Comptes Rendus Géoscience

Nikolai M. Shapiro

Michel Campillo

Anne Obermann

Andrew Curtis

Comptes Rendus
Géoscience
Sciences de la Planète
Nikolai M. Shapiro, Michel Campillo, Anne Obermann and Andrew Curtis
Foreword to New developments in passive seismic imaging and monitoring
Volume 356, Special Issue S4 (2024), p. 1-3
Online since: 2 December 2024
Issue date: 20 January 2025
Part of Special Issue: New Developments in Passive Seismic Imaging and Monitoring
Guest editors: Michel Campillo (University Grenoble-Alpes, Institut des Sciences de la
Terre, Grenoble, France),
Andrew Curtis ( School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland),
Anne Obermann (Swiss Seismological Service, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland) and Nikolai
Shapiro (CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Grenoble, France)
https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.281
This article is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
C EN T R E
MER S ENN E
The Comptes Rendus. Géoscience — Sciences de la Planète are a member of the
Mersenne Center for open scientific publishing
www.centre-mersenne.org — e-ISSN : 1778-7025
Comptes Rendus. Géoscience — Sciences de la Planète
2024, Vol. 356, Special issue S4, p. 1-3
https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.281
Foreword
New Developments in Passive Seismic Imaging and Monitoring
Foreword to New developments in passive seismic
imaging and monitoring
Nikolai M. Shapiro ,a, Michel Campillo ,a, Anne Obermann ,b and Andrew Curtis ,c
a Institut des Sciences de la Terre, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, University Savoie
Mont Blanc, IRD, University Gustave Eiffel, Grenoble, France
b Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
c School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
E-mails: nikolai.shapiro@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr (N. M. Shapiro),
michel.campillo@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr (M. Campillo), anne.obermann@sed.ethz.ch
(A. Obermann), andrew.curtis@ed.ac.uk (A. Curtis)
Funding. ERC Advanced Grants F-Image, SEISMAZE, FaultScan.
During the last two decades, imaging and mon-
itoring methods based on cross-correlations of am-
bient seismic noise have been extensively developed
and have become widely used at different scales and
in different natural and human-controlled environ-
ments. Application of these methods has been fa-
cilitated by improved availability of data from large
and dense seismic networks and by several open soft-
ware packages. At the same time, noise-based imag-
ing and monitoring is far from becoming just a set
of “standard” and “routine” methods. As discussed
in this special issue, the origin and nature of the
seismic noise wavefields, their correlation properties
as well as their sensitivity to the medium structure
and changes, remain areas of active study. Improv-
ing their understanding is necessary in order to re-
fine the existing methods and to develop new ap-
proaches for imaging and monitoring. Therefore,
noise-based passive seismology remains a dynamic
field of research with some first-order problems yet
to be solved. In this context, 13 years after the first
thematic issue of Comptes Rendus Géoscience on
passive seismic noise-based imaging and monitoring
[e.g., Campillo et al., 2011] we introduce a new spe-
cial issue devoted to this topic.
Most passive noise-based seismic imaging and
monitoring methods are based on the so-called
“noise cross-correlation theorem” [e.g., Lobkis and
Weaver, 2001, Wapenaar, 2004, Roux et al., 2005,
Campillo, 2006, Gouédard et al., 2008] which states
that the time derivative of cross-correlation of an
ideal fully diffuse wavefield converge to the Green’s
function of the medium in which the waves are prop-
agating. The fully diffuse wavefield can be defined
either as being composed of all possible medium vi-
bration modes with equally partitioned energy, or lo-
cally as composed of isotropic combination of plane
waves, or as generated by homogenously distributed
random sources. Neither of these definitions applies
to the real Earth’s seismic noise whose main sources
are inhomogeneously distributed over the surface.
This makes direct application of the “full” cross-
correlation theorem to real seismological data ques-
tionable, and requires that we further improve our
understanding of seismic noise cross-correlations to
develop accurate methods.
So far, the surface wave part of Green’s functions
has been most reliably reconstructed from the cor-
relations of the ambient seismic noise. Since ini-
tial demonstration of this possibility [e.g., Shapiro
