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On three species of <i>Plexippoides</i> Prószyński, 1984 from Southwest, China (Araneae: Salticidae)
No full textA new species of Plexippoides Prószyński, 1984 is described from Southwest China: P. qiui sp. nov. (♂♀). Plexippoides cornutus Xie & Peng, 1993 and P. meniscatus Yang, Zhu & Song, 2006 are re-described. The unknown female of P. cornutus Xie & Peng, 1993 is described for the first time. Diagnostic photos and a distributional map for the studied specimens of these species are provided.</p
Two new species of <i>Trichomycterus</i> (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the Rio Itabapoana Basin, south-eastern Brazil
No full textStreams in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil are home to a great diversity of endemic freshwater fishes, but some fish groups are still poorly known. In the last 22 years, our field inventories have recorded some species of the mountain catfish genus Trichomycterus that are endemic to the Rio Itabapoana Basin, among which two were not still described. Herein, we provide formal descriptions for these two species. One of these species is a member of the NMM-clade of the subgenus Cryptocambeva and the other one belongs to the beta-clade of the subgenus Psammocambeva. Both species are diagnosed by an exclusive combination of character states of the external morphology and osteology. This study indicates that the number of endemic trichomycterine species in the Rio Itabapoana Basin, presently five, is larger than in any other small coastal river basin of the Atlantic Forest. A key for identification of species of Trichomycterus from this basin is provided. We discuss two factors that may be responsible for the relatively high concentration of trichomycterines in this basin: streams draining separate mountain ranges or possible past connections with two neighbouring larger basins, the Rio Doce and the Rio Paraíba do Sul basins.</p
Biodiversité des jardins de coraux bathyaux – portait d’un bryozoaire unisérié endémique de la chaine de monts sous-marins du sud des Açores : un banc d’essai évolutif ?
No full textSur les pentes de l’étage bathyal, les coraux scléractiniaires branchus produisent des constructions tridimensionnelles et des débris qui sont des substrats durs particulièrement favorables aux bryozoaires. Des prélèvements de « coraux d’eau froide », principalement Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758, récoltés sur six monts sous-marins au sud des Açores (South Azorean Seamount Chain : SASC) ont permis un réexamen approfondi d’un bryozoaire chéilostome encroûtant unisérié, Harmelinius uniserialis (Harmelin, 1978), qui a révélé des traits morphologiques inattendus. Contrairement à l’apparente simplicité de sa forme de croissance constituée par des chaînes ramifiées d’autozoïdes et de kénozoïdes vicariants, cette espèce présente une grande complexité structurale causée par différents types de polymorphes. Les kénozoïdes vicariants sont à la base d’une variation clinale incluant la partie distale kénozoïdale des autozoïdes ovicellés ou non, et cinq types différents d’aviculaires, attestée par un trait morphologique commun, minuscule et surprenant. L’origine commune des kénozoides et des aviculaires est une innovation chez les bryozoaires chéilostomes, apparemment sans débouchés évolutifs nets. Les fonctions de ces polymorphes ne sont pas claires, à l’exception des rôles d’organe de connectivité et de protection joués par les kénozoïdes intégrés aux autozoïdes. Les kénozoïdes vicariants sont supposés stocker des métabolites dans leur grande chambre pour les redistribuer par le réseau mésenchymateux. La fonction des différents aviculaires reste énigmatique, en particulier quand différents types sont bourgeonnés par le même autozoïde. Une fonction commune des cinq types d’aviculaires pourrait être le renouvellement de l’eau au niveau de la colonie, favorisant l’apport de particules nutritives. La grande fréquence de zoïdes réparés par bourgeonnement intramural et