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Comptes Rendus
Chimie
Paula Calvó, Jose Luis Bauza, Francisca Julià, Jordi Guimerá, Enrique
C. Pieras, Antonia Costa-Bauzá and Felix Grases
Characterization of deposits on double J stents
Volume 25, Special Issue S1 (2022), p. 425-430
Published online: 17 August 2021
https://doi.org/10.5802/crchim.107
Part of Special Issue:Microcrystalline pathologies: Clinical issues and
nanochemistry
Guest editors:Dominique Bazin (Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ICP, France),
Michel Daudon, Vincent Frochot, Emmanuel Letavernier and Jean-Philippe
Haymann (Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, France)
This article is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Les Comptes Rendus. Chimie sont membres du
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e-ISSN : 1878-1543
Comptes Rendus
Chimie
2022, Vol. 25, Special Issue S1, p. 425-430
https://doi.org/10.5802/crchim.107
Microcrystalline pathologies: Clinical issues and nanochemistry / Pathologies
microcristallines : questions cliniques et nanochimie
Characterization of deposits on double J stents
Paula Calvóa, Jose Luis Bauzab, Francisca Juliàa, Jordi Guimeráb, Enrique C. Pierasb,
Antonia Costa-Bauzá a and Felix Grases ∗, a
a Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences
Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca 07122,
Spain
b Urology Service, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca 07120, Spain
E-mails: paula.calvo@uib.es (P. Calvó), jose.bauza@ssib.es (J. L. Bauza),
juliaf0910@gmail.com (F. Julià), jorge.guimera@ssib.es (J. Guimerá),
enriquec.pieras@ssib.es (E. C. Pieras), antonia.costa@uib.es (A. Costa-Bauzá),
fgrases@uib.es (F. Grases)
Abstract. We have characterized the types of encrustations that form on ureteral stents. The deposit
that generates blocks is composed of hydroxyapatite/magnesium ammonium phosphate (44%). Cal-
cium oxalate dihydrate was also detected at a high degree of encrustation (13%). Hydroxyapatite
deposits, also of high degree of encrustation (13%) are generated due to their formation as a con-
sequence of persistently high urinary pH values. The formation of large uric acid deposits (31%)
must be attributed to the persistence of urinary pH < 5.5. To avoid development of encrustations of
ureteral stents, urinary calcium levels and urinary pH control should be carried out, avoiding urinary
infections.
Keywords. Ureteral stents, Ammonium magnesium phosphate, Hydroxyapatite, Calcium oxalate di-
hydrate, Uric acid.
Funding. Financial support from Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spain) (PID2019-104331RB-
I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), and Fundación para la Investigación en Urología are acknowl-
edged. PC is grateful to the Conselleria d’Educació, Universitat i Recerca of the Government of the
Balearic Islands for the fellowship FPI_003_2020.
Published online: 17 August 2021
1. Introduction
Double J catheters are one of the most commonly
used indwelling ureteral devices to treat obstructive
uropathy, to facilitate the drainage of urine through
the urinary system. However, they can promote the
appearance of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and the
∗Corresponding author.
development of encrustations, which can hinder and
even prevent its removal [1–3].
The introduction of a catheter into the urinary sys-
tem implies the placement of a foreign body that fa-
cilitates the flow of urine between the renal pelvis
and the urinary bladder. Therefore, the catheter will
be permanently bathed in urine that will flow from
the kidney to the urinary bladder. As it is a foreign
solid in contact with urine, it is evident that it may
act as a heterogeneous nucleant for those substances
ISSN (electronic) : 1878-1543 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/chimie/
426 Paula Calvó et al.
Figure 1. Degree of embedding of the catheters studied. Image obtained by stereoscopic microscopy.
Figure 2. Types of deposits observed. Images obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
that are supersaturated in this medium. It is precisely
for this reason that extensive research has been car-
ried out to develop nonstick materials that avoid as
much as possible the capacity that a catheter can
present as a heterogeneous nucleant. In any case,
urine is a medium rich in organic matter and pro-
teins, mainly albumin and mucin in the absence of
infections, which can adhere on the surface of the
catheter covering it [4]. Once deposited, this material
will act as an effective heterogeneous nucleant that
will induce crystallization of those substances that
are supersaturated in urine.
The main objective of this paper is to characterize
and study the different types of encrustations that
form on double J catheters, in order to be able to
relate their characteristics to the urinary conditions
that have induced them.
2. Material and methods
Ninety double J catheters (Angiomed, UROSOFT-
ureteral-stent-set based on a soft-polyurethane com-
pound, REF 57410030) of patients with an indwelling
time approximately from 1 to 3 months were studied,
processing the renal part and the bladder part sep-
