Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca
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Effects of grafting on the morphology, physiology, and aerenchyma of balsam pear aboveground under waterlogging stress
Get PDFThe effects of grafting on the morphology, physiology, and aerenchyma of balsam pear aboveground under waterlogging stress were studied using a two-factor randomized block design. At 8 and 16 days, the degree of reduction of grafted balsam pear was lower than those of self-rooted balsam pear, although the height and leaf number of self-rooted and grafted balsam pears were remarkably reduced under waterlogging stress. Compared with self-rooted balsam pear, grafting considerably decreased the malondialdehyde content of balsam pear leaves but substantially increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) and the contents of osmosis-regulating substances (soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline) in the leaves of balsam pear under waterlogging stress at 4, 8, and 16 days. The stem of grafted balsam pear formed aerenchyma (pith cavity) at 0 days, whereas the stem of self-rooted balsam pear formed aerenchyma at 4 days. The aerenchyma of the stem formed by grafted balsam pear was more developed than that formed by the self-rooted balsam pear under waterlogging stress. The petiole of self-rooted and grafted balsam pears formed aerenchyma at 16 days, and the aerenchyma of grafted balsam pear was more developed than that of self-rooted balsam pear. These results indicated that grafting improved the antioxidant and osmotic regulation ability of balsam pear and enhanced the tolerance of balsam pear to waterlogging stress by enlarging the pith cavity of the stem and petiole of balsam pear
Incidence and possible sources of Tomato spotted wilt virus in tobacco grown in Denizli Province, Turkey
No full textTomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is economically prominent disease for its impact on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production worldwide. An increase of the incidence of symptoms typical of TSWV has been observed in tobacco production areas in Denizli province of Turkey where tobacco is significantly grown. Surveys were conducted to determine the prevalence status of TSWV in tobacco cultivars and its possible sources of infections in four tobacco growing districts of Denizli province. A total of 501 plant samples from field-grown tobaccos, weeds, potential intermediate hosts, seedlings and seeds were collected during 2019 and tested by DAS-ELISA. Of these plants, 243 belong to 55 different weed species from 26 different families with intermediate host potential. Throughout the study, 40 crop plant samples which could be intermediate hosts and 39 tobacco seed samples were also taken for testing. Adult thrips specimens were picked up from the fields and brought to the laboratory for preparations. Four vector virus species were detected when adult thrips individuals were diagnosed: Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) and Thrips major Uzel (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Of the 179 tobaccos sampled, 31.2% was positive; besides, of 243 weeds tested 10 were found to be infected. Echinochloa crus-galli and Tordylium apulum were determined to be new host recordings for TSWV infection. Only one tomato plant from the crop plants as intermediate hosts was infected. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Potato virus Y (PVY) was also confirmed in tobacco fields
Effects of EDTA and aqueous plants extract on the developmental and stress tolerance attributes of Spinacia oleracea and Brassica rapa under sewage water regime
Get PDFSewage water is causing a potential threat to agriculture sector due to industrial effluents having heavy metals. Present investigation was carried to study the role of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or aqueous extracts of Hyacinth and Hedychium on soil quality and growth of spinach and turnip plants irrigated with sewage water (SW). Treatment of plants with SW resulted in an increment of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities. However, EDTA or plant extracts further enhanced their activities. At both stages of development of the tested crops, a substantial increase was found in the content of proline and total phenols, indicating the strengthening of the antioxidant protection mechanism to boost the oxidative effects of SW stress. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) studies revealed considerable variation in the protein profile among the different treatments, with an expression of some unique proteins obvious with other treatments. SW treatments increased heavy metals (HM) content in soil and plants; however, EDTA or plant extracts greatly decreased the levels of HMs in both shoots and roots and soils. The present study results suggest that the application of EDTA or aqueous plant extracts can be a useful strategy for phytoextraction in areas irrigated with sewage water
Analysis of codon usage pattern in Lonicera × heckrottii ‘Gold Flame’ based on chloroplast genome
Get PDFCodon usage bias (CUB) was a unique feature of the genome, and revealing chloroplast genome codon usage bias can provide useful information for the evolution of plant species. Lonicera × heckrottii ‘Gold Flame’ is one of the members of the Lonicera genus with important ornamental value. However, the codon usage bias of chloroplast genome of this genotype has not been investigated. In this study, base compositions and various codon usage indices of 51 coding sequences from Lonicera × heckrottii ‘Gold Flame’ chloroplast genome was calculated, by Codon W, DnaSP, CUSP of EMBOSS and SPSS software. A total of 51 CDS of the Lonicera × heckrottii ‘Gold Flame’ chloroplast genome was selected to analyse codon usage bias. The results showed that the average GC content of 51 CDS sequences was 39.27%, and the average value of ENC was 48.75%. The chloroplast gene codon usage bias was weak, and preferred A/T ending. The general GC content order was GC1 (47.72%)>GC2 (39.89%)>GC3 (30.19%). Correlation analysis results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between GC content and GC1, GC2 and GC3 content. Combined with neutral plot analysis, ENC-plot and PR2-plot analysis, it is found that chloroplast gene codon usage preference was affected by mutations pressure and natural selection. In addition, the eight optimal codons in chloroplast genome were finally identified, codon bias ending with A/T. The study on the codon usage bias of Lonicera × heckrottii ‘Gold Flame’ provides a demonstration for exploring its genetic structure and molecular evolution mechanism, and provides a reference for molecular breeding
