Comptes Rendus Chimie

Mateus De Souza Buriti

Pierre Cézac

Lidia Casás

Dissolution and precipitation of jarosite-type compounds: state of the art and future perspectives

Comptes Rendus
Chimie
Janine Cossy
A Collection of Articles Highlighting Women Chemists in France in 2024
Volume 27, Special Issue S2 (2024), p. 3
Online since: 17 April 2024
Issue date: 11 July 2024
Part of Special Issue: Women Chemists in France in 2024
Guest editor: Janine Cossy (ESPCI Paris – PSL, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France)
https://doi.org/10.5802/crchim.302
This article is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
C EN T R E
MER S ENN E
The Comptes Rendus. Chimie are a member of the
Mersenne Center for open scientific publishing
www.centre-mersenne.org — e-ISSN : 1878-1543
Comptes Rendus. Chimie
2024, Vol. 27, Special issue S2, p. 3
https://doi.org/10.5802/crchim.302
Foreword
Women Chemists in France in 2024
A Collection of Articles Highlighting Women
Chemists in France in 2024
Janine Cossy
Women in science are achieving groundbreaking
research across the world. But despite their involve-
ment, their dedication to research, and their discov-
eries, women still represent only around 33% of re-
searchers, and less than 4% of Nobel Prizes for sci-
ence have been awarded to women. In addition, only
11% of senior research roles are held by women in Eu-
rope. Their work rarely gains the recognition it de-
serves.
However, different institutions and organizations
are fighting to encourage women to take a scientific
career, to recognize their merits in sciences (IUPAC,
L’Oreal, UNESCO, UN etc.) and to advocate the cause
of women in science. We can cite Audrey Azoulay,
General Director of the United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organization, who said “by
advancing the cause of women, we can drive progress
in science”.
If, in 2024, we still have special prizes to help
empower more women scientists and to recognize
women’s scientific excellence, this means that we
still have a lot of work to do to reach gender equal-
ity and to encourage young girls to pursue a sci-
entific career. Women scientists still need to fight
to be judged purely on the merit of their discover-
ies and the potential of their work to change the
world.
In this context, the editorial board of the Compte
Rendus Chimie of the Academy of Sciences has de-
cided to have a special issue to highlight the scientific
achievements of women chemists in France in dif-
ferent areas of chemistry and to encourage younger
generations to pursue careers in chemistry. This is-
sue brings together 12 outstanding contributions in
different fields of chemistry.
In 2025, a second issue is planned and we do hope
that the Compte Rendus of the Academy of Sciences
will act as spokespersons for women scientists in
France in various fields.
For this 2024 special issue, I would like to thank
P. Braunstein for enthusiastically accepting my pro-
posals, Justine Fabre and Julien Desmarets for all
their help and advice in producing this special issue.
Thanks also to all the authors and co-authors for their
willingness to take part in the adventure. I hope that
this special issue will be a source of inspiration for
readers and that it will lead to new collaborations.
Janine Cossy
ESPCI Paris
PSL University
France
janine.cossy@espci.fr
ISSN (electronic): 1878-1543 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/chimie/


Guest Editor

Daouda Ndiaye

Éva Tóth

Stable and inert manganese complexes for magnetic resonance imaging

Vivian Lioret

Richard A. Decréau

Cherenkov radiation energy transfer from [<sup>18</sup>F]-fluorodeoxyglucose to subphthalocyanine fluorophores

Floriane René

Léo Clément–Comoy

Nicolas Blanchard

Vincent Bizet

Recent achievements in the synthesis and reactivity of pentafluorosulfanyl-alkynes