arately. Thus each catheter is divided into two equal
parts. This was an observational study, where 57.8%
of the patients were males (age 57±15) and 42.2% fe-
males (age 54±13).
In all cases, the stent was placed as a consequence
of ureteral obstruction due to benign pathology.
Each catheter was submitted to the following pro-
cedure: First, it was photographed with a stereo-
scopic microscope. By observational study, they were
classified into four categories according to the de-
gree of encrustation observed (0–3, 0 being no de-
posit and 3 high degree of encrustation or deposit
block, as shown in Figure 1). Subsequently, each
stent was weighed and the total weight of deposit
present in each catheter was evaluated, by compari-
son with an unused catheter. Later, by Scanning Elec-
tron Microscopy (SEM) the type of embedded deposit
was identified: no deposit, calcium oxalate (mono-
hydrate, dihydrate), uric acid (anhydrous, dihydrate)
Paula Calvó et al. 427
Figure 3. (A) Percentage of no deposit or low, medium and high degree of encrustation in the 90 stents.
(B) Percentage of each type of deposit in the 90 stents.
and/or urate, infectious phosphate (magnesium am-
monium phosphate + hydroxyapatite) and nonin-
fectious phosphate (hydroxyapatite + brushite) (Fig-
ure 2).
Finally, the catheters were cut into several frag-
ments to facilitate dissolution of the deposits with
2 M HCl (except for those with uric acid and/or urate)
to determine the amount of calcium, phosphorus
and magnesium by ICP-OES.
2.1. Statistics
Normality graphs and plots were used to assess the
data distribution. Data were represented as median
and interquartile range or percentages. Intergroup
comparisons (between deposit types and deposit
grades) were performed using Kruskal–Wallis test
and the Mann–Whitney U as post hoc test for con-
tinuous variables. For categorical variables, the Chi-
square or Fisher’s exact test was performed. A two-
tailed p-value less than 0.05 was considered statisti-
cally significant. Statistical analyses were performed
using SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
3. Results
Of the 90 catheters studied, most (39%) presented a
medium degree of embedding (degree 2), and 41%
had calcium oxalate (CaOx) deposits. 31% did not
have any type of deposit on their surface (Figure 3).
Twenty patients (22%) were diagnosed with UTIs
and 15% amongst them developed magnesium am-
monium phosphate deposits.
Twenty four percent of the patients did not present
deposits three months after catheter placement,
while 68% formed medium/high deposits during this
period.
Whereas magnesium ammonium phosphate +
hydroxyapatite appeared in 9% of the catheters (Fig-
ure 3B), this composition corresponded more fre-
quently to the high degree of encrustation group
(43.8%, p value < 0.05; Figure 4), while in contrast
CaOx was the most frequent composition of the low
and medium degree of encrustation (63.3% and 80%
respectively, p value < 0.05, Figure 4). Hydroxya-
patite with no infection was also identified in 9%
of catheters (Figure 3B) equally distributed at low,
medium and high degree of encrustation (Figure 4),
and uric acid was detected in 10% of catheters,
mainly with high degree of encrustation (31%, Fig-
ure 4).
The qualitative classification was compared with
the total weight of the stents (Figure 5). A positive
and high correlation between the deposit weight of
the 90 stents and the degree of deposit is observed
(r s = 0.777, p value < 0.001), with greater the weight
of the deposit on the stent, the higher the degree of
encrustation (Figure 5).
In concordance with these findings, it is also seen
that the higher the degree of encrustation, the greater
the amount of calcium, phosphorus and magne-
428 Paula Calvó et al.
Figure 4. Percentage of type of deposit in each grade of deposit group. (a) Significant differences with the
Low deposit group. (b) Significant differences with the Medium deposit group. (c) Significant differences
with the High deposit group. Differences were considered significant if p value < 0.05 in the Chi-square
or Fisher’s exact test.
Figure 5. Deposit weight for each degree of en-
crustation group. Medians are represented in
the figure. * Significant differences with the no
deposit and low deposit group, p-value < 0.05
Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney U
as post hoc test. # Significant differences with
the medium group, p-value < 0.05 Kruskal–
Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney U as post
hoc test. Correlation between the two variables
was assessed with the Spearman test, r s =
0.777, p value < 0.001.
sium quantified for each type of deposit (Table 1).
Catheters with greater weight of deposited material
(median = 393 mg, Figure 6) presented mostly an
infectious phosphate-type deposit. When compar-
ing the renal and bladder parts of the catheters, no
difference between the degree of encrustation or the
type of deposit was observed (Tables 2 and 3).
4. Discussion
The proposed sample processing method is effective
when observing a good correlation between the de-
gree of deposit and the weight obtained for each de-
posit (Figure 5).
