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Conservation Mortars for the Danube Limes in Serbia: Safeguarding the Values of Cultural Heritage
Get PDFRoman sites located within the former military border – Danube Limes, have been explored for over 150 years in Serbia. A large number of fortifications, settlements, and necropolises, belonging to the period from the 1st to the 6th century have been discovered. Serbian institutions have recently initiated the process of their inscription to the UNESCO WH List, joining the transnational property Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Unfortunately, some of them are endangered and exposed to the decay of time, being in isolated areas, flooded, or simply unmaintained. The MoDeCo2000 project, funded by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, was created with an attempt to make a contribution to their future protection with an innovative methodological approach, comprising the scientific research of construction materials and technologies used and suggestions for the creation of repairing mortars according to the international conservation guidelines and standards. Mortars, bricks, and stones originating from 23 sites were sampled during the project fieldwork and later researched using contemporary laboratory techniques
Preface
Get PDFThe dust that a building is transformed into when it becomes a ruin holds precious traces of the past. The hands of an archaeologist will search through it patiently, and find a necklace bead of a woman that lived in it. The hands of an architect will virtually transform the dust into a mortar, brick, or stone. The first profession sees through the unbuilt. The second one builds from it. However, both perform their work by communicating with the sciences.
Throughout history, various components were chosen, measured, and mixed into one of the most complex building composites ever - mortar, whose re-creation is of invaluable importance for architectural conservation. Geologists and chemists will best tell us about its composition. However, sometimes, while excavating a ruined wall, an archaeologist finds a mortar trowel, accidentally left by the past builder. Is this a more valuable trace for revealing the creation of a wall than the binder/aggregate ratio of the mortar used? Can we pick it up and imagine the hands that combined colourful aggregate grains with the earth, gypsum, lime, or cement
Roads and RiveRs, pots and potteRs in pannonia - inteRactions, analogies and diffeRences
Get PDFThere are many names in Croatian, German and English for class of pottery discussed in this volume.
Generally accepted terms are:
• Panonska keramika s premazom (PKP)
• Pannonische Glanztonware (PGW)
• Pannonian slipped ware (PSW)
The PKP, PGW or PGW is a group of pottery widespread in Pannonia, but also in Noricum and Moesia, from the end of
the 1st well into the 3rd century A.D and even later. The shapes of the vessels recall the forms of the Terra Sigillata, but
some of them also show the influence of the local utility ware. The appearance of this group can be described as high quality pottery with a slip. It was produced in a reduced, oxidant and mixed atmosphere: as a result, there are black, grey,
red, and orange vessels.
In this book, authors were allowed to follow their thoughts and intuition to create the information about the Panno nian slipped ware in the region they work. The lack of publications, especially in Croatia, was the main problem in deve loping more uniform descriptions of types and features that form the PSW. We hope to create a fixed point from which a
more comprehensive study can be made.
We are grateful to all colleagues who submitted an article for this publication. This way, we have gathered some of the
current knowledge on this topic, and we hope to continue our cooperation. We can say that this publication is a work of a
small study group dedicated to one topic.
In the meantime, by May 13, 2022, an important article about Pannonische Glanztonware that was published on the
website of Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz (RGZM) “disappeared” from the Internet. RGZM is developing a
new modern website. Hopefully, the paper will appear again on the new RGZM site.
