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La reconnaissance des espèces basée sur l’ADN : applications, perspectives et défis en milieu continental terrestre
No full textFace aux changements globaux actuels, l’enjeu des suivis de la dynamique de la biodiversité est croissant et entraîne une forte demande d’évaluations rapides et détaillées des changements de biodiversité. L’identification moléculaire des espèces est de plus en plus utilisée pour remplacer ou compléter les méthodes de surveillance écologique plus classiques. Le metabarcoding est considéré comme un outil d’inventaire, de connaissance de la biologie (prédateurs proies, pollinisateurs, etc.) et même de la découverte de l’histoire d’écosystèmes. Il permet de générer des données sur la biodiversité de manière rapide, précise et fiable, sur un large éventail d’organismes. Ce type de méthodologie est particulièrement intéressant pour les observatoires dépourvus de l’expertise nécessaire pour distinguer les nombreuses espèces de groupes hyper diversifiés comme les insectes ou ceux difficiles à inventorier. La reconnaissance des espèces à partir de l’ADN d’échantillons environnementaux (ADNe), tels que l’eau, les sédiments, le sol, l’air ou diverses matières organiques, a un large champ d’application. Par son caractère non invasif et non destructif, ces approches sont importantes pour l’évaluation déontologique de la biodiversité. Les chercheurs intègrent de plus en plus l’ADNe dans leurs études pour la biosurveillance en raison de sa précision et de sa facilité de déploiement. Dans ce document, nous donnons un aperçu des champs d’application des méthodes basées sur l’ADN pour le suivi de la biodiversité, des méthodes d’acquisition des données, de traitement des données pour la classification des espèces, et nous évoquons les défis inhérents à chacune de ces étapes.In response to ongoing global changes, the challenge of monitoring the dynamics of biodiversity is growing and leads to a strong demand for rapid and detailed assessments of changes in biodiversity. Molecular identification of species is increasingly used to replace or complement more traditional ecological monitoring methods. Metabarcoding is considered a tool for inventorying, learning about biology (predators, prey, pollinators, etc.) and even discovering the history of ecosystems. It can generate biodiversity data quickly, accurately and reliably on a wide range of organisms. This type of methodology is particularly interesting for monitoring systems lacking the expertise to distinguish the many species of hyper diverse groups such as insects or those that are difficult to survey. Species recognition based on DNA from environmental samples (eDNA), such as water, sediments, soil, air, or various biotic materials, has a wide range of applications. Because of its non-invasive and non-destructive nature, these approaches are important for the ethical assessment of biodiversity. Researchers are increasingly incorporating eDNA into their biomonitoring studies because of its accuracy and ease of deployment. In this paper, we provide an overview of the scopes of DNA-based methods for biodiversity monitoring, data acquisition methods, data processing for species classification, and discuss the challenges inherent in each of these steps. </p
La reconstitution squelettique des vertébrés fossiles en tant que processus de vérification des hypothèses et source d’inférences anatomiques et paléobiologiques
No full textLes reconstitutions d’animaux disparus jouent un rôle important dans la paléontologie des vertébrés. Ces reconstitutions représentent des hypothèses visuelles concernant la morphologie originale des vertébrés qu’elles représentent, qui peuvent être testées à l’avenir au fur et à mesure que des informations supplémentaires deviennent disponibles grâce à la découverte de nouveaux spécimens et au réexamen de spécimens déjà collectés. Dans cette contribution, nous soutenons que la valeur scientifique de la reconstitution d’un vertébré fossile va au-delà de la simple présentation d’une hypothèse visuelle, car le processus de création d’une reconstitution est lui-même analytique et hypothético-déductif. Des ébauches successives de la reconstitution représentent des hypothèses visuelles provisoires qui peuvent être testées sur la base de leur cohérence interne et de leur concordance avec les preuves empiriques concernant le taxon éteint qui fait l’objet de la reconstitution. L’affinement itératif de la reconstitution au cours de séries successives de tests et de modifications est susceptible de conduire à des découvertes sur l’anatomie du sujet, certaines possibilités anatomiques