From this study it is deduced that the deposit
that generates the most trouble, due to its mag-
nitude, is that of magnesium ammonium phos-
phate/hydroxyapatite. In the presence of ureolytic
bacteria, large amounts of uromucoid and a signif-
icant increase in urinary pH (as a consequence of
the formation of NH3) are produced. Under these
conditions, hydroxyapatite and magnesium ammo-
nium phosphate precipitate on the catheter [5–8].
Therefore, the presence of urinary infection, which
causes this type of deposits, should be controlled
Paula Calvó et al. 429
Table 1. Ca, P and Mg, expressed as median value, detected for each degree of deposit per type of deposit
Type of deposit
Degree of deposit
Ca (µmol) P (µmol) Mg (µmol)
L M H L M H L M H
Calcium oxalate 46.4 351 876 3.74 12.8 30.3 0.23 0.87 1.27
Infectious phosphate — 486∗ 1687 — 784∗ 1202 — 366∗ 235
Noninfectious phosphate 4.99 390 3607 8.1 298 2674 0.43 10.4 112
Degree of deposit: L = Low, M = Medium, H = High.
∗ n = 1, value in µmol of the case.
Table 2. Percentage of each degree of encrustation in the renal and bladder parts
Degree of encrustation (%)
No deposit Low Medium High Total
Renal 35.6% 21.1% 34.4% 8.9% 100.0%
Bladder 32.2% 13.3% 40.0% 14.4% 100.0%
Table 3. Percentage of each type of encrustation in the renal and bladder parts
Type of deposit (in %)
No deposit CaOx Uric acid/urate Infectious phosphate Noninfectious phosphate Total
Renal 33.3 40.0 10.0 7.8 8.9 100.0
Bladder 32.2 41.1 8.9 8.9 8.9 100.0%
and avoided as far as possible. Precisely, as a very
long treatment with antibiotics is not advisable, all
those prophylactic measures to avoid urinary infec-
tion should be taken into account [9]. Among these
measures, the most important are to avoid persistent
high urinary pH which promotes bacterial infection,
since acidic urinary pH values facilitate the transfor-
mation of nitrite generated by bacteria (from nitrate
present in the urine) into NO, and this compound is
toxic to bacteria [10,11]; it is advisable to drink large
amounts of water and maintain strict hygienic con-
ditions. It is interesting to observe that though 22% of
the patients were diagnosed with UTIs, only 15% of
them developed magnesium ammonium phosphate
deposits. This is probably because these patients
were initially treated with antibiotics.
It is important to observe how in a large num-
ber of patients (80%, Figure 4), calcium oxalate di-
hydrate was detected in medium degree of encrusta-
tion (degree 2) and even in a small percentage (13%,
Figure 4) in the high encrustation (degree 3) group.
This circumstance shows that in patients with hyper-
calciuria, control of calciuria should be carried out
during the ureter implantation period, avoiding as
far as possible high concentrations of urinary cal-
cium, which should be maintained below 170 mg/L.
In the absence of ureolytic bacteria, it is necessary to
consider that, since it is advisable to keep double J
catheters for short periods (maximum 2–3 months),
only substances with very considerable supersatura-
tions will crystallize massively [12,13].
It has also been observed that in the absence of in-
fection, hydroxyapatite deposits in low degree of en-
crustation (27%) or medium/high grade of encrusta-
tion (9% and 13% respectively; Figure 4) are gener-
ated on the catheter in a certain group of patients,
which could compromise its easy removal. In these
cases, it is clear that the formation of these deposits
is a consequence of the existence of persistently high
urinary pH values. Therefore, as far as possible, at-
tempts should be made to acidify these urines when
it is possible and, in the presence of distal tubular
430 Paula Calvó et al.
Figure 6. Deposit weight for each type of en-
crustation group. Medians are represented in
the figure. * Significant differences with all the
other groups, p-value < 0.05 Kruskal–Wallis
test and the Mann–Whitney U as post hoc test.
acidosis, which precludes acidification, appropriate
prophylactic measures should be taken [14].
The formation of large uric acid/urate deposits
(31%) or medium and low grade of encrustation (9%,
in both cases; Figure 5) has also been observed. These
deposits must be clearly attributed to the persistence
of urinary pH values below 5.5 and also to the pos-
sibility of elevated urinary uric acid concentration,
when uric acid dihydrate was observed. Therefore,
excessively acidic urinary pH values below 5.5 should
also be avoided.
As can be deduced, with the exception of high con-
sumption of liquids, the other preventive measures
must be adapted to the urinary composition of each
patient, to avoid the implementation of contraindi-
cated treatments.
The degree of encrustation on the stents is quite
high, even for time periods shorter than one month,
since 11% developed high grade deposits during this
period. This shows that polyurethane, which is the
material composing these stents, develops important
deposits with relative ease, which is consistent with a
recently published study that shows that this material
generates deposits more easily than others such as
hydrocoated silicone [15].
5. Conclusion
To prevent the development of large encrustations
