Comptes Rendus Physique

George F.R. Ellis

Jean-Philippe Uzan

Causal structures in inflation

Hans Schmid

C. R. Physique 16 (2015) 141–142Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Comptes Rendus Physique
www.sciencedirect.com
Multiferroic materials and heterostructures / Matériaux et hétérostructures multiferroïques
Preamble
Préambule
What does the word “multiferroic” mean? When coining the term in 1994, this was done without ulterior motives, 
simply by enjoying the beauty of symmetries, permitting the cohabitation of two or all three primary ferroic properties, 
ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and ferroelastic in the same phase, all forming domains and hysteresis loops, heralding intricate 
coupling properties. In this definition, the very cradle of “multiferroics” lies in Kêitsiro Aizu’s colossal work of 1970, in 
which he gave all the 773 high-temperature (prototypic) phase/low-temperature (ferroic) phase point group pairs (“species”) 
occurring due to phase transitions, with indication of the number of domain states, comprising all possible single-phase 
multiferroic combinations, including implicitly also antiferromagnetic and co-elastic ferroic phases. The original meaning of the 
word “multiferroic” has undergone a tacit, more realistic mutation. In its current usage, it designates all kinds of magnetic 
ferroelectrics, including hetero-phase systems, but with a mainstream trend in electric-field control of ferromagnetism and 
in all sorts of magnetoelectric interactions.
When working at the Battelle Geneva Research Center, the fascination of the author and of his colleagues Ascher and 
Janner in magnetic ferroelectrics was kindled in 1958 by G. Smolenskii’s talk at a conference in Grenoble, when he an-
nounced his work with Ioffe on the synthesis of the first antiferromagnetic ferroelectric perovskite ceramics. Herewith the 
dream of finding also ferromagnetic ferroelectrics became ubiquitous. On the theoretical side, Dzyaloshinskii’s prediction 
(1959) of the linear magnetoelectric effect in Cr2O3 and its measurement by Astrov (converse effect, 1960) and Rado et al. 
(direct effect, 1961) were most exciting. The renowned Russian crystallography school provided essential symmetry knowl-
edge: e.g., already in 1962 Shuvalov and Belov indicated the 13 magnetic point groups permitting both ferroelectricity and 
ferromagnetism in a same phase. A strong wave of new science was launched worldwide and a host of applications was 
proposed for the elegant linear magnetoelectric effect. However, due to its smallness, none of them has been realized up to 
the present time, nor has a single room-temperature ferroelectric ferromagnet been found.
Hence why such a joyful renaissance of search for magnetic ferroelectrics and associated magnetoelectricity in this cen-
tury? To my mind, one of the nuclei was Nicola Hill/Spaldin’s pertinent question-article in 2000: “Why are there so few 
magnetic ferroelectrics?” and enthusiastic theory-based follow-up articles with co-workers that served as seeds. But seeds 
need to fall on fertile soil for yielding seedlings. This fertile soil, the actual scientific background and a powerful modern 
instrumental arsenal, was in fact ready for action at the beginning of this century, with a host of fully new as well as much 
improved classical research tools, which we could only dream of in the pioneer period of the 1950s to the 1970s, when of-
ten self-built and improvised equipment had to serve. For example, piezoelectric force microscopy and many other scanning 
probe microscopies, the various improved methods for depositing epitaxial thin and ultrathin films, circular polarized X-rays 
for detecting non-collinear magnetic order, SQUIDs, high-field superconducting magnets, etc., are great. Or when flicking 
through the multiferroic literature we may fall into the opinion that really everything is now calculable by first-principles 
methods. Is that so? Where are the limits? In any case, this tool has already brought enormous stimulation for attacking old 
problems and imagining new systems. In addition, new fields like spintronics, giant magnetoresistance, ferroelectric tunnel 
junctions, etc., have sprung up, calling insistently for marriage with energy sparing electric-field-manipulated ferromagnetic 
order. Having seen the modest beginning, the author is completely flabbergasted by the explosion of new fascinating basic 
science on the one hand, like the numerous type-II multiferroics with spin spiral generated ferroelectricity, e.g., the di-
rect coupling between polarization and magnetization in CoCr2O4 (Coi et al. 2009), interphase physics like unidirectional 
stress effects, domain wall conductivity, etc., and, since Nature does not offer us the ideal all-purpose crystal, most creative 
attempts at constructing artificial systems of electric-field-controlled ferromagnetism, on the other hand.
Pierre Curie, who announced his famous conjecture in 1894 that materials might exist, which can be electrically po-