étant rejetées et d’autres jugées plausibles. Ces découvertes anatomiques, appelées ici inférences de premier ordre, peuvent à leur tour conduire à des inférences de second ordre sur la morphologie fonctionnelle, ou d’autres aspects de la paléobiologie. Trois études de cas de la paléontologie des dinosaures, concernant respectivement le crâne de l’hadrosauridé Edmontosaurus Lambe, 1917, le membre antérieur du cératopsidé Pachyrhinosaurus Sternberg, 1950 et le membre postérieur d’un cératopsidé indéterminé, sont présentées pour illustrer comment le processus de reconstitution peut être une source fertile de découvertes.Reconstructions of extinct animals play an important role in vertebrate palaeontology. Such reconstructions represent visual hypotheses regarding the original morphology of the vertebrates they depict, which are amenable to future testing as additional information comes to light through discoveries of new specimens and re-examination of specimens that have already been collected. In this contribution, we argue that the scientific value of reconstructing a fossil vertebrate extends beyond simple presentation of a visual hypothesis, because the process of creating a reconstruction is itself analytical and hypothetico-deductive. Successive drafts of the reconstruction represent provisional visual hypotheses that can be tested on the basis of their internal consistency and their congruence with empirical evidence about the extinct taxon that is the reconstruction’s subject. Iterative refinement of the reconstruction over successive rounds of testing and modification is likely to lead to discoveries about the subject’s anatomy, as certain anatomical possibilities are rejected and others found to be plausible. These anatomical discoveries, here termed first-order inferences, may in turn lead to second-order inferences about functional morphology or other aspects of palaeobiology. Three case studies from dinosaur palaeontology, respectively involving the skull of the hadrosaurid Edmontosaurus Lambe, 1917, the forelimb of the ceratopsid Pachyrhinosaurus Sternberg, 1950, and the hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid, are provided to illustrate how the process of reconstruction can be a fertile source of discoveries.</p
Les vers de terre (Oligochaeta, Clitellata) du massif du Mitaraka (Guyane) : liste commentée avec description d’un genre nouveau et de dix-huit espèces nouvelles pour la science
No full textUn échantillonnage intensif des vers de terre de Guyane est en cours depuis plusieurs années. Les premiers résultats publiés ont mis en évidence une diversité régionale très importante, un turnover géographique considérable dans la composition des communautés, ainsi qu’une proportion très importante d’espèces nouvelles pour la science. Cependant le travail de description de ces espèces nouvelles n’avait pas été entrepris jusqu’à maintenant. Dans ce travail, nous présentons les résultats de l’échantillonnage réalisé en mars 2015 à l’occasion de la mission terrestre de la « Planète Revisitée » dans le massif du Mitaraka. Nous avons pour cela utilisé une approche de taxonomie intégrative combinant l’utilisation de codes-barres ADN et de caractères morpho-anatomiques. Nous avons ainsi identifié la présence de 31 espèces, dont neuf ne sont représentées dans nos échantillons que par des juvéniles, et quatre correspondent à des espèces d’ores et déjà connues (Nouraguesia parare Csuzdi & Pavlícek, 2011, Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1856), Dichogaster andina Cognetti de Martiis, 1904 et Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891)). Les 18 espèces restantes se sont révélées nouvelles pour la science et sont décrites dans ce travail. Elles appartiennent aux genres Andiorrhinus Cognetti de Martiis, 1908 (une espèce), Martiodrilus Michaelsen, 1936 (neuf espèces), Urobenus Benham, 1886 (une espèce), Atatina Righi, 1971 (une espèce), Neogaster Cernosvitov, 1934 (deux espèces), Omodeoscolex Csuzdi, 1993 (trois espèces), et un nouveau genre d’Ocnerodrilidae Beddard, 1891 que nous décrivons sous le nom de Guianodrilus Bartz & Decaëns n. gen. Nous discutons ensuite le déficit linnéen qui caractérise les vers de terre de Guyane ainsi que les implications taxonomiques de nos résultats.Intensive sampling of earthworms in French Guiana has been carried out for several years. The first published results have highlighted a very high regional diversity, a considerable geographical turnover in the composition of communities, as well as a very high proportion of species new to science. However, the work of describing these new species had not been undertaken until now. In