Evaluation of water deficit tolerance in maize genotypes using biochemical, physio-morphological changes and yield traits as multivariate cluster analysis
Get PDFDrought is an abiotic stress that inhibits plant growth and development and, therefore, declines crop productivity, as seen in maize plant. The aim of this investigation was to identify the candidate maize varieties that can be grown under water limited conditions using physio-morphological and yield attributes. Eight genotypes of maize including ‘Suwan4452’ (drought tolerant) as a positive check, ‘CP301’, ‘CP-DK888’, ‘DK7979’, ‘DK9901’, ‘Pac339’, ‘S7328’, and ‘Suwan5’ were selected as test plants. Physiological, biochemical and morphological characteristics at seedling (24 day after sowing; DAS) and reproductive (80 DAS) developmental stages of plants under 20-day water withholding (WD), and yield traits at harvesting period were analysed. Leaf temperature in each genotype increased with the degree of water deficit stress, leading to leaf chlorosis, and reduction in maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), photon yield of PSII (ΦPSII), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), overall growth and yield. Pn and stomatal conductance (gs) in drought tolerant genotype, ‘Suwan4452’, were decreased by 19.1% and 18.6%, respectively, whereas these in drought sensitive, ‘Pac339’, were significantly declined by 53.9% and 61.8%, respectively. Physio-morphological parameters, growth performance and yield-related traits of maize genotypes grown under water deficit conditions and well-watered conditions were subjected to Ward’s cluster method for identification of water deficit tolerant cultivars. Maintaining photosynthetic abilities, osmotic adjustment and CWSI in drought tolerant genotypes of maize were evidently demonstrated to keep overall growth performance and yield attributes. Based on multivariate cluster analysis and PCA (principal component analysis), ‘Suwan4452’, ‘CP-DK888’ and ‘S7328’ were categorized as drought tolerant genotypes whereas ‘Suwan5’, ‘Pac339’, ‘DK7979’, ‘CP301’ and ‘DK9901’ were identified as drought susceptible cultivars. Hybrid maize cvs. ‘CP-DK888’ and ‘S7328’ may further be suggested to be grown in the rainfed area without irrigation
Responses of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) to different seed priming methods under osmotic stress
Get PDFA common problem with vegetable production in drought areas is low crop stand, but germination data are limited and inconsistent for cumin. Different priming methods positively affect the enhancement of seed germination and seedlings growth, especially under stress conditions. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different priming treatment (unprimed seeds as control, hydro-priming, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, paclobutrazol, and chitosan) on cumin seed germination indices and physiological traits under osmotic stress (0, -5, and -10 bar; induced by polyethylene glycol-6000). Seed germination of cumin was reduced by 9.77% and 23.95% under osmotic potential -5 and -10 bar, respectively, compared with non-stressed conditions. Nevertheless, priming enhanced germination indices and improved photosynthetic pigments and activity of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes at all potential osmotic levels compared with non-primed seeds. Seed treated by jasmonic acid showed the highest seedling vigor index and chlorophyll and carotenoids content under stress and non-stress conditions. Under the high level of osmotic potential (-10 bar), jasmonic acid treatment was caused increasing by 59.3%, 55.19%, 54.26%, 57.52%, and 47.72% of seedling vigor index, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids content, respectively. In conclusion, the jasmonic acid priming can modify the negative effects of the osmotic stress by improved physiological traits resulting in enhanced germination parameters
Interactive effect of potassium and spermidine protects growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll biosynthesis in Vigna angularis from salinity induced damage by up-regulating the tolerance mechanisms
Get PDFPot experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of potassium (100 mg KCl / kg soil) and the spermidine (100 µM Spd) in regulation of growth, chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis in Vigna angularis under salinity stress (100 mM NaCl). Salinity declined chlorophyll synthesis by causing a significant decline in the synthesis of δ-amino levulinic acid (ALA), prototoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) and Mg-prototoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX), however application of K and Spd alone as well as combinedly alleviated the decline to considerable extent. Further, K and Spd treated plants exhibited a significant decline in reactive oxygen species and the lipid peroxidation and such effects were also obvious under salinity stress. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, Fv/Fm and photochemical quenching increased significantly due to K and Spd application, and salinity induced alleviation of the decline was maximal due to combined K and Spd treatment. Up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes activity, increased content of ascorbic acid and glutathione (GSH), and the accumulation of compatible osmolytes due to K and Spd application strengthened the tolerance against the salinity stress thereby lessening the oxidative effects considerably. Accumulation of phenols and flavonoids increased significantly due to application of K and Spd. Salinity caused significant increase in Na however K and Spd application induced a significant decline concomitant with increase in K content reflecting in decreased Na/K. Results suggest that K and Spd application protect the growth and photosynthesis from salinity induced oxidative damage by up-regulating the ion homeostasis, antioxidant system, osmolyte accumulation and secondary metabolite synthesis