de fragments de colonies encore vivants, l’épaisseur des parois et la grande rareté des ovicelles et des ancestrules indiquent que les colonies ont une très longue durée de vie et un taux de reproduction très bas. Ces traits et le confinement des colonies dans la couche limite sur les substrats des constructions coralliennes ont pour effet une très faible dispersion des larves et un endémisme de cette espèce à une profondeur de 600-1500 m au sud des Açores sur la pente bathyale et les monts sous-marins (SASC). Plusieurs traits de H. uniserialis suggèrent que c’est une espèce relicte.On slopes of the bathyal zone, branched scleractinian corals produce three-dimensional constructions and rubble which provide hard substrates particularly suitable for encrusting bryozoans. Samples of “cold water corals”, mainly Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758, collected on six seamounts of the South Azorean Seamount Chain (SASC), allowed a close re-examination of a poorly-known uniserial encrusting cheilostome bryozoan, Harmelinius uniserialis (Harmelin, 1978), revealing unexpected morphological features. In contradistinction to the apparent simplicity of its colony shape formed by ramifying chains of autozooids and vicarious kenozooids, this species presents a great structural complexity shaped by different types of polymorphs. The vicarious kenozooids are the basis of a disparity cline including the distal kenozooidal part of ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids, and five differently-shaped adventitious avicularia, which is validated by a puzzling morphological trait (tiny porous knobs) shared by most of them. The common origin of kenozooids and avicularia represents an innovation among cheilostome bryozoans, apparently with little or hidden evolutionary development. The functions of these polymorphs are unclear except for a role as connecting tools and ooecial cover of kenozooids integrated with autozooids. Vicarious kenozooids are assumed to store metabolites in their large chamber and to dispatch them through the mesenchymatous network. The different types of avicularia, budded by the same colony and even by the same autozooid, might have a common role of water renewal at the colony surface, improving the supply of particulate food. The high frequency of processes of zooid repair by intramural budding and still living fragments of colony, the thickness of walls and the great rarity of both ovicells and ancestrulae indicate that colonies are particularly long-lived and have a very low reproduction rate. These features and the confinement of colonies within the boundary layer of substrates result in very limited larval dispersal and the endemism of this species to the 600-1500 m depth zone of the South Azorean Seamount Chain and the southern bathyal slope of the Azores. Several traits of H. uniserialis suggest that it may be a relict species
Désignation de néotype pour <i>Eurysomus soloduchi </i>Minich, 1992 et certaines preuves de durophagie chez les Platysomidae (Actinopterygii, Bobasatraniiformes) d’Europe de l’Est
No full textEurysomus soloduchi Minich, 1992 est un actinoptérygien au corps haut du Permien moyen de la Russie européenne, décrit par D. N. Esin. Malheureusement, les spécimens types sont perdus. Nous nommons le deuxième squelette connu d’E. soloduchi de la localité type comme néotype de cette espèce. Certaines caractéristiques non identifiées auparavant dans l’espèce sont décrites, et la dentition est décrite en détail pour la première fois. La morphologie d’E. soloduchi indique une position phylogénétique intermédiaire parmi les espèces du genre paraphylétique Platysomus Agassiz, 1833 car il présente des caractéristiques des ‘Platysomidae’ Young, 1866 (P. superbus Traquair, 1881, P. parvulus Williamson, 1849, P. striatus Agassiz, 1833) et des ‘Bobasatraniidae’ Stensiö, 1932 (P. gibbosus (Blainville, 1818), P. biarmicus Eichwald, 1857, P. swaffordae Mickle & Bader, 2009, P. schultzei Zidek, 1992). La mâchoire inférieure est haute et porte des dents