in the double J catheters, strict control should be
carried out to prevent urinary infections, high
urinary pH values (above 6.2) or too low values
(below 5.5). In addition, control of excessive urinary
calcium levels is also important.
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Doina Lutic and Ioana Fechete
Foreword to “Active site engineering in nanostructured materials for
energy, health and environment” dedicated to Professor Emil Dumitriu
Volume 25, Special Issue S3 (2022), p. 1-3
Issue date: 6 September 2022
https://doi.org/10.5802/crchim.197
Part of Special Issue: Active site engineering in nanostructured materials for
energy, health and environment
Guest editors: Ioana Fechete (Université de Technologie de Troyes, France)
and Doina Lutic (Al. I. Cuza University of Iasi, Romania)
This article is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Les Comptes Rendus. Chimie sont membres du
Centre Mersenne pour l’édition scientifique ouverte
www.centre-mersenne.org
e-ISSN : 1878-1543
Comptes Rendus
Chimie
2022, Vol. 25, Special Issue S3, p. 1-3
https://doi.org/10.5802/crchim.197
Foreword to “Active site engineering in
nanostructured materials for energy, health and
environment” dedicated to Professor Emil Dumitriu
Doina Lutica and Ioana Fechete∗, b
a Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania
b Université de Technologie de Troyes, France
E-mails: doilub@yahoo.com (D. Lutic), i_fechete@yahoo.com (I. Fechete)
Issue date: 6 September 2022
Emil Dumitriu (photograph by Brindusa Dragoi)
∗Corresponding author.
ISSN (electronic) : 1878-1543 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/chimie/
2 Doina Lutic and Ioana Fechete
Professor Emil Dumitriu was born in Focşani,
Romania, on December 5th 1946. He graduated the
“Unirea” college from this city in 1964, the he studied
chemical engineering at the Polytechnic Institute
(nowadays, the Technical University) “Gheorghe
Asachi” from Iasi, Romania, graduated in 1971. The
first engineer job was a position of beginner re-
searcher at Petru Poni” Macromolecular Chemistry
Institute from Iaşi, the subsidiary of the Romanian
Academy, in the Laboratory of Reactive Polymers.
Here he started the research activity related to his
PhD thesis. In 1980, he defended the thesis entitled:
“Contributions to the study of acrylic monomers re-
activity in radical copolymerization” at “Petru Poni”
Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi, under
the advisory of Professor Mihai Dima.
Between 1975–1976, we worked at the Institute
for Design in Chemical Industry, the subsidiary from
Iaşi, an unit specialized in the detailed planning
designs for high-scale chemical industry facilities.
Despite the high requirements of work rigor and
competence, it comprised mostly routine work, while
the innovating spirit of Professor Dumitriu needed
something more challenging. From 1976, he became
after a competition, teaching assistant at the Depart-
ment of Organic Compounds Industry, at the Faculty
of Industrial Chemistry of the Polytechnic Institute
“Gheorghe Asachi” from Iaşi. He promoted on a lec-
turer position in 1980 and became associated pro-
fessor in 1990. In 1990, he earned the quality of PhD
adviser and in 1991, he promoted on a full professor
position in the Department of Organic and Biochem-
ical Engineering, which he has held until 2011, when
he became Professor emeritus.
In the research activity, Professor Emil Dumitriu
was the initiator and successful promoter of the
Catalysis school at the Faculty of Industrial Chem-
istry and Environmental Protection, reorganized
after 1990. The small research group from the early
beginning of the catalysis research in Iaşi increased in
time and, even more important, the research quality
noticed important distinction during the mentoring
of Professor Dumitriu.
His PhD students learned the scientific rigor,
accustomed a hard work style and even discovered
a special research beauty under the advisory of Pro-
fessor Emil Dumitriu. His early research areas com-
prised the synthesis and detailed characterization of
several classes of catalysts containing microporous
materials (zeolites and non-zeolitic molecular sieves
of aluminophosphate-type) as well as heterogeneous
catalysis applications thereof in organic chemistry
reactions with potential large scale applications. The
catalytic reactions performing at laboratory scale
using the available research infrastructure in the
last decade of the 20th century in Romania required
a lot of self-designed and manufactured reactors
and peripheral accessories. A notable number of
valuable scientific papers from this early catalysis
research period, published however in well ranked
journals, were elaborated based on results obtained
on versatile complex setups, entirely designed and
build up by Professor Dumitriu himself, with the
support of some close collaborators. In time, the lab-
oratory infrastructure enrichment and improvement
was possible by applying for national research grants.
Professor Emil Dumitriu standed out as promi-
nent figure in the Romanian and international scien-
tific community, by his outmost contributions in the
fields of catalytic materials synthesis and their appli-