ISSN (electronic): 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/
2 Nikolai M. Shapiro et al.
and Campillo, 2004, Shapiro et al., 2005, Sabra et al.,
2005a,b] a family of methods known as Ambient
Noise Surface Wave Tomography (ANSWT) has been
developed and successfully applied in many studies
[e.g., Ritzwoller et al., 2011, Shapiro, 2018]. A system-
atic application of this approach to image the Euro-
pean Alps is presented by Paul et al. [2024]. The au-
thors show how methodological advances of this ap-
proach evolving from simple isotropic group velocity
tomography to wave-equation based inversions, and
those based on trans-dimensional Bayesian formal-
ism and including anisotropy, significantly improved
knowledge of the structure of the crust and shallow
mantle beneath the Alps-Apennines system.
Giammarinaro et al. [2024] use two-dimensional
simulations of wave propagation to investigate the
lateral resolution power of an alternative approach
to ANSWT: seismic Rayleigh wave focal spot imaging.
They demonstrate that the station configuration can
be tuned to improve image quality and properties,
and that high-quality data from dense networks can
result in super-resolution.
Lavoué et al. [2024] investigate the applicability of
the ANSWT at small scales, i.e., those of a single sed-
imentary basin, to resolve the near-surface structure
for estimation of site amplifications required for seis-
mic hazard models. They show that, while ANSWT
results reproduce well the main geological structures
of the basin, they have limited capability to accu-
rately predict the numerical amplification near the
basin edges and other locations with significant 3D
wave propagation effects. This allows the authors to
suggest perspectives for future improvement of AN-
SWT, that shows promise for site effect assessment in
low- to moderate-seismicity contexts.
Boué and Tomasetto [2024] investigate how the
teleseismic body waves are generated by oceanic
forcing on the Earth’s surface, resulting in a spa-
tially inhomogeneous distribution of microseismic
sources. The authors show that, despite the inherent
complexity of these noise sources, cross-correlation
based methods applied to properly selected pairs
of stations result in the isolation of coherent waves
for imaging applications and propose a workflow
based on ocean sea state models to extract robust
interferences.
Influence of the heterogeneous distribution of
noise sources on the accuracy of noise-based seis-
mic monitoring is studied by Stehly et al. [2024] who
perform a single station analysis at all available Eu-
ropean broadband stations. They show that at short
periods (<3 s), the noise field in Europe is domi-
nated by surface waves coming from two sources:
(1) the north Atlantic Ocean dominating during win-
ters, and (2) the Adriatic and Aegean Seas increas-
ing in summer. The interplay of these two source
regions leads to time and space dependent conver-
gence of the coda part of cross-correlations, and thus
in across-Europe variations of the accuracy and tem-
poral resolution of detected seismic velocity changes.
Other important aspects of the noise-based seis-
mic monitoring are addressed by Canel et al. [2024]
who investigate the physical mechanisms that could
explain the seismic velocity changes measured from
the noise cross-correlations in the vicinity of active
fault zones. The authors perform a set of numeri-
cal experiments to test a simple model of a cohesive
granular medium and to study the relationship be-
tween the damage and velocity of elastic waves. They
show that the microscopic deformation of cohesive
discrete media quickly becomes very heterogeneous
with a small amount of damage inducing a strong de-
crease in the elastic velocity. As a consequence, they
suggest that monitoring the wave velocities in such
media could measure subtle transient deformation
processes, such as earthquake initiation phases.
Acknowledgments
The content of the present thematic Issue was dis-
cussed during the 6th edition of the school on Passive
Imaging and Monitoring in Wave Physics: From Seis-
mology to Ultrasound, that was held on April 18–22,
2022 at the Institut d’Études Scientifiques de Cargèse
in Corsica, France. We thank the contributors of the
special issue and the participants to the workshop
as well as all people who contributed to its logis-
tics. The workshop and the organization of this issue
were made possible by the support of CNRS (France),
and Université Grenoble Alpes (Grenoble, France).
The authors acknowledge support from the ERC Ad-
vanced Grants F-Image, SEISMAZE, and FaultScan.
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Foreword to New developments in passive seismic imaging and monitoring

