Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca
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Effects of rice landraces as cultivation media on yield and physiochemical properties of common split gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune Fr.) cultivation
Get PDFThe common split gill mushroom is not only a source of food for humans but also plays a medicinal role. Mushroom cultivation typically uses sawdust as a medium, which often leads to contamination. This study investigated five Thai rice cultivars (Oryza sativa): cv. ‘Homdokmali’ (including regular Homdokmali and parboiled, known as Hang-Homdokmali), ‘Riceberry’ (including regular Riceberry and parboiled, known as Hang-Riceberry), ‘Mun-Pu’ ‘Jao-Daeng’ and ‘Jao-Luang’ – as culture media for aseptic mushroom cultivation to evaluate the yield and chemical properties of this mushrooms. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The analyses indicated that cv. ‘Jao-Daeng’ media significantly influenced the fresh weight, dry weight, yield percentage, and biological efficiency of the common split gill mushroom more than the other media. Moreover, this medium was also effective in producing antioxidant activities in both DPPH and FRAP assays compared to other media. Although mushrooms cultivated with cv. ‘Riceberry’ media exhibited the highest total glucan and β-glucan contents when evaluated and considered based on dry weight, ‘Jao-Daeng’ media also demonstrated the highest total glucan. Correlation analysis revealed that yield positively correlated with biological efficiency, while β-glucan content negatively correlated with FRAP reducing potential. The findings of this research show the potential benefits of ‘Jao-Daeng’ rice landraces for mushroom cultivation, making it an appropriate option to enhance the quality and production of bioactive compounds in cultivated mushrooms
Leaf macro- and micromorphological traits and phenotypic diversity of Quercus petraea subspecies in Eastern Romania
Get PDFSessile oak (Quercus petraea) is a polytypic species comprising three subspecies (Q. petraea subsp. petraea – Qpe, Q. petraea subsp. dalechampii – Qda, and Q. petraea subsp. polycarpa – Qpo) with distinct ecological requirements, posing significant challenges in morphological differentiation. The integration of macro- and micro-morphological analyses plays a crucial role in clarifying the taxonomic uncertainties. This study aimed to characterize phenotypic diversity and identify key leaf descriptors for distinguishing sessile oak subspecies across three peripheral populations, one reference population, and one sessile oak comparative trail from Eastern Romania. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 227 sampled trees, utilizing multivariate statistical analysis - encompassing 18 macromorphological and 9 micromorphological leaf descriptors. The results revealed distinct traits of Qda and Qpo, including shorter leaves with maximal width in the lower half of the lamina, fewer lobes, ovate shapes, a subcordate basal shape, and a higher intercalary vein frequency compared to Qpe. Furthermore, Qpo could be differentiated from both Qpe and Qda by its shorter lamina lengths, fewer lobes, greater lobe width ratios, and stellate trichomes with shorter rays. The length of rays of stellate trichomes has emerged as a significant micromorphological descriptor. Qda predominated in peripheral populations, likely due to natural selection in drought-affected local ecosystems. This highlights the importance of prioritizing this taxon in breeding programs and conserving it in situ, given its remarkable leaf plasticity and adaptability. Additionally, principal component indicated a fairly high level of morphological similarity among the three subspecies. These findings emphasize the critical importance of comprehensive morphological analyses for precise species classification and deeper understanding of sessile oak taxonomy
Investigating rhizosphere dynamics and plant-microbe interactions to alleviate environmental stress
Get PDFSoil acts as a crucial reservoir for both nutrients and microorganisms, hosting a wide range of microbial communities essential for ecosystem health. Particularly noteworthy are the interactions between plants and these microbes in the rhizosphere, as they actively contribute to sustaining plant well-being and fortifying plants against environmental pressures. Challenges, such as drought and salinity, pose significant threats to agricultural output and overall plant development. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the intricate mechanisms of stress responses to develop strategies to bolster plant resilience. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) offer a promising avenue for alleviating stress-induced damage in plants. Recent progress in the understanding of drought stress has shed light on the physiological and biochemical reactions within plants, emphasizing the critical role of abscisic acid (ABA) in stress mitigation. Similarly, advancements in research on salinity tolerance have elucidated the functions of ion transporters and stress signaling proteins. PGPRs play a crucial role in enhancing plant stress resilience through various mechanisms, including the regulation of ethylene levels, enhancement of nutrient absorption, and synthesis of hormones and enzymes. Utilizing the synergistic potential of plant-microbial interactions presents a promising strategy for tackling salinity and drought challenges in agriculture. Furthermore, PGPRs are instrumental in mitigating the effects of organic pollutants and heavy metals via mechanisms such as ACC deaminase activity. Innovative approaches, such as constructed wetland systems, leverage plant-microbial interactions to enhance water quality by purging pollutants
Assessment of root foraging behaviour in Aralia elata subjected to drought stress under different light spectra
