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Hybrid AI-Based Framework for Generating Realistic Attack-Related Network Flow Data for Cybersecurity Digital Twins
Get PDFPublisher Copyright: © 2025 by the authors.In the context of cybersecurity digital twin environments, the ability to simulate realistic network traffic is critical for validating and training intrusion detection systems. However, generating synthetic data that accurately reflects the complex, time-dependent nature of network flows remains a significant challenge. This paper presents an AI-based data generation approach designed to generate multivariate temporal network flow data that accurately reflects adversarial scenarios. The proposed method integrates a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture trained to capture the temporal dynamics of both normal and attack traffic, ensuring the synthetic data preserves realistic, sequence-aware behavioral patterns. To further enhance data fidelity, a combination of deep learning-based generative models and statistical techniques is employed to synthesize both numerical and categorical features while maintaining the correct proportions and temporal relationships between attack and normal traffic. A key contribution of the framework is its ability to generate high-fidelity synthetic data that supports the simulation of realistic, production-like cybersecurity scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in generating data that supports robust machine learning-based detection systems, making it a valuable tool for cybersecurity validation and training in digital twin environments.Peer reviewe
A comprehensive study of optical resonances in metals, dielectrics, and excitonic materials in double interface structures
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)From an optical perspective, depending on the relationship between the real (n) and imaginary (k) parts of its refractive index, three broad categories of materials can be distinguished: metals (k ≫ n), dielectrics (n ≫ k), and materials in which n ≈ k (termed here excitonic materials). The modes and optical resonances that appear in a thin film bounded by two dielectrics with similar refractive index, what we call here a double interface structure, have been widely studied in the case of metals, but not for dielectrics, or materials with n ≈ k. In this work, we propose a new approach, based on employing the phase matching condition to correlate the resonances that appear in the wavelength versus incident angle color maps of the reflected power with the modal analysis of the cross section of the structure. This analysis is performed, using an attenuated total reflection (ATR) setup, for thin film materials that belong to each of the mentioned categories: a metal (gold, Au), a dielectric (titanium dioxide, TiO2), and a material with n ≈ k (chromium, Cr). The theoretical analysis is supported with experimental results. It is demonstrated that this method enables to identify any resonance at any wavelength or incident angle, being valid for all three types of materials. Therefore, it is considered the suggested approach will help the research in these materials and in the double interface structure in the optics and photonics field.Peer reviewe
LFF-V2V: A Late Fusion Cooperative Framework in V2V Scenarios
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2025 IEEE.Traditional perception systems in automated driving have different constraints that do not allow for complete environmental awareness. Cooperative Perception (CP) addresses these limitations by sharing information between vehicles and/or infrastructure through Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications. This collaborative approach mitigates occlusions and extends sensor coverage, proving essential for Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA). However, there are remaining challenges about its application in online real-world scenarios, such as CP information transmission and communication degradations. In this cooperative context, Motion Prediction (MP) proves to be crucial, since it provides a scene representation of all the agents with their positions, velocities and future trajectories. Thus, shared information between agents can improve each agent understanding of the overall scene. This paper introduces LFF - V2V, A Late Fusion Cooperative Framework in V2V Scenarios. It combines two state-of-the-art late fusion methods, Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) and Weighted Box Fusion (WBF), with a mapless Hierarchical Vector Transformer (HiVT) motion prediction model. We have conducted an extensive evaluation in two environments: CARLA simulator and the real-world V2X-Real dataset, analyzing different communication strategies. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of CP in improving object detection and motion prediction, even with degraded communications.Peer reviewe
Performance evaluation of railway wheels repaired through laser directed energy deposition (DED-LB)