Laurent Jeanneau

Ophélie Fovet

Mikaël Faucheux

Gérard Gruau

Marine  Liotaud

Marie-Claire Pierret

Solenn Cotel

Jérôme Molénat

Manon  Lagacherie

Céline Dessert

Anne Probst

Compositional changes of dissolved organic matter during high flow events in headwater catchments along a gradient of climate and land use

Yves Moussallam

Clive Oppenheimer

Bruno Scaillet

Comptes Rendus
Géoscience — Sciences de la Planète
Supplementary material to the article available at:
https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.158
Supplementary material: A novel approach to
volcano surveillance using gas geochemistry
Yves Moussallam ∗, a, b, Clive Oppenheimer c and Bruno Scaillet d
a Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, USA
b Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, American Museum of Natural History,
New York, USA
c Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge
CB2 3EN, UK
d ISTO, 7327 Université d’Orléans-CNRS-BRGM, 1A rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans
cedex 2, France
E-mails: yves.moussallam@ldeo.columbia.edu (Y. Moussallam), co200@cam.ac.uk
(C. Oppenheimer), bscaille@cnrs-orleans.fr (B. Scaillet)
∗Corresponding author.
ISSN (electronic) : 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/
2 Yves Moussallam et al.
Supplementary Table S1. Literature compilation of volcanic gas composition measurements
C. R. Géoscience — Supplementary material
Yves Moussallam et al. 3
Supplementary Table S2. Equilibrium temperature and initial oxidation state of high temperature vol-
canic gases from global database, compared to estimated magma temperature and restored oxidation
state at magmatic temperature
(continued on next page)
C. R. Géoscience — Supplementary material
4 Yves Moussallam et al.
Supplementary Table S2. (continued)
C. R. Géoscience — Supplementary material
Yves Moussallam et al. 5
Supplementary Figure S1. Restored oxidation
state of volcanic gases at magmatic temper-
ature from global database (presented in Ta-
ble S1 and Figure S1) expressed as deviation
from the QFM buffer and compared to mag-
matic temperature.
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Comptes Rendus
Géoscience
Sciences de la Planète
Bruno Scaillet, Clive Oppenheimer and Manuel Moreira
Magma degassing and its impact on Earth’s atmosphere: from magma oceans to
lava lakes
Volume 356, Special Issue S1 (2024), p. 1-3
Online since: 21 January 2025
Part of Special Issue: Magma degassing and its impact on the Earth’s atmosphere:
from magma oceans to lava lakes
Guest editors: Manuel Moreira (Institut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans Université
d’Orléans-CNRS-BRGM 1a rue de la Férollerie 45071 Orléans France), Bruno Scaillet
(Institut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans Université d’Orléans-CNRS-BRGM 1a rue
de la Férollerie 45071 Orléans France) and Clive Oppenheimer (Department of
Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK)
https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.283
This article is licensed under the
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Comptes Rendus. Géoscience — Sciences de la Planète
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https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.283
Foreword
Magma degassing and its impact on the Earth’s atmosphere: from magma
oceans to lava lakes
Magma degassing and its impact on Earth’s
atmosphere: from magma oceans to lava lakes
Bruno Scaillet ,∗,a, Clive Oppenheimer ,b,c andManuel Moreira ,a
a Institut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans, UMR 7327, CNRS–Université
d’Orléans–BRGM – Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
b Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, UK
c Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy
E-mails: bscaille@cnrs-orleans.fr (B. Scaillet), co200@cam.ac.uk (C. Oppenheimer),
manuel.moreira@cnrs-orleans.fr (M. Moreira)
Manuscript received 19 November 2024, accepted 12 December 2024.
Photo: The persistent lava lake lying at the bottom of the crater of Ambrym volcano in Vanuatu, and the
plume of gases and aerosol discharged by the convecting magma column sustaining the lava lake
(credit: C. Oppenheimer).
∗Corresponding author
ISSN (electronic): 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/
2 Bruno Scaillet et al.
Sommaire
1. Avant-propos
2. Labrosse et al.
3. Sanloup et al.
4. Vetere et al.
5. Daffos et al.
6. Moussallam et al.
7. Aiuppa et Moussallam
8. Scaillet et al.
Magmas contain significant quantities of volatile
compounds, including water (H2O), carbon dioxide
(CO2), sulphur, and halogen species, particularly at
high pressures. Their separation through degassing
is a critical process in planetary differentiation and
plays a central role in shaping planetary atmospheres
and climates. Key questions remain regarding the
initial volatile inventory within planetary interiors
and the mechanisms by which these volatiles are re-
distributed across the various layers of a planet.
In planets like the Earth, large-scale convection
serves to erase pre-existing temperature or density
gradients, often leading to partial melting of solid
rocks, such as during adiabatic upwelling. These
partial melts act as powerful sinks for most volatiles.
As a result, magmas are among the primary conduits
for volatile redistribution within planetary interiors.
When magmas reach the surface, their degassing
can impact atmospheric conditions over a range of
temporal and spatial scales. This includes secular
degassing, which has gradually contributed to the
formation of present-day atmospheres, as well as the
ephemeral effects of individual volcanic episodes,
which can modify atmospheric chemistry and tur-
bidity with resultant climatic change. Volcanic erup-
tions also have immediate local and regional impacts
on surface environments and on society. As a re-
sult, scientists are continuously refining monitoring
strategies to improve forecasting of the timing and
progression of eruptions.