Sami Ayari

Philippe Arnoux

Hadda Imene Ouzari

Céline Frochot

Photophysical studies of Zn(II) tetra, <i>tert-butyl</i> phthalocyanine

Nicolas M. Charpentier

Dong Xia

Jean-Christophe P. Gabriel

Comptes Rendus
Chimie
Laurent Cassayre and Hervé Muhr
Special issue on hydrometallurgical processes for the integrated management of
primary and secondary resources: Foreword
Volume 27, Special Issue S4 (2024), p. 3-4
Online since: 15 May 2025
Part of Special Issue: GDR Prométhée – French Research Network on
Hydrometallurgical Processes for Primary and Secondary Resources
Guest editors: Laurent Cassayre (CNRS-Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Génie
Chimique, France) and Hervé Muhr (CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire
Réactions et Génie des Procédés, France)
https://doi.org/10.5802/crchim.401
This article is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
C EN T R E
MER S ENN E
The Comptes Rendus. Chimie are a member of the
Mersenne Center for open scientific publishing
www.centre-mersenne.org — e-ISSN : 1878-1543
Comptes Rendus. Chimie
2024, Vol. 27, Special issue S4, p. 3-4
https://doi.org/10.5802/crchim.401
Foreword
GDR Prométhée – French Research Network on Hydrometallurgical
Processes for Primary and Secondary Resources
Special issue on hydrometallurgical processes for the
integrated management of primary and secondary
resources: Foreword
Laurent Cassayre and HervéMuhr
This special issue is the initiative of the Prométhée
GDR, a national research group dedicated to the
study of hydrometallurgical processes for the inte-
grated management of primary and secondary re-
sources. This GDR was created in January 2016 and
renewed in 2021, and brings together around 150 re-
search actors from 27 academic laboratories, as well
as CEA, IFPEN and BRGM teams. It contributes to
structure French research community on hydromet-
allurgical processes, for a better management of non-
energy mineral resources, from mining to recycling.
The CNRS, via its two institutes “Chemistry” and “En-
gineering”, is funding this GDR.
The community was invited to submit part of their
work for this special issue of the journal Comptes
Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Following a
standard review process, 13 of these articles have
been published, among which four review articles
and nine research papers. They cover and com-
bine a wide range of scientific fields, from chemi-
cal engineering, separation chemistry, electrochem-
istry, biometallurgy, physical chemistry or mechano-
chemistry, and address a various range of metal el-
ements, such as noble metals, transition metals,
lithium, rare earths, uranium and actinides. More
specifically, this special issue starts with a presen-
tation of a specific classification process for elec-
tronic wastes [1]. Then four articles are dedicated
to leaching and bioleaching processes [2–5], three
articles deal with both leaching and precipitation
operations [6–8], two focus on precipitation [9,10],
two consider chemical aspects of solvent extrac-
tion [11,12] and a last paper is dedicated to elec-
trometallurgy of noble metals in deep eutectic sol-
vents [13].
We would like to thank all authors for their impli-
cation in this Special Issue, as well as the >30 review-
