Comptes Rendus Géoscience

Mathieu Pédrot

Aline Dia

Mélanie Davranche

Sébastien Martin

Maya Al-Sid-Cheikh

Gérard Gruau

Unravelling the fate of arsenic during re-oxidation of reduced wetland waters: Experimental constraints and environmental consequences

Vincent Courtillot

Editor's note

Jean-Noël Rouzaud

Damien Deldicque

Émeline Charon

Justin Pageot

Handled by Vicent Courtillot

Carbons at the heart of questions on energy and environment: A nanostructural approach

Zhuhong Wang

Jiubin Chen

Xinbin Feng

Holger Hintelmann

Shengliu Yuan

Hongming Cai

Qiang Huang

Shuxiao Wang

Fengyang Wang

Mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionation of mercury isotopes in precipitation from Guiyang, SW China

Keywords

Chao Zhang

Yue Li

Hong-bo Lin

Bao-jun Yang

Seismic random noise attenuation and signal-preserving by multiple directional time-frequency peak filtering

Gaston Giuliani

Marjorie Pivin

Anthony E. Fallick

Daniel Ohnenstetter

Yucai Song

Daniel Demaiffe

Geochemical and oxygen isotope signatures of mantle corundum megacrysts from the Mbuji-Mayi kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Changle alkali basalt, China

Nian Wang

Jean-Paul Montagner

Gäel Burgos

Yann Capdeville

Daxin Yu

Handled by Michel Campillo

Intrinsic <i>versus</i> extrinsic seismic anisotropy: Surface wave phase velocity inversion