larized by a magnetic field and magnetized by an electric field, would be astonished today to hear that shortly after his 
conjecture nickel iodine boracite was synthesized in Paris for the first time (Allaire, 1898), the material on which we had 
the chance of switching for the first time ferromagnetic domains by means of an electric field and ferroelectric domains http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2015.02.004
1631-0705/© 2015 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Académie des sciences.
142 Preambleby means of a magnetic field below 60 K (Ascher et al. 1966). But the great joy was dimmed since the electric field did 
not control the magnetization’s sign. Only by applying the stratagem of a magnetic field bias, the desired coupling was 
achieved. This problem is common to all classical magnetic ferroelectrics (now called type-I multiferroics), lacking direct 
coupling between polarization and magnetization, providing often mechanical-type ferroelastic coupling, but which is not 
time-reversal-sensitive. This holds also for BiFeO3, in which spontaneous polarization and antiferromagnetic order are cou-
pled via ferroelasticity. Here stratagems are particularly demanding, since a magnetization has to be “grafted” in some way 
on the antiferromagnetic spin structure, e.g., via exchange bias.
Having much worked with ferroelastic (low-temperature ferromagnetic) ferroelectrics, the author is reminded by the 
present enthusiasm for multiferroics of another one which was triggered by the “all-optical computer” idea of Rajchman 
in 1970. Here one of the desirable components was an electrically addressable/optically readout memory. Thus ferroelastic 
ferroelectrics came into play since ferroelastic reorientation equals reorientation of the optical indicatrix, exploitable for con-
trast formation in polarized light. Initially many workers worldwide ignored entirely strong ferroelastic and electrostrictive 
deformations, leading to fatigue. Much time and money were wasted. Holographic storage in ferroelectrics, using the pho-
torefractive effect, was also studied in parallel. But suddenly the death-blow for the “all-optical computer” dream was hit 
by the theoreticians’ judgment: “holograms—even three-dimensional ones—do not allow stocking sufficient information per 
volume!” Astonishingly, both examples show that for emotional and bona fide reasons, crucial questions are often asked too 
late. Certain issues of the “multiferroic explosion” are probably also not immune against such profoundly human character 
and will demand utmost scrutiny. This brings the writer to, e.g., the multiferroic favorite BiFeO3. Given its large ferroelastic 
tilt angle, can we achieve indefinite fatigue-free switching of thin films, free of back-switching and mechanical cross-talk? 
Probably yes, but how? Many papers seem to avoid intentionally or unintentionally scrutinizing this issue.
Incapable of embracing the entire realm of multiferroics, let us remain with BiFeO3, for which further basic topics are 
waiting for study. Whereas several microscopies allow looking at the “trees of the forest”, we should not forget looking also 
at the “forest as a whole” of single crystals by classical transmission polarized light microscopy. Here BiFeO3 is unique be-
cause of its extremely strong birefringence (Rivera & Schmid 1997), permitting the study of ferroelectric/ferroelastic domains 
in transmission on thin wafers (down to 8 μm and below). Considering the known high magnetic contribution to birefrin-
gence on (100)pc cuts, the optical observability of antiferromagnetic/ferroelastic domains on (111)pc-cuts(⊥Ps), of symmetry 
lower than rhombohedral, remains a possible issue. The tensorial study of the magnetoelectric EBB-effect vs. temperature on 
antiferromagnetic single domains represents another challenge. More generally, the writer has a partiality for all “clean”, i.e., 
mechanics-free magnetoelectric effects, the linear and the quadratic ones. For example, studies of the EEB-effect, allowed 
for the 66 piezomagnetic point groups, are entirely neglected. In this context also, an attempt at representing the rather 
ill-defined “magnetocapacitance” as a higher-order magnetoelectric tensor may be rewarding.
The near-future will necessitate scrutinizing multiferroic development projects for multiferroic devices. The writer sees 
this future optimistically, comforted by the story of liquid crystals, for which in the 1970s people considered their future 
in display very despicably. And look, all serious initial problems of liquid crystal display have rapidly been overcome by 
fascinating human creativity. In the same optimistic spirit, the author is wishing continuing fascination in multiferroic 
science, paired with creativity for applications.
Hans Schmid
Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Applied Chemistry, University of Geneva,
30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
E-mail address: Hans.Schmid@unige.chAvailable online 5 March 2015