ers who provided many valuable insights on these
papers.
Laurent Cassayre
Laboratoire de Génie Chimique
Toulouse
France
laurent.cassayre@ensiacet.fr
Hervé Muhr
Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés
Nancy
France
herve.muhr@univ-lorraine.fr
References
[1] N. M. Charpentier, D. Xia and J.-C. P. Gabriel, “Printed cir-
cuit board recycling: a focus on a novel, efficient and sus-
tainable process for spent critical metals recovery”, C. R.
Chim. 27 (2024), pp. 5–15.
ISSN (electronic): 1878-1543 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/chimie/
4 Laurent Cassayre and Hervé Muhr
[2] A. Hubau, K. Bru, S. I. Oumarou and C. Leycuras, “Lessons
learned from the upscaling of an iron bio-oxidation pro-
cess to improve uranium recovery”, C. R. Chim. 27 (2024),
pp. 17–35.
[3] C. Laskar, A. Dakkoune, C. Julcour, F. Bourgeois, B. Biscans
and L. Cassayre, “Case-based analysis of mechanically-
assisted leaching for hydrometallurgical extraction of crit-
ical metals from ores and wastes: application in chalcopy-
rite, ferronickel slag, and Ni-MH black mass”, C. R. Chim.
27 (2024), pp. 37–52.
[4] E. Régnier, A. Hubau, S. Touzé, S. Guignot, D. Meyer, O.
Diat and D. Bourgeois, “Copper leaching with aqueous
foams for the processing of electronic waste”, C. R. Chim.
27 (2024), pp. 53–61.
[5] J. Jacob, D. Pino-Herrera, C. Greffié, G. Wille and E.
Plat, “Reprocessing of waste produced during acid mine
drainage lime treatment by selective leaching”, C. R. Chim.
27 (2024), pp. 63–80.
[6] M. De Souza Buriti, P. Cézac and L. Casás, “Dissolution and
precipitation of jarosite-type compounds: state of the art
and future perspectives”, C. R. Chim. 27 (2024), pp. 81–109.
[7] C. Manfoumbi, K. Roger and M. Meireles, “Filtering the un-
filterable: tuning the mesostructure of precipitating silica
gels to improve the filterability of acidic lixiviation slur-
ries”, C. R. Chim. 27 (2024), pp. 111–122.
[8] V. Nachbaur, F. Ayadi, B. Foulon, M. Jean, V. Pralong and
S. Jouen, “A sustainable solvothermal process extracting
critical elements from Li-ion batteries”, C. R. Chim. 27
(2024), pp. 123–132.
[9] L. E. Ramirez Velazquez and H. Muhr, “Lithium recov-
ery from secondary sources: A review in battery recycling
with emphasis on chemical precipitation”, C. R. Chim. 27
(2024), pp. 133–141.
[10] J. Réaux-Durain, B. Mortada, M. Bertrand, J. Maynadié,
M. Carboni, D. Meyer and D. Bourgeois, “Back-extraction
of major actinides from organic phase through precipita-
tion”, C. R. Chim. 27 (2024), pp. 143–152.
[11] F. Giusti, E. Guerinoni, D. Lemire, M. Thimotée, G. Ar-
rachart, S. Dourdain and S. Pellet-Rostaing, “Solvent ex-
traction of uranium from an acidic medium for the front-
end of nuclear fuel cycle: from mechanisms understand-
ing to innovative process design”, C. R. Chim. 27 (2024),
pp. 153–183.
[12] A. El Maangar, J. Gramüeller, V. Huber, P. Degot, D.
Touraud, R. M. Gschwind, W. Kunz and T. Zemb,
“Solubilisation–microstructure relationship of trivalent
salts in hydrotropic ternary systems”, C. R. Chim. 27
(2024), pp. 185–202.
[13] C. Bertoloni, V. Mba Ekomo, B. Villemejeanne, C. Lemoine,
R. Duwald, E. Billy, H. Mendil-Jakani and S. Legeai, “Propy-
lene glycol-based deep eutectic solvent as an alternative
to Ethaline for electrometallurgy”, C. R. Chim. 27 (2024),
pp. 203–214.