James Lequeux

Handled by V. Courtillot

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C. R. Geoscience 347 (2015) 103–104
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vited contributions by the 2014 geoscience laureates of the
ench Academy of Sciences
Every year, the Academy of Sciences gives out a number
rizes and medals to recognize the contributions and
ievements of outstanding colleagues in all fields of
nce. In 2013, for the first time, the laureates in the
ains of Earth and Universe sciences were invited to
ke short presentations at the Academy. This resulted in
pecial session that generated enthusiasm from parti-
ants. The editorial team of Comptes rendus Geoscience
 that it could be of interest to the scientific community
ave access to presentations by the laureates from the
science area. This resulted in a special issue of the
ptes rendus [C. R. Geoscience, 346 (2014), 273–325].
 are happy to renew this experiment for the second
e with six of the 2014 laureates who responded to our
itation. Because these were invited papers, an Associate
tor and the Chief Editor played the role normally
ibuted to reviewers, in addition to their normal
torial duties. In some cases, external reviewers were
 involved upon invitation by the editors. We are
nkful to the authors and happy to present readers of
ptes rendus Geoscience with this second volume of
ited contributions by geoscience laureates of the
demy of Sciences.
In the first paper, James Lequeux (laureate of the
4 Grammaticakis–Neuman Prize) reviews the evolu-
 of material conditions for scientific research in the
ds of physics, chemistry, and astronomy in the two and
alf centuries between 1600 and 1850. The evolution of
port for ‘‘salaries’’ and ‘‘equipment’’, to use modern
s, is estimated by converting ancient currencies into
os, an index to be used with caution, as stressed by the
hor. Lequeux (2015) shows science evolving from the
ain of rich private individuals to more public and
ective activities. In the revolution, science becomes
re democratic and public. The 18th century witnesses
 development of coordinated research and large
jects, launched and financed by the Academy of
nces. Lequeux (2015) finally notes that scientific
hanges between countries fortunately ignored wars.
In the second paper, Jacques Zlotnicki (laureate of the
2014 Cartography Prize) reviews the application of still
evolving electrical methods to image the interior and
monitor the activity of volcanoes and associated hydro-
thermal systems. Mapping of electrical potential anoma-
lies provides images of the flow of ground fluids within the
complex, faulted structure of the volcano. Surveys, net-
works and observatories can be setup as a function of
volcanic activity. Zlotnicki (2015) demonstrates that
strong electric signals may definitely appear hours to
weeks before deformation can actually be measured in the
field. Transient signals are also recorded from satellites.
Both ground and satellite electrical observations may
announce the onset of an irreversible process leading to an
eruption and have become one of the most efficient tools
for volcano monitoring.
Jean-Noël Rouzaud (2014 laureate of the Bernard-and-
Odile-Tissot Prize) reviews the structural organization of
disordered carbon atoms at the nanometer scale, in order
to understand its formation, in diverse conditions (in
Nature, in the laboratory or in the course of an industrial
process). With his colleagues, Rouzaud has devised a
method in which high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy (imaging the nanostructure) and Raman
microspectrometry (providing quantitative, averaged
structural data) are combined. The fields of application
are mainly energy and the environment. Rouzaud et al.
(2015) illustrate the method in the case of the decontami-
nation of irradiated nuclear graphite waste and detection
of hydrocarbons trapped in oil and gas shales, ending with
an application to fire traces in prehistoric graves.
In the fourth paper, Cathy Clerbaux (laureate of the
2014 Gérard-Mégie Prize) and ten colleagues from the IASI
team review the very successful Infrared Atmospheric
Sounding Interferometer space mission, in which spectro-
scopic instruments measuring in the thermal infrared
spectrum on board satellites have provided observations of
air composition on a global scale twice a day over the past
eight years. In this way, trace gases, pollution levels and
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Comptes Rendus Geoscience
ww w.s c ien c edi r ec t . c om
://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2015.06.0071-0713/ 2015 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Académie des sciences.
Foreword / C. R. Geoscience 347 (2015) 103–104104particle types in the atmosphere have been monitored.
After a historical, then a technical overview of the
instrumental characteristics, Clerbaux et al. (2015) illus-
trate the results for three reactive gases, carbon monoxide,
tropospheric ozone, and ammonia. Remote sensing obser-
vation from satellites now allows one to measure
pollution, monitor atmospheric changes and control the
implementation of environmental policies. IASI has global
coverage capability, day and night observation, and can
monitor remote regions. Clerbaux et al. (2015) conclude
that the mission allowed operational applications, such as
volcanic alerts and pollution forecast and note that the IASI
program will continue its long-term observations after
2021, with improved signal-to-noise ratio and spectral
resolution.
In the fifth paper, Thérèse Encrenaz (laureate of the
2014 Deslandres Prize) shows how high-resolution spec-
troscopy in the infrared can image components of
planetary atmospheres and monitor changes in the
behaviour of minor species as a function of time or
location on the planet. Encrenaz et al. have applied the
method at the Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii, using
the Texas Echelon Cross-Echelle Spectrograph, and have
been able to monitor hydrogen peroxide, water vapour,
and sulphur dioxide on Mars and to show that its
atmospheric evolution is well reproduced by Global
Climatic Models. On the opposite, the variations of SO2
above Venus clouds are not reproduced by the models.
Encrenaz (2015) finally discusses an ongoing program to
monitor the 3D dynamics of Jupiter through maps of the O/
H ratio in the deep interior of the planet, but also of
ammonia and phosphine.
The issue concludes with Claire Moutou (Laureate of the
2014 Ernest Déchelle Prize) and Magali Deleuil, who
review the enormous progress that has been made since
the late 1990s in detecting and characterising exoplanets.
Astronomers are now able to measure independently the
mass and the radius of candidate planets, and therefore to
determine their mean densities, giving a first glimpse to
their internal structure and beginning to bridge the gap
between astronomers and astrophysicists on the one
hand, planetologists and geophysicists on the other one.
Moutou and Delteuil (2015) describe the major contribu-
tions of the CoRoT space-based mission, with which they
are closely associated, with in particular the identification
of the first ‘‘terrestrial’’ exoplanet. They also review the
additional results provided by the NASA Kepler mission
and outline the missions that will follow in the coming
decade, in the hope of being able to determine the planets’
masses to a few percent (in the domain of Earth masses)
and to explore their atmospheric properties.
Let me end by congratulating and thanking the
laureates who contributed to this issue, and by recalling
that Comptes rendus Geoscience welcome not only highly
innovative papers but also sound and timely reviews of
subjects that appear ripe for the exercise, and also
proposals for thematic issues on topics that may be of
interest to a wide readership.
References
Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazarro, J., Turquety, S., Georges, M., Boynard, A.,
Pommier, M., Safieddine, S., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., Clarisse, L.,
Van Damme, M., 2015. Tracking pollutants from space: eight years of
IASI satellite observation. C. R. Geoscience 347, (this issue).
Encrenaz, T., 2015. High-resolution imaging spectroscopy of planetary
atmospheres. C. R. Geoscience 347, (this issue).
Lequeux, J., 2015. The material conditions for research in France from
1600 to 1850. Physics, chemistry and astronomy. C. R. Geoscience
347, (this issue).
Moutou, C., Delteuil, M., 2015. CoRoT pictures transiting exoplanets. C. R.
Geoscience 347, (this issue).
Rouzaud, J.-N., Deldicque, D., Charon, E., Pageot, J., 2015. Carbons at the
heart of questions on energy and environment: a nanostructural
approach. C. R. Geoscience 347, (this issue).
Zlotnicki, J., 2015. Dynamics of volcanic eruptions: understanding electric
signatures for activity monitoring. C. R. Geoscience 347, (this issue).
Editor-in-Chief of Comptes rendus Geoscience
Vincent Courtillot
Institut de physique du globe de Paris,
Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité,
1, rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
E-mail address: courtil@ipgp.fr
Available online 21 July 2015


The material conditions for research in France from 1600 to 1850: Physics, chemistry and astronomy

Claire Moutou

Magali Deleuil

Handled by Vincent Courtillot

CoRoT pictures transiting exoplanets

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