this work, we present the results of the sampling carried out in March 2015 during the “Our Planet Reviewed” terrestrial expedition in the Mitaraka Range. We used an integrative taxonomy approach combining the use of DNA barcodes and morpho-anatomical characters, which allowed the identification of 31 species, nine of which were represented in our samples only by juveniles, and four of which corresponded to already known species (Nouraguesia parare Csuzdi & Pavlícek, 2011, Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1856), Dichogaster andina Cognetti de Martiis, 1904 and Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891)). The remaining 18 species were new to science and are described in this work. They belong to the genera Andiorrhinus Cognetti de Martiis, 1908 (one species), Martiodrilus Michaelsen, 1936 (nine species), Urobenus Benham, 1886 (one species), Atatina Righi, 1971 (one species), Neogaster Cernosvitov, 1934 (two species), Omodeoscolex Csuzdi, 1993 (three species), and a new genus of Ocnerodrilidae Beddard, 1891 which we describe as Guianodrilus Bartz & Decaëns, n. gen. We then discuss the Linnaean deficit that characterizes the earthworm fauna of French Guiana and the taxonomic implications of our results.</p
New species and records of <i>Zebragryllus</i> Desutter-Grandcolas & Cadena-Castañeda, 2014 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
No full textZebragryllus Desutter-Grandcolas & Cadena-Castañeda, 2014 is a Neotropical genus of field crickets that inhabits the leaf litter of the Amazon rainforest. The genus has six species and is characterized by the distinct ‘zebra’ pattern displayed by some of them. The species are recorded in French Guiana, Peru, and Colombia. Here, we describe two new species of the genus from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest, the first record of the genus for Brazil. We expand the records of Z. guianensis Desutter-Grandcolas, 2014 and Z. nouragui Desutter-Grandcolas, 2014 to Brazil. We also describe but do not name two females corresponding to two new species, provide an up-to-date key for species of Zebragryllus, and discuss the potential distribution for the genus.</p
On the Neotropical species of the spider genus <i>Tekellina</i> Levi, 1957 (Arachnida: Araneae: Synotaxidae)
No full textThe genus Tekellina Levi, 1957 is currently composed of ten species, six of which are Neotropical. They are small-sized spiders (0.9 to 1.5 mm), with a wide distribution, with a great diversity in the Neotropical Region and well represented in Brazil. In this article, males and females of the species Tekellina bella Marques & Buckup, 1993 and T. crica Marques & Buckup, 1993 are redescribed and illustrated. The female of Tekellina minor Marques & Buckup, 1993 is described and illustrated for the first time. New records are included for Neotropical species. Tekellina guaiba Marques & Buckup, 1993 is synonymized with T. pretiosa Marques & Buckup, 1993. Three new species are described for Brazil: Tekellina picurrucha Rodrigues & Estol sp. nov. (São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul), Tekellina miuda Rodrigues & Estol sp. nov. (São Paulo and Paraná) and Tekellina miudinha Rodrigues & Estol sp. nov. (São Paulo). Distribution maps with new records and an identification key of the Neotropical species are also presented.</p
Présence, perception et prévention de la fasciolose ovine aux XIII<sup>e</sup> et XIV<sup>e</sup> siècles
No full textLa fasciolose, ou douve du foie, est une maladie parasitaire du mouton responsable de fortes mortalités dans les troupeaux ovins, ce sans doute depuis le Néolithique. La plus ancienne description incontestable de l’affection est toutefois médiévale, et la fasciolose peut être identifiée dans trois traités agricoles de langue française des XIIIe et XIVe siècles : la Sénéschaucie (anonyme, Angleterre, c. 1270) ; la Hosebonderie de Walter of Henley (Angleterre, c. 1280) ; et Le bon bergier de Jean de Brie (Île-de-France, 1379). Si la « maladie des dauves » que décrit Jean de Brie a déjà fait l’objet de commentaires, la fasciolose semble en revanche n’avoir pas été reconnue dans les deux ouvrages anglo-normands, sans doute parce qu’elle n’y est jamais expressément nommée. Pourtant, leurs descriptions étiologiques et cliniques de la maladie, remarquablement claires, ne laissent aucun doute sur la pathologie en cause. Ces trois textes offrent ensemble un remarquable témoignage sur les capacités d’observation et d’interprétation par les auteurs médiévaux d’un phénomène pathologique complexe, impliquant non seulement leur cheptel domestique, mais également un ver parasite dont le cycle de