Get PDFPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2025.Railway wheels and rails wear is probably one of the biggest challenges in the maintenance of transportation system. In modern high-speed trains, maintenance costs can represent almost a third of the total life costs, where the wheelset wear is one of the most common and costly phenomena. In view of this problem, in the present research the feasibility of employing the Additive Manufacturing (AM) process known as laser Directed Energy Deposition (DED-LB) is analyzed as a novel alternative to current wheel repair procedures based on material elimination. For this purpose, test parts are extracted from real wheel´s treads and filler material is deposited on its surface. AISI 4140, AISI H13, and EuTroLoy 16606 powder steels are tested. In all cases the resulting metallurgical quality of the filler material is evaluated, as well as the adhesion to the base material of the wheel. Besides, the mechanical performance of the deposited coating is also evaluated, focusing on hardness and wear resistance. Once the process parameters are optimized, excellent adhesion is achieved in all the tested materials and defect free coatings are obtained, which ensures the feasibility of repairing railway wheels through DED-LB. EuTroLoy 16606 demonstrates the most favorable mechanical performance for full-surface coating applications, due to its lower wear rate under testing conditions. In contrast, AISI 4140 is a better choice for partial repair operations, as its mechanical properties closely align with those of the original ER9 wheel material. This compatibility ensures better structural continuity and minimizes the risk of mismatch-related failures in localized repairs.Peer reviewe
Unleashing the Potential of Synthetic Images: A Study on Histopathology Image Classification
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.Histopathology image classification is crucial for the accurate identification and diagnosis of various diseases but requires large and diverse datasets. Obtaining such datasets, however, is often costly and time-consuming due to the need for expert annotations and ethical constraints. To address this, we examine the suitability of different generative models and image selection approaches to create realistic synthetic histopathology image patches conditioned on class labels. Our findings highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate generative model type and architecture to enhance performance. Our experiments over the PCam dataset show that diffusion models are effective for transfer learning, while GAN-generated samples are better suited for augmentation. Additionally, transformer-based generative models do not require image filtering, in contrast to those derived from Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), which benefit from realism score-based selection. Therefore, we show that synthetic images can effectively augment existing datasets, ultimately improving the performance of the downstream histopathology image classification task.Peer reviewe
Implementación de la educación para el desarrollo sostenible en la educación superiorEstudios de Ingeniería
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2025 Asociacion de Quimicos del Instituto Quimico de Sarria. All rights reserved.This article aims to identify and analyze various models developed in Europe over the past 20 years for the immediate and effective implementation of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in higher education, with a particular focus on engineering studies. The models are examined in correlation with reference examples from different countries and universities, along with the strategies employed to integrate sustainable development (SD). From the research conducted, comparative tables have been created to evaluate the barriers, accelerators, advantages, and disadvantages of various implementation strategies. The authors emphasize the importance of actionable outcomes, highlighting two key points: first, the necessity of integrated action and maximizing the participation of the university community and its stakeholders; second, the need for engineering curricula to incorporate critical concepts and SDGs, alongside the creation of curricular spaces that foster high-level competencies and enable transdisciplinary learning. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of supporting educators in this process. Establishing accompaniment teams and providing collaborative spaces for dialogue and adjustment are critical to accommodating diverse perspectives and implementation paces. Drawing from prior research and publications, the practical approach developed here reaffirms the feasibility of ESD implementation, providing reassurance to stakeholders about its practicality and impact.Peer reviewe
ZNF280A links DNA double-strand break repair to human 22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2025.DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are among the most deleterious forms of DNA damage and, if unresolved, result in DNA mutations and chromosomal aberrations that can cause disease, including cancer. Repair of DSBs by homologous recombination requires extensive nucleolytic digestion of DNA ends in a process known as DNA-end resection. In recent years, progress has been made in understanding how this process is initiated, but the later stages of this process—long-range DNA-end resection—are not well understood. Many questions remain in terms of how the DNA helicases and endonucleases that catalyse this process are regulated, a key step to avoiding spurious activity in the absence of breaks. The importance of DNA-end resection in human disease is highlighted by several human genetic syndromes that are caused by mutations or deficiencies in key proteins involved in this process. Here, using high-throughput