Preamble

Yurong Yang

Ingrid C. Infante

Brahim Dkhil

Laurent Bellaiche

Strain effects on multiferroic BiFeO<sub>3</sub> films

C. R. Physique 15 (2014) 911–913Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Comptes Rendus Physique
www.sciencedirect.com
Index des mots clés
tome 15, 2014
3D – Maire É., 674
A
Accélération – Blasi P., 329
Acquisition comprimée – Koch C.T., 119
Actinides – Santini P., 573
Adsorption – Monteux C., 775
Adsorption de particules – Schmitt V., 
761
Agrégats de protéines – Fameau A.-L., 
748
Agregats de tensioactifs – Fameau A.-L., 
748
Alliages intermétalliques complexes – 
Quiquandon M., 18 – de Laissardière 
G.T., 70
Amas atomique – Gómez C.P., 30
Amas polyatomiques – Guyot P., 12
Américium – Dautray R., 481
AMMRF – Ringer S.P., 269
Analyse d’images – Maire É., 674
Analyse dispersive en énergie – Suenaga 
K., 151
Anisotropie – Bertaina M.E., 300 – Kam-
pert K.-H., 318
Antenne – Sokoloff J., 468
Antenne large-bande – Hafdallah Ousli-
mani H., 458
Antenne monopole – Hafdallah Ousli-
mani H., 458
Antenne « sabre » – Hafdallah Ouslimani 
H., 458
Antenne ultra-compacte – Hafdallah 
Ouslimani H., 458
Appariement composite – Flint R., 557
Applications – Bienvenu Y., 719
Approximants – Gómez C.P., 30
Atomes froids – Herzog C., 285 – Barrett 
B., 875 – Tackmann G., 884
B
Bruit – Hawkes P., 110
C
Calcul ab-initio – de Laissardière G.T., 70
Capteur inertiel – Di Virgilio A., 866
Capteurs de rotation – Sato Y., 898
Capteurs inertiels – Tackmann G., 884
Caractérisation électromagnétique – 
Georget É., 448
Carbone – Mangler C., 241
Cartographie de champs – Pozzi G., 126
Catalyseur – Zhang B., 258
Cathodoluminescence – Kociak M., 158
Cellule coaxiale – Georget É., 448
Cellule eukaryote – Schuh T., 214
Céramique – Salvo L., 662
Champ proche – Spencer Baskin J., 176
Champs électriques – Pozzi G., 126
Champ magnétique – Pozzi G., 126 – 
Bommier V., 430
Champs magnétique galactique – Farrar 
G.R., 339
Charge topologique – Verbeeck J., 190
Chauffage – Heuraux S., 421
Cheville – Bertaina M.E., 300 – Deligny 
O., 367
Coalescence limitée – Schmitt V., 761
Communication – Bérenger J.-P., 393
Composés de Hume Rothery – Friedel J., 
3
Composition chimique – Zhang B., 258
Composition en masse – Bertaina M.E., 
300 – Kampert K.-H., 318 – Lipari P., 
357
Condensat de Bose–Einstein – Sato Y., 
898
Correction d’aberrations – Colliex C., 
101 – Hawkes P., 110
Corrélations électroniques fortes – Shick 
A.B., 640
Corrosion sous contrainte – Bouchaud 
É., 527
Cristal – Cahn J.W., e1
Cristallographie N-dimensionnelle – 
Quiquandon M., 18
Cuprates – Alloul H., 519
D
Défauts – Mosseri R., 90
Déflexions magnétiques – Farrar G.R., 
339