Seed priming with different agents mitigate alkalinity induced oxidative damage and improves maize growth
Get PDFSoil alkalinity is a severe threat to crop production globally as it markedly retards plant growth. Different techniques are used to mitigate alkaline stress, but priming techniques are considered the most appropriate. The current study was carried out in complete randomized design (CRD) to evaluate the effect of different priming techniques on maize crop grown under different levels of alkalinity stress. The experiment was comprised of different treatments of alkalinity stress (AS) including, control, 6 dS m-1 and 12 dS m-1 and different priming techniques including control, hydro-priming (HP), osmo-priming (OP) with potassium nitrate: KNO3) and redox-priming (RP) with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Results indicated that alkalinity stress significantly reduced plant growth and biomass production and induced severe alterations in physiological attributes and antioxidant activities. Soil alkalinity significantly reduced the root and shoot growth and subsequent biomass production by increasing electrolyte leakage (70.60%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2: 31.65%), malondialdehyde (MDA: 46.23%) and sodium (Na+) accumulation (22.76%) and reduction in photosynthetic pigments, relative water contents (RWC), total soluble proteins (TSP) and free amino acids, potassium (K+) accumulation. However, priming treatments significantly alleviated the alkalinity-induced toxic effects and improved plant growth. OP (KNO3) remained the top performing. It appreciably improved plant growth owing to the improved synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, better RWC (16.42%), TSP (138.28%), FAA (178.37%), and K+ accumulation (31.385) and improved antioxidant activities (APX and CAT) by favoring the Na+ exclusion and maintenance of optimum Na+/K+. In conclusion, KNO3 priming is an imperative seed priming practice to improve maize growth and biomass production under alkalinity stress
Chemical constituents, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of bee pollen from various floral sources in Taiwan
No full textBee pollen has been traditionally used for health promotion. However, the chemical constituents and pharmaceutical effects of bee pollen strongly depend on their sources. This study determined chemical compositions and evaluated the antioxidant and anticancer activity of six bee pollen samples from Taiwan. The Cs sample contained the highest amounts of carotenoid (417.67 mg/g DW) and anthocyanin (10.96 μmol/g DW) while the Nn sample showed the highest content of chlorophyll (Chl) a (23.39 mg/g DW) and Chl b (39.17 mg/g DW). The highest flavonoid (11.69 mg QE/g DW) and phenolic content (42.91 mg GAE/g DW) were found in Bp and Pm samples, respectively. The highest Fe2+-chelating ability was observed in Bp (IC50 value of 6.28 mg/mL), while Bn exhibited the most effective in scavenging DPPH radical with IC50 value of 3.96 mg/mL. The Bp sample also showed the highest activity against three breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 (cell viability of 43.5%), BT-20 (cell viability of 0%), and Hs 578T (cell viability of 0%). This study suggested that the level of bioactive compounds and biological activity of bee pollen significantly differ among their sources and the Bp is a potent antioxidant and anticancer agent for medicinal use
Microscopical characteristics, phytochemical investigation and biological activities of different Lysimachia species growing in Vietnam
No full textSeveral species of the genus Lysimachia L. (Primulaceae) are well known in folk medicine, but very few studies have been conducted on them. The aim of our study was to investigate the microscopical characteristics and chemical composition of Lysimachia insignis Hemsl., L. decurrens G. Forst., and L. congestiflora Hemsl. as well as to evaluate some biological activities of their methanol extracts. The transverse sections of stem and powder characteristics of the three Lysimachia species shared some similarities. Also, some differences were indicated. The chemical investigation of three aforesaid species including the preliminary phytochemical screening, the quantification of the total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content, as well as the determination of metabolites. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins and sterols in all the three species. On the other hand, coumarins were detected in L. insignis while anthranoids were present in L. decurrens and L. congestiflora. The total polyphenol content and the total flavonoid content of the aforesaid species were determined by the spectrometric method. The metabolite profiling approach of three species was performed by LC-Q-ToF-HRMS and HPTLC. The methanol extract of L. insignis showed a weak inhibitory effect on NO production (I% = 57.4 at the concentration of 100 µg/ml) while the extract of L. decurrens exhibited moderate anti-oxidant activity in vitro (SC% = 62.5 at the concentration of 100 µg/mL)