vie n’a pu être élucidé qu’à la fin du XIXe siècle. Les conditions d’apparition de la maladie y sont correctement identifiées et les critères diagnostiques proposés, tant cliniques que nécropsiques, sont pour certains encore employés de nos jours. La Sénéschaucie va jusqu’à proposer un plan de gestion complexe de la maladie, avec une approche collective impliquant des abattages diagnostiques trisannuels semi-aléatoires, permettant de détecter la présence du pathogène dans l’effectif avant même l’apparition des premiers symptômes. Dans cet article, nous explorons à travers une première traduction française des passages anglo-normands la démarche scientifique adoptée par ces auteurs médiévaux, et confrontons leurs recommandations aux connaissances actuelles sur la douve du foie. En complément, nous présentons les résultats d’autres lignes d’analyse portant sur la fasciolose aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles : exploitation de comptes d’élevage et données archéologiques. Ainsi, ce manuscrit vise, à travers l’exemple de la douve, à mettre en évidence comment une observation empirique rigoureuse d’une maladie animale, portant sur des critères anatomiques, pathologiques et zoologiques, a permis de mitiger ses effets délétères sur l’économie de l’élevage médiéval.Fasciolosis, or liver fluke disease, is a parasitic ailment in sheep that has been responsible for significant mortality in flocks, likely since the Neolithic period. However, the earliest unequivocal description of this condition is medieval, with fasciolosis identified in three French-language agricultural treatises from the 13th and 14th centuries: the anonymous Sénéschaucie (England, c. 1270); the Hosebonderie by Walter of Henley (England, c. 1280); and Le bon bergier by Jean de Brie (Île-de-France, 1379). While the "disease of the dauves" described by Jean de Brie has been previously discussed, fasciolosis does not seem to have been recognized in the two Anglo-Norman works, perhaps because it is not explicitly named. Nevertheless, their etiological and clinical descriptions of the disease, remarkably clear, leave no doubt about the pathology involved. These three texts collectively provide remarkable evidence of the observational and interpretative skills of medieval authors regarding a complex pathological phenomenon, involving not only their domestic livestock but also a parasitic worm whose life cycle would only be elucidated in the late 19th century. The conditions for the onset of the disease are correctly identified, and the diagnostic criteria proposed, both clinical and necropsy-based, are still employed to some extent today. The Sénéschaucie goes so far as to propose a comprehensive management plan for the disease, with a collective approach involving semi-random diagnostic slaughters every three years, allowing the detection of the pathogen in the population even before the onset of initial symptoms. In this article, we explore, through a new French translation of the Anglo-Norman passages, the scientific approach adopted by these medieval authors and compare their recommendations with current knowledge on liver fluke disease. Additionally, we present results from other analytical approaches focusing on fasciolosis from the 13th to 14th centuries: the analysis of manorial accounts and of archaeological data. Thus, this manuscript aims, through the example of the liver fluke, to highlight how rigorous empirical observation of an animal disease, considering anatomical, pathological, and zoological criteria, helped mitigate its deleterious effects on medieval livestock economy.</p
Seed morphology of the paleotropical tribe Paropsieae (Passifloraceae, Malpighiales), and paleobotanical implications
No full textThe fossil record of the diverse subfamily Passifloroideae (>750 species and 17 genera) is relatively poor. Despite the distinctiveness of its leaves (glandular and often emarginate), most of the fossils from this group have been described from seeds. Fossil seeds have been recovered from Europe, and North and South America. A lack of information on seed morphology for all the genera and tribes of this subfamily has prevented a tribe-level identification of the fossils and a better understanding of their biogeographic patterns. The Passifloroideae is divided into three tribes: Passifloreae with 10 genera, Paropsieae with six genera and the monotypic Jongkindieae. This study provides new descriptions for 15 species from 5 genera from the mostly Afrotropical tribe Paropsieae based on herbarium material, and introduces an online seed database and a key for 100 species of Passifloroideae compiled from literature and