Déformation plastique – Legros M., 224
Détermination des structures atomiques 
en trois dimensions – Koch C.T., 119
Diagnostic – Heuraux S., 421
Diffusion – Lecouvez M., 403
Dioxydes d’actinides – Magnani N., 580
Dislocations – Mompiou F., 82
Dispositifs à phase – Hawkes P., 110
Dissipation – Dollet B., 731
Domaine de décomposition – Lecouvez 
M., 403
Drainage – Zabler S., 653
Dynamique – Janssen T., 58
E
Échantillon liquide – Schuh T., 214
Écoulement turbulent en décroissance 
libre – Marzougui H., 509
Effet Lense–Thirring – Di Virgilio A., 866
Effet Sagnac – Darrigol O., 789 – Lefèvre 
H.C., 851 – Schreiber K.U., 859 – Di 
Virgilio A., 866 – Sato Y., 898
Effets Josephson – Sato Y., 898
Elaboration – Salvo L., 662
Élasticité – Dollet B., 731
Électromagnétisme – Maystre D., 387
Electrons corrélés – Alloul H., 519http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1631-0705(14)00171-6
1631-0705/2014 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS pour l’Académie des sciences.
912 Index des mots clés / C. R. Physique 15 (2014) 911–913Émulsions de Pickering – Schmitt V., 
761
Endommagement – Bouchaud É., 527
Énergie nucléaire – Dautray R., 481
Ensembles modèles – Allouche J.-P., 6
Équations de Ginzburg–Landau – Serfaty 
S., 539
Équations de Maxwell – Maystre D., 387
ESTEEM – Snoeck E., 281
Europe – Snoeck E., 281
Excitons – Kociak M., 158
F
Fabrication – Bienvenu Y., 719
Faisceaux vorticiels – Hawkes P., 110
FDTD – Bérenger J.-P., 393
Fermions lourds – Ōnuki Y., 616 – Aoki 
D., 630
Ferromagnétisme – Aoki D., 630
Films minces – Ledieu J., 48
Flambage – Burteau A., 705
Fluage – Burteau A., 705
Fluctuations de multipôle – Ikeda H., 
587
Fluorescence – Darrigol O., 789
Fond diffus cosmologique – Stanev T., 
349
Fond diffus de photons – Stanev T., 349
Forme des particules – Zhang B., 258
Frustrations – Mosseri R., 90
G
Galactique–extragalactique – Blasi P., 
329
Gaz de bosons unidimensionnel – Her-
zog C., 285
Gaz de Coulomb – Serfaty S., 539
Génération et détection des signaux – 
Colliex C., 101
Genou – Bertaina M.E., 300 – Blasi P., 329
Genou de fer – Deligny O., 367
Géophysique – Barrett B., 875
Goniopolarimétrie – Cecconi B., 441
Graphène – Mangler C., 241
Grossissement – Zabler S., 653
Gyromètre – Tackmann G., 884
Gyromètre à fibre optique – Lefèvre H.C., 
851
Gyromètre laser – Lefèvre H.C., 851
Gyroscope laser à anneau – Schreiber 
K.U., 859
GZK – Harari D., 376
H
Hélium superfluide – Sato Y., 898
Holographie électronique – Pozzi G., 
126
I
Infrastructure – Ringer S.P., 269 – Épi-
cier T., 276 – Snoeck E., 281
Interaction lumière-matière – Barrett B., 
875
Interactions atomes–surface solide – 
Boyes E.D., 200
Interactions hadroniques – Lipari P., 357