cations in organic reactions, petrochemical industry
and green chemistry. The main topics addressed in
catalysts development comprise: micro- and meso-
porous and lamellar materials, functionalization and
modification of surfaces, oxide and metal nanoparti-
cles on functionalized mesostructured supports, re-
dox and acid–base catalysts, complex nanocompos-
ites for drugs and pesticides controlled delivery. The
organic chemistry reactions covered by his activity
include the aromatic hydrocarbons interconversion,
fine organic synthesis in heterogeneous systems
(aldol condensation, selective hydrogenation, aro-
matics alkylation), biocatalysts-mediated reactions,
catalytic conversion of biomass-derived compounds.
15 PhD students elaborated and defended their
thesis under his advisory, some of them being nowa-
days professors and research mentors themselves.
His personality, combining rich knowledge, excellent
communication skills, good mastering of English and
French, combined always with patience, sometimes
with severity and constant elite scientific level cul-
tivation was always a good premise for modelling
both professional competence and personality of his
disciples.
Professor Dumitriu was the director or head for
more than 63 research and development projects,
3 of them within international collaborations. He is
co-author of 3 patents and to more than 200 scien-
Doina Lutic and Ioana Fechete 3
tific papers, from which more than 140 in top ISI
indexed journals, such as Chemical Communica-
tions, Journal of Catalysis, Catalysis Science and
Technology, Journal of Materials Chemistry, ACS Ap-
plied Materials and Interfaces, ChemSusChem, Lang-
muir, Applied Catalysis A: General, Microporous and
Mesoporous Materials etc. and more than 80 par-
ticipations with oral and poster presentations at
national and international scientific conferences,
congresses and symposiums.
He was also assigned in the scientific committee of
numerous conferences and in the editorial board of
scientific journals and is as active member in numer-
ous professional societies (American Chemical Soci-
ety, International Zeolite Association, Group Français
de Zéolithes, International Mesostructured Material
Association, Romanian Catalysis Society, Romanian
Chemical Society, Romanian Chemical Engineering
Society, Romanian Association of Zeolites and Molec-
ular Sieves, Inventors Forum).
His teaching area included important courses in
the field of catalysis: Industrial Catalysis and Cata-
lysts, Catalysis in Organic Industry and Petrochem-
istry, Catalytic Methods Applied in the Development
of Clean Processes, Heterogeneous Catalytic Meth-
ods Applied in Environmental Protection, Synthesis
of Catalytic Materials, Characterization of Catalytic
Materials, Enzymology. He is the author or co-author
of 12 books and university textbooks, most of them
published having his former PhD students and col-
laborators as co-authors. Most of these have been
very well received by the students as course sup-
ports, covering fields of interest less approached be-
fore in the scientific literature available in Romanian
language. A green chemistry approach concerning
the heterogeneous catalytic methods applied in en-
vironment protection, a brief and accessible book of
general catalysis and another one about biocatalysis
have been also highly appreciated by the scientific
referents.
Professor Dumitriu had been invited as visit-
ing professor at several distinguished universities in
Europe: Département de Sciences Université de Pau
et des Pays de l’Adour, France, Laboratoire de Matéri-
aux Minéraux ENSC, Université “Haute Alsace” de
Mulhouse and Laboratoire de Matériaux Minéraux et
Catalyse en Chimie Organique, Montpellier, France;
Instituto di Biocatalisi e Riconoscimento Moleco-
lare, Milano and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche,
Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy. The content
accuracy, clarity and remarkable graphical attractive
aspect of the taught courses were largely appreciated
by both Romanian students, as well as by the ones
met in his visiting professor stages.
Besides the distinguished scientific eminence,
Professor Dumitriu is a passionate music and vi-
sual arts lover, a person with a solid culture and an
opened spirit to beauty and harmony in their many
ways of occurrence.
We are delighted to warmly pay him a tribute
for the valuable contribution brought to our forma-
tion and to the Catalysis research field in Romania,
by dedicating him this honoring special number on
his 75th anniversary. Most of the contributors for
this special number are among his older or newer
collaborators.
The guest editors are also grateful to the col-
leagues which accepted to synchronize their work
with the emergence of this issue. Special thanks are
due to the editing staff of Comptes Rendus Chimie,
which accepted our initiative and made possible the
manuscript collection, conducting the peer-review
process and bring the results to the final form.
Doina Lutic
Guest Editor
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi
Romania
doilub@yahoo.com
Ioana Fechete
Guest Editor
Université de Technologie de Troyes
France
i_fechete@yahoo.com