Printed circuit board recycling: a focus on a novel, efficient and sustainable process for spent critical metals recovery

Amenah Adnan Alfares

Afyaa Muayed Younis

Lana Abdalhameed Rasheed

Abdelrahman Basil Fadhil

SUPPORTING INFORMATION 
Valorization of Pinecone as a pyrolysis Feedstock: Identification of Bio-oil and Synthesis of 
Activated Biochar for Cr(VI) Elimination from Wastewater 
Amenah A. Alfares1, Afyaa M. Younis1, Lana A. Rasheed1, Abdelrahman B. Fadhil1 
1Mosul University, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Majmoaa Street, 41002, Mosul, Iraq 
*E-mail corresponding author: abdelrahmanbasil@yahoo.com; abdelrahmanbasil@uomosul.edu.iq 
Co-authors e-mail: amenahadnan@uomosul.edu.iq (A.A. Alfares) ; afyaamy2005@uomosul.edu.iq (A.M. 
Younis) ; lanaabdalhameed@uomosul.edu.iq (L.A. Rasheed)   
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 1S. 1H NMR spectrum of the PC-derived BO. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 2S. The GC-MS spectrum of PC-derived BO. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 3S. Effect of the activation variables on the ABC yield and IN.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
b  
 
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
20
25
30
35
40
45
 Yield (%)
 IN (mg/g)
K2CO3:BC Impregnation Ratio
Y
ie
ld
 o
f 
A
B
C
 (
%
)
(a)
Activ. Temp. = 750 °C
Activ.time = 90 min
Heating rate = 10 °C/min
450
500
550
600
650
IN
 (
m
g
/g
)
550 600 650 700 750 800 850
20
25
30
35
40
K2CO3: BC = 2:1
Activ.time = 90 min
Heating rate = 10 °C/min
 Yield (%)
 IN (mg/g)
Activation Temperature (°C)
Y
ie
ld
 o
f 
A
B
C
 (
%
)
(b)
450
500
550
600
650
IN
 (
m
g
/g
)
20 40 60 80 100 120
20
25
30
35
40
45
K2CO3: BC = 2:1
Activ.temp. = 750 °C
Heating rate = 10 °C/min
 Yield (%)
 IN (mg/g)
Activation Time (min)
Y
ie
ld
 o
f 
A
B
C
 (
%
)
(c)
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
IN
 (
m
g
/g
)
 
 
Figure 4S. The adsorption isotherms of Cr(VI) adsorption by the ABC.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
 pH = 2.0 ; Solu.Vol. = 100 mL 
 ABC mass = 0.20 g ;Temp. = 35 °C 
 Stirring rate = 100 rpm
 Experimental 
 Langmuir
 Freundlich 
q
e
 (
m
g
/g
)
Ce (mg/L)
Table 1S. Compounds identified by GC-MS for PC-derived BO. 
Compound Chemical Formula M. Wt.(g/mol) Area (%) 
Acetic acid 2O4H2C 78 0.92 
Tetramethyl succinimide 2NO13H8C 88 0.33 
Propanoic acid 2O6H3C 92 0.24 
Toluene O6H7C 112 0.23 
2H-Pyran O6H5C 102 0.14 
2-Furancarboxaldehyde 2O6H6C 89 3.96 
2-Furanmethanol 2O6H5C 98.10 0.32 
2,4-Xylene C8H10 80 0.26 
2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2-methyl O8H6C 96.13  0.69 
Ethanone O4H2C 44.05 2.35 
3-Hexanone O12H6C 100.16 0.37 
3,5-Dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone 2O6H6C 112.13 0.36 
2-Furancarboxaldehyde 2O6H6C 118 1.17 
Phenol O6H6C 94.11 2.65 
5-dimethyl hexa-2,4-diene 14H8C 110.20 0.18 
2-Furanone, 2,5-dihydro-3,5-dimethyl 2O8H6C 112.12 0.36 
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 12H9C 120.19 0.10 
2-Methyl-Cyclopenten-1-one O6H5C 82.10 2.63 
Phenol, 2-methyl 2O12H10C 164.20 2.15 
p-Cresol O8H7C 108.14 20.51 
Phenol, 2-methoxy 2O12H10C 164.20 12.99 
2,5-dihydroxytoluene O10H7C 110.15 0.33 
Phenol, 2,6-dimethyl O10H8C 122.16 0.78 
2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3-ethyl-2-hydroxy O10H7C 126.15 0.34 
Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-ol, 7-methylene O16H10C 152.23 0.27 
Phenol, 2,4-dimethyl O10H8C 122.16 0.20 
p-Ethylphenol O10H8C 122.16 0.17 
2-Methoxy-5-methylphenol 2O10H8C 138.16 0.44 
 2-Ethoxyphenol 2O10H8C 138.16 0.77 
3,4-Dimethoxytoluene 2O12H9C 152.19 0.81 
Phenylcyclopentene 12H11C 144.21  0.09 
Phenol, 2,4,6-trimethyl O12H9C 136.19 0.17 
Phenethyl alcohol O10H8C 122.16 16.30 
1,2-Benzenediol 2O8H7C 124.14 0.53 
2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol 2O10H9C 150.17 3.52 
Phenol, 4-allyl-2-methoxy- 2O12H10C 164.20 1.48 
Isoeugenol 2O14H10C 166.22 5.25 
Longifolene 24H15C 204.35 2.09 
trans-Isoeugenol 2O12H10C 164.2 9.98 
3-Hydroxycarbofuranphenol 3O12H10C 150.13 0.57 
1H-indene 8H9C 116.16 0.64 
2-Propanone O6H3C 58.08 1.16 
Naphthalene, 7-isopropyl-1-methyl 16H14C 184.28 0.11 
Naphthalene, 1,6,7-trimethyl 14H13C 170.25 0.36 
 
  
 