molariformes à cuspides apicales. Toutes les dents présentent des traces d’usure in vivo. L’analyse de l’anatomie et de la dentition de la mâchoire indique qu’E. soloduchi était adapté à une habitude alimentaire durophage, mais nous supposons qu’il avait un régime alimentaire généraliste avec un fort élément de durophagie.Eurysomus soloduchi Minich, 1992 is a deep-bodied actinopterygian from the Middle Permian (Roadian) of European Russia, described by D. N. Esin. Unfortunately, the type specimen is lost. We nominate a second known skeleton of E. soloduchi from the type locality as a neotype of this species. Some features not previously identified in the species are described, and the dentition is described in detail for the first time. The morphology of E. soloduchi indicates a intermediate phylogenetic placement among species of paraphyletic genus Platysomus Agassiz, 1833 because it has features of both ‘Platysomidae’ Young, 1866 (P. superbus Traquair, 1881, P. parvulus Williamson, 1849, P. striatus Agassiz, 1833) and ‘Bobasatraniidae’ Stensiö, 1932 (P. gibbosus (Blainville, 1818), P. biarmicus Eichwald, 1857, P. swaffordae Mickle & Bader, 2009, P. schultzei Zidek, 1992). The lower jaw is deep and bears molariform teeth with apical cusps. All teeth have traces of in-vivo wear. The jaw anatomy and dentition indicates that E. soloduchi was adapted to a durophagous feeding habit, but we assume that it was a generalist feeder that could consume hard prey.</p
Le squelette de la main adulte d’<i>Homo naledi</i> montre la vie avant la naissance
No full textLa morphologie évolue au fil des modifications de la croissance et du développement, mais les inférences sur l’ontogenèse d’organismes disparus sont souvent limitées par des échantillons fossiles petits et fragmentaires. Les circonstances remarquables et la préservation du matériel d’Homo naledi Berger et al., 2015 provenant de Rising Star Cave, en Afrique du Sud, offrent un aperçu unique de la période prénatale de croissance et de développement. Nous nous concentrons ici sur ce qu’un squelette de main adulte presque complet d’H. naledi peut nous apprendre sur la formation de modèles embryonnaires. D’une part, il a été proposé que les longueurs proportionnelles des phalanges au sein d’un doigt soient établies par un mécanisme de réaction-diffusion qui peut être décrit mathématiquement par le modèle de la « cascade inhibitrice ». D’autre part, les longueurs proportionnelles des deuxième et quatrième doigts dépendent de l’exposition prénatale aux hormones sexuelles et peuvent servir de biomarqueur du comportement social. Considérée sous l’angle du développement, la main d’H. naledi suggère qu’un simple changement dans le développement aurait pu faciliter l’évolution de la dextérité manuelle chez les premiers hominidés. De plus, H. naledi présente le rapport le plus élevé entre le deuxième et le quatrième doigt de tous les hominines fossiles connus, ce qui peut refléter une agressivité réduite par rapport aux autres fossiles du genre Homo Linnaeus, 1758. La préservation remarquable du squelette de la main d’H. naledi offre une vision unique de la vie avant la naissance.Morphology evolves through modifications to growth and development, yet inferences about ontogeny of extinct organisms are often limited by small and fragmentary fossil samples. The remarkable circumstances and preservation of Homo naledi Berger et al., 2015 material from Rising Star Cave, South Africa allow unique insights into the prenatal period of growth and development. We focus here on what a nearly complete adult H. naledi hand skeleton can tell us about embryonic pattern formation. On the one hand, it has been proposed that the proportional lengths of phalanges within a digit are established by a reaction-diffusion mechanism that can be described mathematically by the “inhibitory cascade” model. On the other hand, the proportional lengths of the second and fourth digits are mediated by prenatal exposure to sex hormones, and may serve as a biomarker for social behavior. Viewed through the lens of development, the H. naledi hand suggests that a simple developmental shift could have facilitated the evolution of manual dexterity in early hominins. In addition, H. naledi presents the highest ratio of second to fourth digit of all known fossil hominins, which may reflect reduced aggression compared to other fossil Homo Linnaeus, 1758. The remarkable preservation of the H. naledi hand skeleton provides a unique view of life before birth.</p