Foreword to “<i>Active site engineering in nanostructured materials for energy, health and environment</i>” dedicated to Professor Emil Dumitriu

Carmen Ciotonea

Alexandru Chirieac

Brindusa Dragoi

Cezar Catrinescu

Sébastien Royer

Adrian Ungureanu

Cu–Ga$_{2}$O$_{3}$ nanoparticles supported on ordered mesoporous silica for the catalytic hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde

Debora Zanolla

Serena Bertoni

Nadia Passerini

Beatrice Albertini

Guglielmo Zingone

Beatrice Perissutti

From Bitter to Sweet: a preliminary study towards a patient-friendly Praziquantel dosage form

Marwa Mahmoudi

Anthony Dufour

Mohammed El-Miloud Bettahar

Ghouti Medjahdi

Abdelmottaleb Ouederni

Roger Gadiou

Hydrogen production by methane decomposition over Ni-doped activated carbons: effect of the activation method

Hervé This

Louis Pasteur : de la physico-chimie à la biologie

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D-optimal design optimization of unsaturated palm fatty acid distillate and trimethylolpropane esterification for biolubricant production

Enhanced transesterification of rapeseed oil to biodiesel catalyzed by KCl/CaO

Foreword to microcrystalline pathologies: combining clinical activity and fundamental research at the nanoscale

Characterization of deposits on double J stents

Relationship between calcinosis cutis in epidermal necrolysis and caspofungin, a physicochemical investigation

Foreword to “<i>Active site engineering in nanostructured materials for energy, health and environment</i>” dedicated to Professor Emil Dumitriu

Cu–Ga $_{2}$ O $_{3}$ nanoparticles supported on ordered mesoporous silica for the catalytic hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde

From Bitter to Sweet: a preliminary study towards a patient-friendly Praziquantel dosage form

Hydrogen production by methane decomposition over Ni-doped activated carbons: effect of the activation method

Louis Pasteur : de la physico-chimie à la biologie

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