A possible new link is: https://web.rgzm.de/forschung/forschungsinfrastrukturen/infrastrukturen/wissenschaftliche it-digitale-plattformen-und-tools/online-datenbanken
Преглед материјалних остатака Словена на територији Грчке
No full textЕпоха словенских инвазија у 7. веку је са историјског, археолошког и топономастичког аспекта оставила неизбрисив печат у историји Византије. Словени инвазијама и насељењем доносе са собом њима својствену материјалну културу која је по природи својој различита од сувремене рановизантијске материјалне културе, и која испољава, у највећој мери, сличност са керамиком словенског стила или типа на простору централне и источне Европе, већином са керамиком тзв. прашког типа. За новодосељене Словене карактеристично је било и сахрањивање с оружјем, за разлику од домицилног ромејског становништва, већином (према закону) ненаоружаног, којима оваква сахрана у материјалном смислу (онда) и није била својствена. И не само то, него и специфично сахрањивање са покојником положеним ка истоку, док је глава покојника окренута ка западу, при чему се паралелно јавља и Словенима својствена кремација и (потоња) инхумација, својственија домицилним хришћанима. И поред тога што постоје – на овај начин – специфични и јасни словенски слојеви на локалитетима на грчком тлу, у самој Грчкој идеја словенске археологије грчког тла је и даље у извесној мери контраверзна с обзиром на то да је словенско насељавање Грчке и стварање словенских кнежевина - склавинија на њеном тлу дуго представљало својеврсну претњу грчкој националној идеји (’наративу’). Из угла словенске синтезе, овај рад представља покушај да се изложи преглед словенских материјалних остатака на територији Грчке.The era of the Slavic invasions in the 7th century AD left an indelible mark on the history of Byzantium from the historical, archaeological and toponymic aspects. Through invasions and settlements, the Slavs brought with them their own material culture, which by its nature is different from the contemporary Early Byzantine material culture, and which exhibits, to the greatest extent, similarity with ceramics of the Slavic style or type in Central and Eastern Europe, mostly with the ceramics of the so-called Prague type. Burial with weapons was also characteristic of the newly settled Slavs, in contrast to the domicile Byzantine population, mostly unarmed (in accordance to the law), for whom, in a material sense, this kind of burial (then) was not typical. It was also characteristic to these Slavs the specific burial with the deceased laid to the east, while the head of the deceased is turned to the west, showing parallel ocurrence of the cremation, typical of the Slavs, and (the latter) inhumation, more typical of domicile Christians. In spite of the fact that there are, thus, specific and clear Slavic stratigrafic layers in archaeological localities on Greek soil, in Greece itself the concept of a Slavic archeology of Greek soil is still marred by controversy to a certain extent, considering the fact that the Slavic settlement of Greece and the subsequent creation of Slavic chiefdoms („Sklavinias”) on its soil has long represented a kind of threat to the Greek national narrative. From the point of view of Slavic synthesis, this article represents an attempt to demonstrate an overview of Slavic material remains on the territory of Greece
Nadgrobne stele Viminacijuma
Get PDFA significant group of funerary steles originates from Viminacium, the largest urban settlement and an important Danube military center. Unfortunately, the largest number of steles are preserved fragmentarily. Some are only known from literature. They date to the period from the end of the 1st century and the beginning of the 2nd century right up to the time of Christian dominance, most often in the 2nd or 3rd centuries. Some of these stele belong to exceptional works of Roman provincial art. Viminacium was, thanks to its excellent geographical position, exceptionally well connected with the Eastern-Alpine (Gummern), Lower-Pannonian (Budakalász, Aquincum), as well as Dacian and Southern-Carpathian workshops (Bukova). Most probably, skeched, semi-finished, or finished products of marble and travertine from these quarries were delivered by waterways, via the Danube, Sava, or Drava, to Viminacium. Wealthy inhabitants ordered monuments from these prestigious Eastern-Alpine, Pannonian, and Dacian workshops. At the same time, domestic Moesian workshops also had to satisfy a developed market and the increased demand of prosperous clients. A significant number of the Viminacium steles were made of local or regional Neogene, Sarmatian, or Bedenian limestone from quarries situated in the Danube region of the province. Local workshops developed Moesian artistic models characteristic of these parts, both in their structure and decoration. Although the funerary steles of Viminacium are largely fragmentarily preserved, they have been an extremely important basis for understanding life in this Danube center
Production of ceramic building material in ancient Viminacium
Get PDFThe technology of brickmaking was introduced to the area of Viminacium by the Romans. The development and growth of the urban settlement in the 1st–4th century necessitated the need for huge quantities of construction materials. Large-scale production of ceramic building materials, which are often abbreviated to CBM, is attested both by the numerous finds of the material itself, as well as traces of the manufacturing process. More than 15 kilns and several structures used in the process were discovered in the vicinity of Viminacium. Still, the subject of Viminacium CBM production has only been modestly studied. Thus, the aim of this paper is to analyse this production, namely the characteristics and organisation of its processes, based on the results of archaeological excavations and previously published research. To achieve this goal, we focused on the layout of the particular manufacturing sites, and the production process organisation, together with the necessary review of the characteristics of the found kilns and other structures used in the production process