Muricidae nouveaux (Mollusca: Gastropoda) du Cénozoïque d’Europe
No full textCet article présente de nouveaux Muricidae Rafinesque, 1815 du Cénozoïque d’Europe provenant principalement de différents bassins français (bassins de Paris, d’Aquitaine, de la Loire et de Normandie). Premièrement, 24 espèces sont décrites : Muricopsis pontileviensis n. sp., Muricopsis neraudeaui n. sp., Favartia jansseni n. sp., Dermomurex (Gracilimurex) ligerianus n. sp., Trubatsa ganensis n. sp., Trubatsa calviniacensis n. sp., Timbellus magnificus n. sp., Timbellus occidentalis n. sp., Timbellus calciacus n. sp., Timbellus longicanalis n. sp., Timbellus magnei n. name (pro Murex trigonus Rouault, 1850, non Gmelin, 1791), Timbellus sixi n. sp., Timbellus curvispina n. sp., Timbellus radulfiensis n. sp., Timbellus submicropterus n. sp., Ponderia remyi n. sp., Pterynotus (Pterymarchia) gaasensis n. sp., P. (Pterymarchia) pelouatensis n. sp., Textiliomurex chodmonensis n. sp., Flexopteron constantinense n. sp., F. liancurtense n. sp., Crassimurex (Pliocrassimurex) hirtus n. subgen., n. sp., Nucellopsis parisiensis n. sp. et Pronucellopsis pacaudi Merle, Ledon & Goret, n. gen., n. sp. Deuxièmement, quatre nouveaux genres et un nouveau sous-genre sont décrits : Paleochicoreus Merle, n. gen. (espèce type : Chicoreus (Phyllonotus) initialis Vokes, 1990), Beyregrex Merle, n. gen. (espèce type : Murex pereger Beyrich, 1854), Pseudotrophonopsis Merle, n. gen. (espèce type : Buccinum defossum Pilkington, 1804), Pronucellopsis Merle, n. gen. (espèce type : Pronucellopsis pacaudi Merle, Ledon & Goret, n. gen., n. sp.) et Crassimurex (Pliocrassimurex) n. subgen. (espèce type : Crassimurex (Pliocrassimurex) hirtus n. subgen., n. sp.) sont décrits. Troisièmement, se fondant sur une analyse phylogénétique, une nouvelle sous-famille est érigée pour un clade de genres fossiles : Nucellopsinae Merle, n. subfam. (genre type : Nucellopsis Merle, 2005c) incluant Pronucellopsis Merle, n. gen. et Nucellopsis. Enfin sont désignés un néotype pour Murex tripteroides Lamarck, 1822, Murex tricarinatus Lamarck, 1803, ainsi qu’un lectotype pour Murex fusoides Deshayes, 1865 et Murex sandbergeri (Hörnes, 1856).Les annexes de l\u27article sont disponibles sur MorphoBank : https://doi.org/10.7934/P5543This paper introduces new European Cenozoic muricids coming mainly from different French basins (Paris, Aquitaine, Loire and Normandy). Firstly, 24 species are described: Muricopsis pontileviensis n. sp., Muricopsis neraudeaui n. sp., Favartia jansseni n. sp., Dermomurex (Gracilimurex) ligerianus n. sp., Trubatsa ganensis n. sp., Trubatsa calviniacensis n. sp., Timbellus magnificus n. sp., Timbellus occidentalis n. sp., Timbellus calciacus n. sp., Timbellus longicanalis n. sp., Timbellus magnei n. name (for Murex trigonus Rouault, 1850, not Gmelin, 1791), Timbellus sixi n. sp., Timbellus curvispina n. sp., Timbellus radulfiensis n. sp., Timbellus submicropterus n. sp., Ponderia remyi n. sp., Pterynotus (Pterymarchia) gaasensis n. sp., P. (Pterymarchia) pelouatensis n. sp., Textiliomurex chodmonensis n. sp., Flexopteron constantinense n. sp., F. liancurtense n. sp., Crassimurex (Pliocrassimurex) hirtus n. subgen., n. sp., Nucellopsis parisiensis n. sp. and Pronucellopsis pacaudi Merle, Ledon & Goret, n. gen., n. sp. Secondly, four genera and one subgenus are described: Paleochicoreus Merle, n. gen. (type species: Chicoreus (Phyllonotus) initialis Vokes, 1990), Beyregrex Merle, n. gen. (type species: Murex pereger Beyrich, 1854), Pseudotrophonopsis Merle, n. gen. (type species: Buccinum defossum