direct observations. Our study shows a low morphological diversity among the seeds of Paropsieae in comparison to a much larger diversity within Passifloreae. Some rare morphologies are only present in Passifloreae and can be used to assign seeds to this tribe. Within the Paropsieae, Androsiphonia has seed that are very distinct from those in the other genera in the tribe and also from the rest of the subfamily. The genus Paropsia exhibits two main morphotypes, while the genera Barteria, Paropsiopsis and Smeathmannia have very similar seeds with a highly conserved morphology. These results suggest that living or fossil Paropsieae cannot be identified confidently based solely on seed characters.</p
A new highly apomorphic species of <I>Bujurquina</I> (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from a reverse flowing river in the Peruvian Amazon, with a key to the species in the genus
No full textBujurquina is the most widely distributed and species-rich genus of cichlids in the western Amazon of South America. In this study we describe a new species from Peru from a hypothesized reverse flowing river system. Prior to the origin of the modern Amazon River at 4.5 Ma, this river system had its headwaters on the Iquitos arch, one of several main structural arches (swells) in the Amazon. Prior to the origin of the modern Amazon these arches formed topographic barriers of drainage basins in lowland Amazonia. For our analyses we use morphological and molecular data, analyzed through multivariate statistics and molecular phylogenies, respectivelly. For all valid species in the genus (except B. cordemadi and B. pardus) we additionally for the first time provide photographs of live specimens. Based on DNA phylogeny and coloration patterns we demonstrate that Bujurquina is divided into two main clades and based on this we provide a dichotomous key for all the species
Integration or minimalism: twenty-one new species of ghost spiders (Anyphaenidae: <I>Anyphaena</I>) from Mexico
No full textThe rhythm of biodiversity loss vastly surpasses the number of new species described per year, with several taxa going extinct without us even knowing about their existence. After more than 250 years of traditional taxonomy, it is clear that the rate of biodiversity description and discovery needs to be improved. Molecular data has greatly increased the speed of species discovery and accuracy of taxonomic delimitation. Phenotypic documentation, although relatively slower, is still crucial to identify species and communicate taxonomic discoveries to a broader audience. Here, we integrate these data sources to describe a relatively large number of new species of the spider genus Anyphaena and look into its internal phylogenetic relationships. Our findings support the existence of several species groups within Anyphaena (as currently defined), but failed to recover the monophyly of this genus, suggesting a more comprehensive revision of its species groups and closely related anyphaenid genera is necessary. The 21 new species described here are: Anyphaena adnani sp. nov., A. bifurcata sp. nov., A. dulceae sp. nov., A. epicardia sp. nov., A. fernandae sp. nov., A. franciscoi sp. nov., A. ibarrai sp. nov., A. jimenezi sp. nov., A. megamedia sp. nov., A. miniducta sp. nov., A. natachae sp. nov., A. noctua sp. nov., A. porta sp. nov., A. quadrata sp. nov., A. rebecae sp. nov., A. salgueiroi sp. nov., A. sofiae sp. nov., A. stigma sp. nov., A. tonoi sp. nov., A. triangularis sp. nov. and A. urieli sp. nov
New record and new species of <I>Laubierpholoe</I> Pettibone, 1992 (Annelida, Sigalionidae) from the soft bottom of submarine caves near Marseille (Mediterranean Sea) with discussion on phylogeny and ecology of the genus
No full textA new species of Laubierpholoe Pettibone, 1992 (Annelida, Sigalionidae), Laubierpholoe massiliana Zhadan sp. nov., was found in two submarine caves near Marseille (France). This is the first record of the genus in the Mediterranean Sea. The new species differs from congeners by inhabiting soft sediments instead of having an interstitial lifestyle and by several morphological characters: the ventral tentacular cirri slightly shorter or of similar length to the dorsal tentacular cirri, the presence of bidentate neurochaetae, the body length, and the number of segments. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA sequences confirmed that the new species belongs to the genus Laubierpholoe, as well as the monophyly of the genus. The ecology of the new species and its adaptation to the cave-dwelling lifestyle are discussed. An identification key for all known species of Laubierpholoe is provided