Table 2S: Models of isotherms and kinetics implemented in describing the adsorption of DBT from both 
models of fuel by the ABC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Model of isotherm Linear form Description of Parameters 
Langmuir Ce
qe
=
1
QmKL
+
Ce
Qm
 
Ce (mg/L): Cr(VI) concentration at equilibrium. 
qe (mg/g): amount of  Cr(VI)  eliminated at equilibrium. 
qm (mg/g): maximum  Cr(VI)  adsorption capacity.  
KL (L/mg): the Langmuir constant. 
Freundlich 
ln qe = lnKF +
1
n
ln Ce 
Ce (mg/L):  Cr(VI)  concentration at equilibrium. 
qe (mg/g): amount of  Cr(VI) eliminated at equilibrium. 
KF (mg/g):  Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. 
n: heterogeneity factor. 


Valorization of pinecone as a pyrolysis feedstock: identification of bio-oil and synthesis of activated biochar for Cr(VI) elimination from wastewater

Christian Manfoumbi

Kevin Roger

Martine Meireles

Filtering the unfilterable: tuning the mesostructure of precipitating silica gels to improve the filterability of acidic lixiviation slurries

Asmae El Maangar

Johannes Gramüeller

Verena Huber

Pierre Degot

Didier Touraud

Ruth Gschwind

Werner Kunz

Thomas Zemb

1 
 
Solubilisation–microstructure relationship of trivalent salts in 1 
hydrotropic ternary systems 2 
 3 
Asmae El Maangar1, Johannes Gramüller2, Verena Huber3, Pierre Degot3, Didier Touraud3, 4 
Ruth M. Gschwind2, Werner Kunz3, and Thomas Zemb1 5 
1ICSM. Univ. Montpellier. CEA. CNRS. ENSCM. Marcoule. France. 6 
2Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy. University of 7 
Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg. Germany. 8 
3Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy. 9 
University of Regensburg. D-93040 Regensburg. Germany. 10 
 11 
 12 
1- XRF calibration 13 
Multiple samples with known concentrations of REEs in ternary solutions containing water/NaSal/EA 14 
were prepared from standard known concentration solutions of REEs by dilution. The concentrations of 15 
all REEs (La3+, Nd3+, Eu3+, Dy3+, Yb3+) were generated randomly and uniformly within a given range. 16 
According to the procedure already described in references [1,2], standard known concentrations of 17 
single REE or mixture of them were prepared as shown in Table S1. 18 
Table S1. Calibration concentrations of REEs. 19 
C (mmol/L) La Nd Eu Dy Er Yb 
1 2.2 10.8 7.5 0.7 2.9 2.9 
2 12.0 4.5 3.2 1.5 11.7 2.1 
3 8.4 1.3 11.1 6.6 7.05 10.8 
4 4.9 4.2 0.4 11.9 4.9 0.6 
5 3.0 1.2 7.8 12.4 1.1 8.1 
6 5.2 6.9 5.6 3.1 4.7 11.7 
7 11.2 6.4 8.0 5.0 7.5 5.7 
8 6.8 0.7 10.8 12.0 10.3 1.7 
9 2.9 2.0 5.1 11.5 2.7 11.1 
10 4.6 1.9 2.6 5.5 11.1 10.5 
11 3.4 2.7 3.8 9.6 8.5 7.1 
12 5.7 10.8 9.0 10.6 10.8 6.3 
13 3.0 5.5 4.5 6.3 12.4 6.8 
2 
 