Pilkington, 1804), Pronucellopsis Merle, n. gen. (type species: Pronucellopsis pacaudi Merle, Ledon & Goret, n. gen., n. sp.) and Crassimurex (Pliocrassimurex) n. subgen. (type species: Crassimurex (Pliocrassimurex) hirtus n. subgen., n. sp.). Thirdly, based on a phylogenetic analysis one new subfamily is erected for a clade of fossil genera that are not closely related to extant subfamilies: Nucellopsinae Merle, n. subfam. (type genus: Nucellopsis Merle, 2005c) including Nucellopsis and Pronucellopsis Merle, n. gen. In addition, a neotype for Murex tripteroides Lamarck, 1822, Murex tricarinatus Lamarck, 1803 and a lectotype for Murex fusoides Deshayes, 1865 and Murex sandbergeri (Hörnes, 1856) are designated.The appendices to the article are available on MorphoBank: https://doi.org/10.7934/P5543</p
Revision of the New Zealand cave wētā genus <i>Isoplectron</i> Hutton (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae), with synonymy of <i>Petrotettix</i> Richards and <i>Setascutum</i> Richards, and the description of a new genus
No full textThe New Zealand cave wētā genus Isoplectron was first described by Hutton (1896) and included two species, Isoplectron armatum and I. calcaratum. Two more species, I. cochleatum and I. aciculatum, were described by Karny in 1935 and in 1937, respectively. The species I. cochleatum was later moved to the genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893. Here we clarify the status and appearance of all known species of Isoplectron, and of other closely related cave wētā. Based on morphology and mtDNA sequences we determine that the genera Petrotettix Richards, 1972 and Setascutum Richards, 1972, belong in Isoplectron, and are thus synonymised with the latter. We also infer that Isoplectron aciculatum Karny, 1937 does not hold species rank, and that it should be considered a subspecies of Isoplectron armatum instead. The male of Isoplectron pallidum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov. and the female of Isoplectron armatum aciculatum Karny, 1937 are described here for the first time. Using molecular data, we also establish that two new species that are morphologically similar to Isoplectron are in fact more closely related to Pharmacus. These species are assigned to a new genus, Praecantrix gen. nov. We describe seven new species and two new subspecies of New Zealand rhaphidophorids belonging to the genera Isoplectron Hutton, 1896 and Praecantrix: Isoplectron bicolor sp. nov., I. maculatum sp. nov., I. virgatum sp. nov., I. ferratum sp. nov., I. parallelum sp. nov., Praecantrix silvatica silvatica gen., sp. et subsp. nov., P. silvatica lutea gen., sp. et subsp. nov. and P. saxicola gen. et sp. nov. Species demoted to subspecies rank: Isoplectron aciculatum Karny, 1937 becomes Isoplectron armatum aciculatum Karny, 1937. New combinations: Setascutum pallidum Richards, 1972 becomes Isoplectron pallidum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov.; Petrotettix serratus Richards, 1972 becomes Isoplectron serratum (Richards, 1972) comb. nov. New synonyms: Isoplectron calcaratum Hutton, 1896 = Isoplectron armatum Hutton, 1896 syn. nov.; Setascutum ohauensis Richards, 1972 = Isoplectron armatum Hutton, 1896 syn. nov.; Petrotettix spinosus Richards, 1972 = Isoplectron serratum (Richards, 1972) syn. nov.; Petrotettix cupolaensis Richards, 1972 = Isoplectron serratum (Richards, 1972) syn. nov.; Petrotettix nigripes Richards, 1972 = Isoplectron serratum (Richards, 1972) syn. nov.</p
The Umboniinae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Trochidae) of New Caledonia, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species, plus an additional new species from the Bismarck Sea