Get PDFDrought may be more frequent in foreseen decades that will threat non-wood forest products (NWFP) in temperate forests. Plants cope with drought by increasing root foraging ability, which may be also impacted by exposure to light spectra (components of wavelengths in three colours of monochronic lights). In this study, three hybrid light spectra were provided by light-emitting diode (LED) in red (wavelength: 13.6% blue, 60.0% green, 26.4% red), green (2.9% blue, 84.6% green, 2.5% red), and blue (5.4% blue, 77.8% green, 16.9% red) lights for culturing potted Aralia elata seedlings in homogeneous (67.5 mg nitrogen [N] to both halves of pot) and heterogeneous (135 mg N to left half of pot) under drought and well-watered conditions. The red light spectrum was the unique illumination environment where height growth was promoted under well-watered condition and root biomass in fertilized patch was enhanced under drought. Compared to blue light spectrum, red light spectrum increased root foraging scale and precision and placement ratio. Red light spectrum also promoted aboveground biomass, but reduced root collar diameter. No interaction was detected between any pairs of factors among drought, light, and soil nutrient pattern. The heterogeneous pattern increased root to shoot biomass ratio with decreased shoot biomass and increased root foraging sensitivity and precision and fine root placement ratio. Drought enlarged the overall foraging scale with no effects on foraging sensitivity or precision. Overall, exposure to red light spectrum had the potential to promote fine root foraging behaviour under drought, but more trails deserve being tested in the future on a wider range of wavelengths
Jasmonic acid priming and foliar application of spermidine up-regulates the tolerance mechanisms to alleviate the damaging effects of cadmium stress on growth and photosynthesis in wheat
Get PDFThe study examined the effects of jasmonic acid (100 nmol, JA) priming and foliar application of spermidine (1 mM, Spd), both individually and combined, on mitigating cadmium (100 µM, Cd) stress-induced oxidative damage in wheat. Cadmium stress reduced plant height and dry mass, but JA priming and/or Spd treatment increased resistance. Cd stress significantly decreased carotenoids, total chlorophylls, glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA), and δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), but JA and Spd treatments counteracted these reductions. Photosynthetic parameters improved under JA and Spd treatments, with combined treatment showing greater alleviation. Cd exposure increased lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, and superoxide, but these oxidative stress indicators were significantly reduced after JA and Spd treatment. Antioxidant enzyme activity was upregulated by JA priming and Spd application, both under unstressed and Cd-stressed conditions. JA and/or Spd treatments also increased ascorbic acid, lowered glutathione concentration, and upregulated glyoxylase activity, reducing methylglyoxal accumulation. Additionally, secondary compounds (phenols and flavonoids) and osmolytes (proline and glycine betaine) levels improved. Proline oxidase activity decreased, indicating controlled proline buildup, while γ-glutamyl kinase activity increased. JA and/or Spd treatments significantly reduced Cd accumulation in seedlings. The study concluded that JA and Spd treatments enhance the plant's defensive mechanisms against oxidative stress by boosting antioxidant enzymes and secondary metabolism
Synergic effect of sulfur and nitrogen on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of sunflower
Get PDFMacronutrients are essential for plant growth and development because they give plants the building blocks, they need to stay healthy and do important biological processes. A completely randomized designed (CRD) pot experiment was done to find out how nitrogen and sulfur affected the morphology and biochemistry of sunflowers. There were three replicates of each treatment: N1 (0), N2 20 kg ha-1 and N3 40 kg ha-1 and sulfur S1 (0), S2 40 kg ha-1 and S3 60 kg ha-1. Sunflower growth and physiology were improved by exogenously applied sulfur and nitrogen to the plant. Root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total soluble protein, and shoot calcium, potassium, and sodium ions contents all went up compared to the control conditions. Furthermore, sulfur and nitrogen have positive impacts on sunflowers' growth, ionic parameters and there was increase for anthocyanin (24.98%. and 36.66%), ascorbic acid (43.17% and 97.88%), and flavonoid (34.56%. and 112.91%) amounts with the highest levels at 60 kg ha-1 of S and 40 kg ha-1 of N, respectively. There was significant increase in photosynthetic pigments on application of Sulphur (Chl a. :19.15%, Chl b. 52.17%) and Nitrogen (chla. 20.53%, Chl b. 57.16%). Thus, applying sulfur and nitrogen externally to the plant is suggested to boost sunflower growth and chlorophyll levels at different nutritional levels
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Lao ethnic group in Central Laos
Get PDFResults from an ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Lao ethnic group between 2021 and 2023 identifying the medicinal plants use of 76 species 68 genera 43 families. The primary emphasis of the study was on the medicinal plants, we tested the differences between informant knowledge and informant age using linear regression. The most important medicinal plant species, including Blumea balsamifera, Chromolaena odorata, Smilax glabra, and Zingiber montanum (all with a Use Value of 1.00), were followed by Phyllanthus emblica (0.95) and Cucumis sativus (0.88). Remarkably, 65 plant species achieved the highest Fidelity Level with a 100% FL value. Within ailment categories, Respiratory system symptoms garnered the highest Informant Agreement Ratio value of 1.00. The Jaccard’s Similarity Index ranged from 0.0581 to 0.2690, with the highest JI observed between cultivated and market plants. The UPGMA cluster analysis indicated that wild plants exhibited lower similarity to the other areas. There were no significant differences in the number of plants known among different informants based on their age. In this research, we found that two plant species, Solanum lasiocarpum (used for nourishing the body) and Morinda coreia (employed in treating amenorrhea), have never been reported for their medicinal use before. These findings underscore the risk of traditional knowledge erosion, driven by the absence of written documentation and the influence of modern medical practices. The data obtained from this study is of immense value in formulating conservation strategies that can benefit both the Bolikhamxay province and the nation as a whole