14 0.2 2.2 3.7 4.2 3.9 7.9 
15 8.2 8.1 0.9 8.0 4.2 10.8 
16 7.5 1.7 6.7 9.1 4.3 9.0 
17 1.5 1.0 1.5 9.2 3.0 6.4 
18 7.8 9.0 10.5 11.1 6.2 11.5 
19 3.6 8.6 10.2 1.8 9.7 4.1 
20 1.1 1.3 8.2 3.0 12.1 5.6 
21 0.4 4.0 11.6 4.8 9.5 9.6 
22 3.9 8.7 4.6 8.4 0.7 2.5 
23 1.1 10.9 12.0 0.3 10.8 8.3 
24 7.7 11.5 0.2 7.8 5.4 0.2 
25 1.5 5.8 9.9 2.1 2.1 1.1 
26 8.5 3.9 9.7 1.1 5.3 7.8 
27 11.4 8.8 5.1 1.8 10.2 7.5 
28 5.1 3.9 8.4 6.6 7.2 1.9 
29 9.9 1.5 2.1 8.4 5.2 3.4 
30 4.8 0.3 5.0 1.0 9.4 2.3 
31 4.3 9.9 4.2 10.2 12.0 9.1 
32 7.3 1.1 3.4 3.3 2.0 0.7 
33 11.7 6.0 0.2 0.1 2.7 8.2 
34 2.1 0.6 0.6 2.7 5.7 11.7 
35 1.2 7.2 10.1 8.2 5.6 2.6 
36 8.0 8.8 6.2 8.7 10.7 2.1 
37 6.5 2.2 8.6 2.4 10.0 6.0 
38 8.2 10.3 3.9 6.9 8.4 9.3 
39 9.0 5.4 10.7 8.1 1.7 0.3 
40 12.2 10.8 2.4 5.7 3.7 1.6 
41 1.0 4.9 7.9 9.9 0.2 3.9 
42 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 
 1 
3 
 
Figure S1 shows the calibration curves obtained from measuring the solutions listed in Table S1. To 1 
assess the accuracy of the calibration, the results were cross-validated using the scikit learn library in 2 
Python. We obtained an average root mean square error of 0.05 mM. This value fluctuates depending 3 
on the element and the phase considered. The remaining measurement error likely arises from matrix 4 
effects, which induce unwanted correlation between REE peaks.  5 
 6 
Figure S1. Calibration curves of the XRF. 7 
2- Self-diffusion coefficients: raw data 8 
Table S2. the composition of the samples for DOSY measurements along the two dilution lines as shown in Error! Reference 9 
source not found.. 10 
wt % NaSal H2O EA 
1 0.403 0.312 0.285 
2 0.3734 0.3628 0.2638 
3 0.3365 0.4258 0.2377 
4 0.30263 0.48144 0.21593 
5 0.25432 0.566 0.17968 
6 0.21743 0.6294 0.15317 
7 0.16625 0.7163 0.11745 
8 0.12189 0.792 0.08611 
9 0.06399 0.8908 0.04521 
4 
 
10 0.06624 0.93376 0 
11 0.1001 0.1001 1.8229 
12 0.10796 0.10795 0.78409 
13 0.15237 0.15237 0.69526 
14 0.19816 0.19816 0.60368 
15 0.24979 0.24979 0.50042 
16 0.30391 0.30391 0.39218 
17 0.3517 0.3517 0.2966 
18 0.39991 0.39991 0.20018 
19 0.4485 0.4485 0.10299 
20 0.5 0.5 0 
 1 
Table S3. Self-diffusion coefficients and reduced Self-diffusion coefficients of water, EtOAc, and NaSal along the 2 
two dilution lines as shown in Error! Reference source not found.. 3 
 Self-diffusion coefficient Di  / m2/s 
Reduced self-diffusion coefficient Di* / 
m2/s 
Sample H2O EtOAc NaSal H2O EtOAc NaSal 
1 4.69∙10-10 2.51∙10-10 1.15∙10-10 2.06∙10-01 8.04∙10-02 1.49∙10-01 
2 4.70∙10-10 2.49∙10-10 1.18∙10-10 2.06∙10-01 7.97∙10-02 1.53∙10-01 
3 6.94∙10-10 2.93∙10-10 1.60∙10-10 3.05∙10-01 9.38∙10-02 2.08∙10-01 
4 8.65∙10-10 3.34∙10-10 2.04∙10-10 3.80∙10-01 1.07∙10-01 2.65∙10-01 
5 1.17∙10-09 3.97∙10-10 2.83∙10-10 5.13∙10-01 1.27∙10-01 3.68∙10-01 
6 1.28∙10-09 4.58∙10-10 3.35∙10-10 5.63∙10-01 1.47∙10-01 4.35∙10-01 
7 1.53∙10-09 5.88∙10-10 4.45∙10-10 6.73∙10-01 2.88∙10-01 5.79∙10-01 
8 1.72∙10-09 7.02∙10-10 5.47∙10-10 7.54∙10-01 2.25∙10-01 7.11∙10-01 
9 2.08∙10-09 9.01∙10-10 7.23∙10-10 9.14∙10-01 2.89∙10-01 9.40∙10-01 
10 2.28∙10-09 n.d 7.69∙10-10 1.00∙10+00 0.00∙10+00 1.00∙10+00 
11 1.79∙10-09 2.47∙10-09 4.94∙10-10 7.88∙10-01 7.92∙10-01 6.43∙10-01 
12 1.00∙10-09 1.89∙10-09 4.94∙10-10 4.40∙10-01 6.06∙10-01 6.43∙10-01 
13 8.06∙10-10 1.52∙10-09 2.86∙10-10 3.54∙10-01 4.86∙10-01 3.71∙10-01 
14 6.97∙10-10 1.17∙10-09 2.58∙10-10 3.06∙10-01 3.75∙10-01 3.36∙10-01 
15 6.36∙10-10 8.12∙10-10 2.24∙10-10 2.79∙10-01 2.60∙10-01 2.91∙10-01 
16 6.02∙10-10 5.42∙10-10 1.95∙10-10 2.64∙10-01 1.74∙10-01 2.54∙10-01 
5 
 