Interface – Monteux C., 775
Interféromètre atomique – Tackmann 
G., 884
Interféromètre Sagnac à ondes de ma-
tière – Barrett B., 875
Interférométrie – Darrigol O., 789
Interférométrie à onde de matière – Sato 
Y., 898
Inversion directe de diffusion multiple 
des électrons – Koch C.T., 119
L
Laser à anneaux – Di Virgilio A., 866
LF – Bérenger J.-P., 393
Liaisons atomiques d’électrons de tran-
sition – Friedel J., 3
Liaisons atomiques d’électrons presque 
libres – Friedel J., 3
Limites sur les flux de neutrinos – Stanev 
T., 349
Liquide quantique – Herzog C., 285
Lois d’échelle – Lhuissier P., 696
Longueur du jour – Di Virgilio A., 866
M
Magnétisme gravitationnel – Di Virgilio 
A., 866
Magnétohydrodynamique (MHD) – 
Bommier V., 430
Marché – Bienvenu Y., 719
Marches atomiques – Spencer Baskin J., 
176
Matériau souple – Georget É., 448
Matériaux à basse dimension – Suenaga 
K., 151
Matériaux cellulaires – Maire É., 674 – 
Randrianalisoa J., 683
MEB – Maire É., 674
Mécanique des mousses – Zabler S., 653
Mesures de précision – Barrett B., 875
MET – Mompiou F., 82
Métal – Salvo L., 662
Métamatériau – Hafdallah Ouslimani H., 
458 – Sokoloff J., 468
METSA – Épicier T., 276
Micro-ondes – Sokoloff J., 468
Microanalyse – Ringer S.P., 269
Microscopie – Ringer S.P., 269
Microscopie électronique – Spencer Bas-
kin J., 176 – Zhang B., 258 – Épicier T., 
276
Microscopie électronique à haute réso-
lution – Mangler C., 241
Microscopie électronique en transmis-
sion – Colliex C., 101 – Pozzi G., 126 
– Verbeeck J., 190 – Snoeck E., 281
Microscopie électronique à transmission 
en balayage – Kociak M., 158
Microscopie électronique in situ – Boyes 
E.D., 200
Microscopie MET in situ – Legros M., 224
Microtomographie – Burteau A., 705
Milieux stratifiés – Bommier V., 430
Miroirs – Hawkes P., 110
Mise en réseau – Épicier T., 276
Modèle de Hubbard – Alloul H., 519
Modèle des excès – Kasmi C., 415
Moment angulaire – Verbeeck J., 190
Mosaïque de Voronoï – Randrianalisoa J., 
683
Mosaïque de Voronoï–Laguerre – Ran-
drianalisoa J., 683
Mousse – Zabler S., 653 – Salvo L., 662 – 
Lhuissier P., 696 – Fameau A.-L., 748 – 
Monteux C., 775
Mousse à cellules ouvertes – Burteau A., 
705
Mousse de nickel – Burteau A., 705
Mousses aqueuses – Dollet B., 731
Mousses céramiques – Randrianalisoa J., 
683
Mousses et matériaux cellulaires inorga-
niques – Bienvenu Y., 719
Mousses métalliques – Zabler S., 653 – 
Randrianalisoa J., 683
Mousses polymères – Randrianalisoa J., 
683
Multiéchelle – Dollet B., 731
N
Nano-optique – Kociak M., 158
Nanolaboratoire – Colliex C., 101
Nanomanipulation – Verbeeck J., 190
Nanoparticule d’or – Schuh T., 214
Nanostructures – Bals S., 140