This special issue highlights several ongoing ef-
forts to understand the behaviour of volatiles in mag-
matic systems. It opens with a contribution from
Labrosse et al., who explore the behaviour of a
magma ocean at the base of the mantle. The authors
develop a new set of equations to model the coupling
between a crystallizing basal magma ocean and an
overlying convecting mantle, as well as its interaction
with the core. Although the role of volatiles is not
directly addressed in this study, it lays the ground-
work for future investigations by considering the case
of a magma ocean deficient in volatiles (e.g., water
or CO2). Their results reveal large-scale geochemical
heterogeneities that may help explain seismic ob-
servations of low-velocity zones at the core-mantle
boundary.
In a separate study, Sanloup et al. investigate
the behaviour of iodine in basaltic magmas under
mantle pressures, particularly its speciation, using
in situ X-ray measurements at high pressures and
temperatures. Although iodine is a heavy halogen
present in trace amounts in magmas (typically less
than 1 ppm), it plays important roles in atmospheric
chemistry, particularly in ozone depletion during ex-
plosive eruptions. The authors challenge previous
assumptions by showing that, at high pressures, io-
dine binds to oxygen in the melt rather than to
network-modifying cations (as is the case with chlo-
rine). This finding suggests that oxidized iodine
species may have been overlooked in past studies
and could play a role in the degassing of water-poor
magmas. This work highlights the need for further
research into the speciation of iodine and other halo-
gens in natural silicate melts.
Vetere et al. explore the effects of varying H2O and
CO2 contents on phase equilibria in a shoshonite
basaltic magma sampled from Vulcano, an active vol-
cano in the Aeolian Arc. Phase equilibria experiments
are a powerful tool for constraining the effects of
volatiles on magma behaviour and identify the stor-
age conditions of magmas beneath active volcanoes.
While H2O is well-known to depress the melting tem-
perature of silicates, CO2 was traditionally thought
to have little such effect due to its lower solubility in
silicate melts. However, Vetere et al. show that this
is not the case for alkali-rich and water-poor melts,
where high CO2 concentrations decrease crystal frac-
tion, potentially reflecting speciation effects linked to
alkali elements. This finding underscores the need
for further investigation into the effects of volatiles
on such melts.
Daffos et al. examine how crystal content and
strain influence the degassing behaviour of magmas
during ascent in volcanic conduits. The loss or re-
tention of volatiles during ascent dictates eruptive
style at the surface. Magmas that retain most of their
volatiles until approaching the surface tend to pro-
duce explosive eruptions, particularly in arc settings
Bruno Scaillet et al. 3
where magmas are rich in water. Conversely, any
factor that promotes volatile loss during ascent will
act to reduce explosivity, often leading to lava or
dome-forming eruptions. Daffos et al. demonstrate,
through high-pressure experiments with bubble- and
crystal-bearing magmas, that even moderate defor-
mation at relatively low crystal fractions significantly
enhances bubble connectivity, thereby facilitating
gas loss during magma ascent. This has implications
for understanding the dynamics of explosive erup-
tions, such as the infamous 1902 eruption of Mon-
tagne Pelée.
Moussallam et al. revisit geochemical gas data
from several volcanic regions to identify signals of
changes in deep magmatic processes, with a fo-
cus on temperature and oxygen fugacity ( f O2). Gas
monitoring is a key method for forecasting vol-
canic activity, as the composition and flux of gases
escaping from magmatic reservoirs can indicate
magma migration, recharge, hydrothermal inter-
action and pressurization. Using data from three
well-monitored active volcanoes in Japan, the au-
thors show that variations in temperature and f O2
can occur during the course of an eruption, with
changes also observable through other petrological
proxies. They propose that thermodynamic process-
ing of routinely collected gas compositions could
yield real-time insights into ongoing magmatic pro-
cesses, thereby supporting hazard assessment.
In another study, Aiuppa and Moussallam exam-
ine global volcanic gas data to estimate fluxes of
hydrogen (H2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S). These
gases play a crucial role in the Earth’s atmosphere,
contributing to the balance of oxidized and reduced
species, yet their global fluxes remain poorly con-
strained. The low concentrations of these gases and
their rapid oxidation in the atmosphere make them
difficult to measure accurately. The authors dis-
cuss the factors affecting H2 and H2S concentrations
in volcanic gases, such as cooling and rock inter-
actions, and provide new insights into their global
fluxes.
Finally, Scaillet et al. aim to quantify the sulphur
yield from eruptions of alkali-rich and evolved mag-
mas, such as phonolites and trachytes. These mag-
mas have been associated with several major erup-
tions, including the 1815 eruption of Tambora, which
had a significant impact on global climate and is
associated with “the year without a summer” of 1816.
While the atmospheric and climatic impact of the
Tambora eruption has been widely studied, the po-
tential climatic effects of other such events, like the
13 kyr calBP Laacher See eruption, remain uncer-
tain. Scaillet et al. use thermodynamic calculations
to show that the sulphur yield from alkali-rich mag-
mas is not higher than that of their calc-alkaline
counterparts, which dominate explosive eruptions.
They suggest that the Laacher See eruption likely did
not have a strong global climate impact, highlighting
the importance of accurately assessing sulphur con-
tent under pre-eruptive conditions on a case-by-case
basis.


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