17 6.59∙10-10 3.71∙10-10 1.68∙10-10 2.90∙10-01 1.19∙10-01 2.19∙10-01 
18 6.28∙10-10 2.62∙10-10 1.45∙10-10 2.76∙10-01 8.39∙10-02 1.89∙10-01 
19 5.74∙10-10 1.92∙10-10 1.30∙10-10 2.52∙10-01 6.17∙10-02 1.69∙10-01 
20 6.28∙10-10 n.d 1.19∙10-10 2.7610-01 0.00∙10+00 1.55∙10-01 
 1 
3- Detailed calculation for SAXS fitting 2 
The following standard equations of scattering were applied with a spherical form factor P(q) 3 
and a structure factor S(q) assumed to be equal to 1:  4 
𝐼(𝑞) = 𝑛𝑝𝑃(𝑞)𝑆(𝑞) 5 
With 𝑛𝑝 number of scattering particles (aggregates) per unit volume: 6 
𝑛𝑝 =
𝑁𝐴(𝐶 − 𝐿𝐴𝐶)
𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑔
 7 
And 8 
 𝑃(𝑞) = 3𝑉𝑎𝑔𝑔
2 (∆𝜌)2 ∙ (
sin(𝑞𝑟)−𝑞𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑞𝑟)
(𝑞𝑟)3
)
2
 9 
∆𝜌 = 𝜌𝑎𝑔𝑔 − 𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 10 
Where:  11 
- NA Avogadro number; 12 
- Nagg Aggregation number, i.e., number of NaSal molecules per aggregate; 13 
- ragg aggregate radii;  14 
- Vagg aggregate volume; 15 
- ρagg is the scattering length density of the aggregte, ρsolvent is the scattering length 16 
density of the external solvent 17 
Finally, 18 
𝐼(𝑞) =
𝑁𝐴(𝐶 − 𝐿𝐴𝐶)
𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑔
∙ 3𝑉𝑎𝑔𝑔
2 (𝜌𝑎𝑔𝑔 − 𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡)
2
∙ (
sin(𝑞𝑟) − 𝑞𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑞𝑟)
(𝑞𝑟)3
)
2
 19 
  20 
6 
 
References 1 
[1] Kirsanov, D.; Panchuk, V.; Agafonova-Moroz, M.; Khaydukova, M.; Lumpov, A.; 2 
Semenov, V.; Legin, A., A sample-effective calibration design for multiple components. 3 
Analyst 2014, 139 (17), 4303-4309. 4 
[2] El Maangar, A.; Theisen, J.; Penisson, C.; Zemb, T.; Gabriel, J.-C. P., A microfluidic study 5 
of synergic liquid–liquid extraction of rare earth elements. Physical Chemistry Chemical 6 
Physics 2020, 22 (10), 5449-5462. 7 


Solubilisation–microstructure relationship of trivalent salts in hydrotropic ternary systems

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