Nanotube de carbone – Mangler C., 241
Navigation inertielle – Lefèvre H.C., 851 
– Barrett B., 875
Neutrino – Yoshida S., 309
Nombre de Reynolds magnétique faible
– Marzougui H., 509
NpPd5Al2 – Ōnuki Y., 616
O
Onde de fuite – Sokoloff J., 468
Ondes – Heuraux S., 421
Ondes électromagnétiques – Maystre D., 
387
Optique – Darrigol O., 789
Index des mots clés / C. R. Physique 15 (2014) 911–913 913Optique électromagnétique – Maystre 
D., 387
Ordre caché – Flint R., 557 – Ikeda H., 
587
Ordre chimique – Gómez C.P., 30
Ordre multipolaire – Walstedt R.E., 563 
– Magnani N., 580 – Ikeda H., 587
Oxydes d’actinides – Walstedt R.E., 563
P
Particule – Fameau A.-L., 748
Pavage apériodique – Cahn J.W., e1
Périodicité – Mosseri R., 90
Permittivité relative – Georget É., 448
Phase décagonale – Steurer W., 40
Phases cristallines approximantes – 
Guyot P., 12
Phases icosaédriques – Quiquandon M., 
18
Phases icosaédriques AlMnSi, AlLiCu – 
Guyot P., 12
Phases intermétalliques complexes – 
Steurer W., 40 – Mosseri R., 90
Phasons – Janssen T., 58
Photoémission – Shick A.B., 640
Physique à l’avant – Lipari P., 357
Physique aurorale – Cecconi B., 441
Physique Kondo – Flint R., 557
Physique spatiale – Cecconi B., 441
PINEM – Spencer Baskin J., 176
Plasma – Heuraux S., 421 – Bommier V., 
430
Plasma à un constituant – Serfaty S., 539
Plasma froid – Sokoloff J., 468
Plasmons de surface – Kociak M., 158
Plasticité – Dollet B., 731
Plutonium – Dautray R., 481
Polymère – Salvo L., 662 – Monteux C., 
775
Porte-échantillon – Georget É., 448
Potentiel de Riesz – Lecouvez M., 403
Processus dynamique – Zhang B., 258
Production de neutrinos et de rayons 
gamma – Stanev T., 349
Produits de fission – Dautray R., 481
Propagation – Bérenger J.-P., 393
Propriétés magnétiques – Verbeeck J., 
190
Propriétés mécaniques – Mompiou F., 82
Propriétés structurales – Lhuissier P., 
696
Pseudo-gap – Alloul H., 519
Ptychographie – Hawkes P., 110
Q
Quadrupoles – Santini P., 573
Quasicristal – Allouche J.-P., 6 – Qui-
quandon M., 18 – Gómez C.P., 30 – 
Steurer W., 40 – Ledieu J., 48 – Jans-
sen T., 58 – de Laissardière G.T., 70 – 
Quasiparticules – Santini P., 573
Quasipériodicité – Guyot P., 12
R
Radioastronomie – Cecconi B., 441
Radioélectricité – Maystre D., 387
Rapport électron sur atome – Gómez 
C.P., 30
Rayons cosmiques – Bertaina M.E., 300 – 
Yoshida S., 309 – Kampert K.-H., 318 – 
Lipari P., 357 – Deligny O., 367 – Ha-
rari D., 376
Rayons cosmiques de ultra-haute éner-
gie – Stanev T., 349
Rayons X – Darrigol O., 789
RCUHE – Farrar G.R., 339
Réactions catalytiques – Boyes E.D., 200
Recherche collaborative – Ringer S.P., 
269 – Épicier T., 276 – Snoeck E., 281
Reconstruction en trois dimensions – 
