.
458 XAVIER GOMEZ-MONT
[R] G. REEB, Sur certaines proprietes topologiques des varietes feuilletees,
Actual. Scient. Ind., 1183 (1952).
[Sh] I. SHAFAREVICH, Basic Algebraic Geometry, Springer Verlag, 1974.
[S] G. STOLZENBERG, Volumes, Limits and Extensions of Analytic Varieties
LNM 19, Springer Verlag, 1966.
Manuscrit recu Ie 5 septembre 1988.
Xavier GOMEZ-MONT,
Institute de Matematicas
Universidad Nacional de Mexico
Mexico, 04510, D.F. (Mexico).


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