microscopy coupled with a cDNA ‘chromORFeome’ library, we identified ZNF280A as an uncharacterized chromatin factor that is recruited to breaks and essential for DNA DSB repair. Lack of ZNF280A drives genomic instability and substantial sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ZNF280A promotes long-range DNA-end resection by facilitating the recruitment of the BLM–DNA2 helicase–nuclease complex to DNA DSB sites, enhancing efficiency of the enzymatic activity of this complex at DNA damage sites. ZNF280A is therefore essential for DNA-end resection and DNA repair by homologous recombination. Importantly, ZNF280A is hemizygously deleted in a human genetic condition, 22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome. Features of this condition include congenital heart disease, microcephaly, immune deficiency, developmental delay and cognitive deficits—features that are associated with other human syndromes caused by defects in genes involved in DNA repair. Remarkably, cells from individuals with a 22q11.2 distal deletion have defects in DNA-end resection and homologous recombination, resulting in increased incidence of genomic instability. These phenotypes are rescued by reintroduction of ZNF280A, providing evidence of defective DNA repair as a potential mechanistic explanation for several clinical features associated with this human condition.Peer reviewe
Petrochemical Applications of Solid Catalysts
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.Manufacturing the main petrochemical building blocks, such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, p-xylene, and methanol, requires a solid catalyst. In this field, zeolites and supported metals stand out as the most used catalysts, with mixed oxides and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) playing a secondary role. This chapter provides a general overview of the most relevant solid catalysts applied to the different catalytic conversions dedicated to the production of petrochemical building blocks and the main milestones and challenges associated with their development.Peer reviewe
Multi-Objective Optimization for Multimodal Multi-Objective Multi-Point Shortest Path Problem Considering Unforeseeable Road Eventualities
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2000-2011 IEEE.Multi-objective multi-point shortest path planning problems are commonly encountered in real-world applications. Numerous path planning algorithms have been proposed to accommodate different model assumptions. However, most existing algorithms can only identify a subset of the Pareto optimal paths and overlook equivalent Pareto optimal paths. Relying solely on a subset of Pareto optimal solutions is insufficient to effectively respond to unforeseeable road eventualities in the real-world traffic environment. In this paper, multi-objective multi-point shortest path planning problem is modeled as a multimodal multi-objective optimization problem with necessary points constrains. A multimodal multi-objective evolutionary algorithm using constraint dominance principle-based path comparison strategy and path similarity-based multimodal solutions selection strategy is proposed to address this problem. The proposed constraint dominance principle-based path comparison strategy can effectively navigate through large infeasible regions by relaxing necessary point constraints, thereby obtaining a true constrained Pareto front. The proposed path similarity-based multimodal solutions selection strategy can effectively balance the distribution of solutions in the decision space, thereby preserving multiple equivalent optimal solutions. The proposed algorithm is compared with five state-of-the-art path planning algorithms from the benchmark test suite derived from the 2021 IEEE CEC path planning competition, where city maps are adapted from real transportation networks in Chinese cities, in our experiments. The exceptional performance is demonstrated through thirty independent runs, yielding experimental results that showcase the superiority of the proposed algorithm on the test problem set. This superior performance highlights the potential for designing more resilient path planners suitable for scenarios affected by unpredictable road eventualities.Peer reviewe
Dynamics of lifting the Au(111) reconstruction in perchloric acid electrolyte
No full textPublisher Copyright: This journal is © the Owner SocietiesThe striped p × √3 reconstruction of Au(111) is a textbook example of how electrode surfaces reorganise in response to an applied potential. Using in situ high-energy surface X-ray diffraction, we track the surface reconstruction in 0.1 M HClO4electrolyte while the potential is cycled at both 5 mV s−1and 2 mV s−1between 0.06 V and 0.86 V versus RHE. Reciprocal-space maps, collected every ∼10 s, show that the unit cell of the well-known herringbone reconstruction increases in length progressively as the potential is swept positively; the diffraction spots coalesce with the spot from the (111) surface and the reconstruction lifts completely above ≈0.7 V. The lifting and reformation dynamics of the surface reconstruction are seen to be relatively slow and continuous, when the potential is swept at 5 mV s−1we observe the reconstruction lifting at more positive potentials than when swept at 2 mV s−1. Conversely the reforming of the reconstruction is also slow and is present at more positive potentials when the sweep rate is slower.Peer reviewe