A hoard of denarii and antoniniani from the village of Klisurica near Prokuplje (southern Serbia)
Get PDFThe Klisurica hoard was discovered in 1986 in the village of the same name, situated on the Grebac mountain pass, on the southern slope of Mali Jastrebac, near Prokuplje. It consists of 1655 denarii and antoniniani, spanning the period from Vespasian to Trajan Decius. Numerous archaeological sites from the Roman period have been registered on the southern side of the Jastrebac massif and in the Toplica region, while the remains of a villa rustica to the south of the Klisurica village are the most important regarding our find. One of the most important central Balkan routes, the Lissus – Naissus – Ratiaria, which connected the Adriatic and the Black seas, used to pass this way. Considering the position of the site and conditions in the surrounding area, the owners of the villa and its inhabitants were undoubtedly farmers and cattle breeders, and were most probably the owners of the coin hoard
Mound 28 from the Paulje Necropolis in Brezjak – a Contribution to the Absolute Chronology of the Late Bronze Age in Serbia
Get PDFThe paper brings the results of archaeological excavations of Mound 28 at the Paulje necropolis, conducted in the autumn of 2019, along with the excavations of two adjacent mounds. All of the aforementioned mounds were partially damaged and eroded through decades of ploughing. Consequently, remains of a Late Bronze Age burial were recorded solely in Mound 28. According to the grave inventory comprised of bronze jewellery and analogies from concurrent necropolises, it is assumed that the burial belongs to a female individual (?). Besides the extraordinary examples of bronze jewellery, such as pins, an arm ring, bracelets, crescent-shaped pendants, torques, and remains of amber jewellery, the organic substructure below the fully cast arm ring has been successfully dated. According to the absolute dating, the jewellery is attributed to the 14th century BC, and the inventory of the grave completely corresponds to the previously dated features from the Paulje necropolis. Therefore, certain forms of bronze jewellery were provided with a more precise chronological position based on the absolute dates. The burial is attributed to the Brezjak culture
Absolute Datierung der Fundstelle Buban, Ausgrabungen 2008-2014
Get PDFWährend der Ausgrabungen von 2008. bis 2014. sind auf der Fundstelle Bubanj aus allen Komplexen und Kulturschichten viele Proben für eine Radiokrabon-Datierung (C14) gesammelt worden. Davon sind zehn Proben datiert worden und die Resultate in dieser Arbeit präsentiert.Aufgrund deren Datierungen wird festgestellt, dass die Siedlungen der Bubanj-Hum I Kultur auf dieser Fundstelle zwischen der Mitte des 44. und Mitte des 43. Jahrhunderts existierten; Die Černavoda-Boleraz-Baden Manifestation dauerte zwischen der ersten Hälfte des 34.und der ersten Hälfte des 33. Jh. v. Chr.; die Gemeinschaften der Coţofeni-Kostolac Kultur siedelten auf der Fundstelle während des letzten Viertels des 4. Jahrtausends und vielleicht auch am Anfang des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. Die jüngste Schicht dieser Fundstelle, die der Bubanj-Hum III Kultur, bzw. der Frühbronzezeit gehört, wird in den Zeitraum zwischen der Mitte des letzten Viertels des 3. Jahrtausends bis zur Mitte des ersten Viertels des 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. bestimm
From the cultural-ethnic group "Krajčinovići-slana voda" to the roman period: cultural and trade routes and impacts
Get PDFSitul Krajčinovići-Slana voda este situat în vecinătatea orașului Priboj din vestul
Serbiei, iar noutatea indicatorilor săi culturali poate fi clasificată într-un grup cultural și etnic
complet nou. O astfel de noutate se reflectă atât în moda funerară, cât și în cultura materială
imanentă acestui sit. Ceremonia de înmormântare s-a desfășurat într-o necropolă inelară; bărbații
și femeile decedate au fost distribuiți radial în jurul perimetrului necropolei. Prezența grecească
și celtică este evidentă în cultura materială. Prezența entității grecești avea să fie, din
nou, evidentă, mult mai târziu, în perioada romană, împreună cu importurile din provinciile
vestice. În plus, repertoriul onomastic celtic este evident în materialul onomastic, în timp ce
cultul subiect conține elementele cultului grecesc și prezența imigranților greci. Examinarea
pietrelor funerare indică folosirea inscripțiilor grecești și omiterea ultimului cuvânt de rămas
bun (haire) pentru a afirma prezența grecilor, care nu fuseseră complet romanizați până la acel
moment. De asemenea, grupul lingvistico-cultural ‒ constituit de R. Katičić și referitor la zonele
de sud și sud-est ale provinciei romane Dalmația – indică prezența materialului onomastic
celtic. În același timp, acest grup lingvistic-cultural poate reprezenta legătura dintre perioada
locației Krajčinovići-Slana vodă ‒ datată în intervalul de timp de la mijlocul până la sfârșitul
secolului al II-lea ‒ și perioada romană. După cum se arată în studiile pietrelor funerare romane,
rutele culturale și comerciale mergeau în două direcții: una din Macedonia, râul Neretva
și râurile Drina și Uvac, iar cealaltă din provinciile vestice Aquileia și Salona