Enhancing plant resistance to biotic stresses through rhizobacteria for sustainable agriculture
Get PDFPlant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) play a crucial role in the enhancement of plant growth. These microorganisms inhabit plant roots and positively influence plant growth through various mechanisms. PGPR facilitate nutrient absorption, combat pathogens, and regulate plant hormone levels. Their impact is achieved through direct actions such as hormone production, enhanced iron uptake via siderophores, phosphate solubilization, and emission of volatile compounds that affect plant signaling and metabolism. In addition, PGPR interactions with rhizosphere microorganisms and the soil indirectly improve plant growth. Numerous biotic stressors affect plant PGPR. The interaction between plants and microorganisms boosts the host resistance to biotic stress. This interaction also regulates the rhizosphere soil by converting organic compounds into plant-absorbable forms, increasing molecule mobilization, and supplying amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, metabolites, and phytohormones to the host plants. In instances where plants do not secrete lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates, or terpenoids during these interactions, microorganisms contribute these compounds to plants. Investigating these mechanisms, along with changes in gene expression and receptor-mediated signaling in plants, is vital. Utilization of microbial sources as alternatives to conventional agricultural methods is a promising approach. Incorporation of these sources can enhance plant production, quality, growth, and yield
Efficient detection of nutrient deficiencies and development of corrections in avocado through the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND)
Get PDFMexico is the main producer of avocado (Persea americana Mill.), contributing 31% of the world supply, which provides the country with an annual income of more than 2 billion dollars. The increase in national production is the result of a larger cultivated area, and not an increase in yields. In the State of Mexico, Mexico around 10 thousand hectares are cultivated with avocado trees, although 77% of the producers do not have specialized technical advice that offers reliable information on crop nutrition. This lack of advice and technical support detracts from volume and quality of production. The objective of this research was to carry out the nutritional diagnosis of an avocado orchard in Tejupilco, State of Mexico, Mexico, through the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND), and to generate specific fertilization recommendations for the study area, for which leaf and soil analyses were carried out. Each nutrient determined in the leaf analysis (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B) was compared with its optimal concentration according to literature. The CND yielded relative deficiency or excess indices that determined the order of nutritional limitation. Zn, B, S, and K deficiencies were detected in all sampled areas, while P, Mn, and Cu were deficient only in some areas. N, Ca, Mg, and Fe did not show nutritional limitation. Recommendations were formulated to address each of the nutritional deficiencies and the problem of sodicity revealed by the soil analysis. This is the first work in which the CND is used to assess the nutritional situation of avocado orchards in the world
Climatic projections vs. grapevine phenology: a regional case study
Get PDFFrom the middle of the 20th century, the majority of the world's highest quality wine-producing regions experienced an increase in temperatures during the growing season. Even if, through technological processes, this issue has been seen as an improvement, recent changes of climatic factors (mainly temperature, sunshine duration and rainfall) show a worrying trend. This study reveals the impacts of climate change in one of the oldest and most important vineyards in Eastern Europe (Odobești vineyard in Romania) on the quality of grapes. The varieties taken into study are ‘Șarbă, Băbească gri’ and ‘Fetească regală’, the first two being considered new created cultivars, while the latter is found on the largest areas of viticultural use. Grapevine phenology and composition were analysed according to literature and standard OIV regulations. Climatic data was gathered, throughout 50 years (1971-2021), by using a weather station of the Odobești Viticulture and Wine-making Research Development Station. A climatic assessment using Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) was achieved, focusing on two SSPs (SSP1-1.9 and SSP5-8.5). The climatic predictions show that for the analysed region, phenophases will change due to a temperature increase of over 1.5 oC, leading to an acceleration of 15 (SSP1-1.9) or 24 days (SSP5-8.5) in the case of grape maturation. The hastening of the yearly vine life cycle is correlated to a wide range of undesirable effects, among which an unequilibrated physical-chemical composition of fruits for wine production is considered a sore point in wine sector economy