No full textAll species of Umboniinae known to occur in New Caledonia are discussed (19 species, 8 new, belonging to 10 genera, 2 new) and a key to genera is provided. An additional new species is described from the Bismarck Sea. Nine species are perhaps endemic to New Caledonia. The diversity of the fauna is comparable to that of Japan and Australia, both regions of much greater extent and spanning a much broader latitudinal range. Ethalia lampra (Watson, 1880), previously known only from the original HMS Challenger material from Fiji, has been rediscovered in New Caledonia. Re-examination of the type material of Monilea apicina Gould, 1861 has led to a re-interpretation of the application of this name. Type specimens of a number of additional umboniine species examined for comparison are illustrated. Two new genera are proposed: Kanakina gen. nov. and Tylorhaphe gen. nov. Nine new species are described: Ethalia anomphala sp. nov., Ethminolia hickmanae sp. nov., Sericominolia porcata sp. nov., S. safrocincta sp. nov., Talopena maestratii sp. nov., Tylorhaphe alisae gen. et sp. nov., T. fritillaria gen. et sp. nov., T. luteopicta gen. et sp. nov. and T. wallacei gen. et sp. nov. Revised status: Talopena Iredale, 1918 is recognised as a full genus rather than a subgenus or synonym of Monilea Swainson, 1840. Minolia agapeta Melvill & Standen, 1896 is considered a distinct species, no longer to be regarded as a junior synonym of Monilea apicina Gould, 1861. Trochus (Monilea) lifuanus Fischer, 1878 is considered a distinct species, no longer to be regarded as a junior synonym of Monilea vernicosa Gould, 1861. New combinations: Monilea incerta Iredale, 1912 is reassigned to Talopena Iredale, 1918; Monilea apicina Gould, 1861, Monilea menkei A. Adams, 1855, Monilea philippii A. Adams, 1855, Pseudominolia tramieri Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006, Trochus belcheri Philippi, 1850, Trochus calyculus W. Wood, 1828, and Trochus (Monilea) masoni G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1874 are all referred to Talopena Iredale, 1918. Minolia glaphyrella Melvill & Standen, 1895 is transferred to Kanakina gen. nov. Type localities: Nouméa, New Caledonia is designated as the type locality for Trochus nucleus Philippi 1850; the type locality ‘Port Jackson’ originally given for Monilea apicina Gould, 1861 is considered erroneous and is emended to Lansdowne Bank. New records for New Caledonian marine ecoregion: Ethalia lampra (Watson, 1880), Talopena apicina (Gould, 1861) and ‘Talopena’ tramieri (Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006).</p
Three new species of the spider genus <i>Meotipa</i> Simon, 1895 from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (Araneae: Theridiidae)
No full textThree new species of Meotipa Simon, 1895 are described based on specimens collected from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China: Meotipa lingulata sp. nov. (female), M. pseudomultuma sp. nov. (both male and female) and M. tortuosa sp. nov. (both male and female). Detailed descriptions, photographs, line drawings, sequences of histone H3, and a distribution map of the three new species are provided.</p
A new species of <i>Ormyrus</i> Westwood (Hymenoptera, Ormyridae) developing in figs of <i>Ficus microcarpa</i> in Europe
No full textKnown by many names, the Chinese banyan (Ficus microcarpa L.) is a monoecious plant species originating from south-eastern Asia which has been introduced as an ornamental in numerous areas outside its native range, including the Mediterranean. Like every species of Ficus, it is associated with a series of chalcid wasp species, known as fig wasps. These species are distributed in the families Agaonidae, Epichrysomallidae, Eurytomidae, Ormyridae and Pteromalidae. In this publication, we describe a new species of Ormyrus Westwood, 1832 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Ormyridae), O. microcarpae Askew & Koutsoukos sp. nov., reared from figs of F. microcarpa collected from Greece and Cyprus. The new species is compared with O. lini and O. watshami. This species is likely to be a parasitoid of Meselatus bicolor Chen, 1999 (Hymenoptera, Epichrysomallidae). In addition, the previously unknown female of O. lini is also described and illustrated. This publication constitutes the first report of species of Ormyrus associated with figs in Europe.</p