Bals S., 140
Réseau d’Abrikosov – Serfaty S., 539
Résolution atomique – Bals S., 140 – 
Boyes E.D., 200
Résonance magnétique nucléaire – Wal-
stedt R.E., 563
Rhéologie – Dollet B., 731
Rhéologie interfaciale – Monteux C., 775
Rotation de la Terre – Schreiber K.U., 859
Rupture quasi fragile – Bouchaud É., 527
S
Sagnac – Darrigol O., 789
Science des matériaux – Snoeck E., 281
Science des surfaces – Ledieu J., 48
Sécurité – Dautray R., 481
Sécurité électromagnétiques – Kasmi C., 
415
Simulation – Heuraux S., 421
Sismologie – Schreiber K.U., 859
Soleil : magnétisme de surface – Bom-
mier V., 430
Soleil : photosphère – Bommier V., 430
Solides isotropes – Cahn J.W., e1
Solides ordonnés – Cahn J.W., e1
Soliton brillant – Herzog C., 285
Sonde atomique – Épicier T., 276
Sources des rayons cosmiques – Yoshida 
S., 309
Spectre en énergie – Bertaina M.E., 300
Spectroscopie d’atome unique – Suenaga 
K., 151
Spectroscopie de perte d’énergie – Sue-
naga K., 151 – Kociak M., 158
Stabilité – Fameau A.-L., 748
STEM – Suenaga K., 151 – Schuh T., 214
STEM résolue en temps – Schuh T., 214
Stimulable – Schmitt V., 761
Structure – Salvo L., 662
Structure électronique – Shick A.B., 640
Structure et dynamique des dislocations
– Legros M., 224
Structures commensurables (cristalline) 
et incommensurables (quasicristal-
lines) – Friedel J., 3
Suites automatiques – Allouche J.-P., 6
Supraconductivité – Alloul H., 519 – Ser-
faty S., 539 – Griveau J.-C., 599
Supraconductivité anisotrope – Ōnuki 
Y., 616
Supraconductivité non conventionnelle
– Aoki D., 630 – Shick A.B., 640
Surface – Zhang B., 258
Surface de Fermi – Ōnuki Y., 616
T
Taches solaires – Bommier V., 430
TEMPEST – Kasmi C., 415
Théorie de la résolution – Schuh T., 214
Théorie LSDA + U – Magnani N., 580
Tomographie aux rayons X – Maire É., 
674
Tomographie électronique – Bals S., 140
Transition galactique/extragalactique – 
Deligny O., 367
Transitions Raman stimulées – Barrett 
B., 875
Transmission (conditions) – Lecouvez 
M., 403
Transport électronique – de Laissardière 
G.T., 70
Transuraniens – Griveau J.-C., 599
Turbulence MHD – Marzougui H., 509
U
UCoGe – Aoki D., 630
UGe2 – Ōnuki Y., 616 – Aoki D., 630
UHECR – Blasi P., 329
Ultra-haute énergie – Yoshida S., 309
Ultra-hautes énergies – Harari D., 376
UO2 – Santini P., 573
UPt3 – Ōnuki Y., 616
URhGe – Aoki D., 630
URu2Si2 – Ikeda H., 587
V
Valeurs extrêmes – Kasmi C., 415
Verre – Cahn J.W., e1
Verre de silice – Bouchaud É., 527
VHECR – Blasi P., 329
Vieillissement – Fameau A.-L., 748
Viscoplasticté – Burteau A., 705
VLF – Bérenger J.-P., 393
Vortex – Verbeeck J., 190 – Serfaty S., Mompiou F., 82 – Cahn J.W., e1 Structure de type Cd–Yb – Gómez C.P., 30 539


Index des mots clés tome 15, 2014

Christoph T. Koch

Wouter Van den Broek

Measuring three-dimensional positions of atoms to the highest accuracy with electrons

Élodie Georget

Redha Abdeddaim

Pierre Sabouroux

A quasi-universal method to measure the electromagnetic characteristics of usual materials in the microwave range

Benjamin Dollet

Christophe Raufaste

Rheology of aqueous foams

Ted Janssen

Marc de Boissieu

Dynamics of quasicrystals

Christian Colliex

Tome 15 (2014) – No 2–3
Top left: Three orthogonal slices through the reconstruction of an Au nanorod, showing individual atom
positions. For further information, see S. Bals et al., pp. 140–150. Top right: Schematics of the tip of a liquid
flow specimen holder. For further information, see T. Schuh & N. de Jonge, pp. 214–223. Bottom left:
Multicolour CL image obtained on a stack of GaN Quantum Discs (QDiscs) embedded in an AlN nanowire.
For further information, see M. Kociak et al., pp. 158–175. Bottom right: Structural defect in reduced
graphene oxide. Shown are hexagons (blue), pentagons (pink) and heptagons or higher-ordered carbon
rings (green). For further information, see C. Mangler & J. Meyer, pp. 241–257.
DOSSIER
Seeing and measuring with electrons: Transmission Electron Microscopy today and tomorrow /
Voir et mesurer avec un faisceau d’électrons : La microscopie électronique à transmission
aujourd’hui et demain
Guest editor / Rédacteur en chef invité : Christian Colliex
• Seeing and measuring with electrons: Transmission electron microscopy today and tomorrow –
An introduction
Christian Colliex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
• Future directions in high-resolution electron microscopy: Novel optical components and techniques
Peter Hawkes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
• Measuring three-dimensional positions of atoms to the highest accuracy with electrons
Christoph T. Koch, Wouter Van den Broek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
• Interferometric methods for mapping static electric and magnetic fields
Giulio Pozzi, Marco Beleggia, Takeshi Kasama, Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
• Seeing and measuring in 3D with electrons
Sara Bals, Bart Goris, Thomas Altantzis, Hamed Heidari, Sandra Van Aert, Gustaaf Van Tendeloo . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
• Elemental analysis down to the single atom with electron beams
Kazu Suenaga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Continued on the next page
Contents (continued)
• Seeing and measuring in colours: Electron microscopy and spectroscopies applied to nano-optics
Mathieu Kociak, Odile Stéphan, Alexandre Gloter, Luiz F. Zagonel, Luiz H.G. Tizei, Marcel Tencé,
Katia March, Jean Denis Blazit, Zackaria Mahfoud, Arthur Losquin, Sophie Meuret, Christian Colliex . . . . . . . 158
• Seeing in 4D with electrons: Development of ultrafast electron microscopy at Caltech
J. Spencer Baskin, Ahmed H. Zewail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
• Shaping electron beams for the generation of innovative measurements in the (S)TEM
Jo Verbeeck, Giulio Guzzinati, Laura Clark, Roeland Juchtmans, Ruben Van Boxem, He Tian, Armand Béché,
Axel Lubk, Gustaaf Van Tendeloo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
• Visualising reacting single atoms under controlled conditions: Advances in atomic resolution in situ
Environmental (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy (E(S)TEM)
Edward D. Boyes, Pratibha L. Gai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
• Liquid scanning transmission electron microscopy: Nanoscale imaging in micrometers-thick liquids
Tobias Schuh, Niels de Jonge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
• In situ mechanical TEM: Seeing and measuring under stress with electrons
Marc Legros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
• Using electron beams to investigate carbonaceous materials
Clemens Mangler, Jannik C. Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
• Using electron beams to investigate catalytic materials
Bingsen Zhang, Dang Sheng Su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
• Networking strategies of the microscopy community for improved utilisation of advanced instruments: (1) The
Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Research Facility (AMMRF)
Simon P. Ringer, Miles H. Apperley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
• Networking strategies of the microscopy community for improved utilization of advanced instruments: (2) The
national network for transmission electron microscopy and atom probe studies in France (METSA)
Thierry Épicier, Étienne Snoeck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
• Networking strategies of the microscopy community for improved utilisation of advanced instruments:
(3) Two European initiatives to support TEM infrastructures and promote electron microscopy over Europe,
ESTEEM (2006–2011) and ESTEEM 2 (2012–2016)
Étienne Snoeck, Gustaaf Van Tendeloo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Article original
• Une transition liquide–gaz pour des bosons en interaction attractive à une dimension
Christopher Herzog, Maxim Olshanii, Yvan Castin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285


Seeing and measuring with electrons: Transmission electron microscopy today and tomorrow – An introduction

Jo Verbeeck

Giulio Guzzinati

Laura Clark

Roeland Juchtmans

Ruben Van Boxem

He Tian

Armand Béché

Axel Lubk

Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Shaping electron beams for the generation of innovative measurements in the (S)TEM

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