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The role of broadcast media on community adaptation and mitigation of climate variability and change impacts in Iringa rural district, Tanzania
No full textMasters ThesisActions associated with building mitigation and adaptive capacity may include
communicating climate change information, building awareness of potential impacts,
maintaining well-being, protecting property or land, maintaining economic growth, and
exploiting new opportunities. Over the past two decades, radio has been the major
medium in rural areas of developing countries as a source of news and music. This study
was carried out to assess the role of broadcasting media on community adaptation and
mitigation to climate variability and change in Isimani Division simply because the
division is relatively most affected by drought due to environmental degradation. A
Cross-sectional research design was adopted and involved a sample size of 120
respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews and
Focus group discussions. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS). Binary logistic model confirmed that access and usage of broadcast
media had effect on farmers' adaptation and mitigation to climate variability and change.
However, low income, language barriers, unreliable broadcasting network low education
level, lack of environment related programmes; and lack of electricity were confirmed as
barriers to accessibility and usage of broadcasting media for adaptation and mitigation of
climate variability and change impacts. It is recommended that government should
reduce taxes imposed upon equipment for broadcasting media. Broadcast media should
be used to disseminate information on good farming practices as a measure of adapting
and mitigating to climate change
Understandings of climate change, climate-smart small scale agriculture and practices of climate-smart small scale agriculture as climate change adaptation in two Tanzanian districts: a case study of Kilosa and Chamwino districts
No full textProceedings of the International Conference on Reducing Climate Change Challenges through Forestry and Other Land Use Practices, 2014Employing over 70% of Tanzanians, many of them small-scale farmers earning less than US$ 1 per day, the agriculture sector is particularly vulnerable to climate change. While climate change undermines agricultural development in low income countries like Tanzania, globally, agriculture contributes 14% of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG). Agricultural practices like shifting cultivation; use of fire during farm preparation; use of synthetic fertilizers; forest clearance; higher tillage and livestock keeping are examples of agricultural techniques that are commonly practiced in Tanzania and that contribute to GHG emissions. The study was conducted from December 2012 to March 2013 in 8 villages of Chamwino and Kilosa Districts as well as amongst district and national-level stakeholders. The study was a part of implementation of the Climate Change, Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation (CCAP) project, a partnership initiative between Action Aid Tanzania, MJUMITA, MVIWATA, TFCG and TOAM. It aimed to document understanding of climate change and climate-smart small scale (C3S) agriculture, assess the current uptake of C3S agricultural practices and support of the government in adoption of C3S agriculture. The study used structured and semi structured interviews; key informant interviews; direct observations and reviewing of reports and grey literatures. The study found that: the level of understanding on climate smart, small-scale agriculture is low amongst most stakeholders; and few farmers in the study villages have adopted C3S agricultural techniques. Support by the district authority for C3S agriculture is also low in the study villages. Instead the district targets ‘modernising’ projects that benefit a few villages each year. The survey also found that the National Climate Change Steering Committee does not see that it is its role to promote policy harmonization in relation to C3S agricultureClimate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani
NAFORMA process and biophysical results
No full textAvailable in Proceedings of the International Conference on Reducing Climate Change Challenges through Forestry and Other Land Use Practices.Tanzania has undertaken a National Forest Inventory popularly known as National Forestry Resources Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA). The selected statistical framework was double sampling for stratification. All together there were 3,349 clusters and 32,000 plots. One quarter (ie. more than 800) of the clusters are permanent. In implementation NAFORMA measured a total of 30,773 plots out of which 25% are permanent for long-term monitoring. The remaining plots could not be accessed due to various reasons including remoteness, floods and bad terrain. Data were analyzed using locally available allometric functions and the literature. The total land area is 88,334,300 ha while the total growing stock is 3,322 million m3. NAFORMA biophysical results show that total forest area is estimated to be 48.1 million ha which is 54.4% of the total land area. The results are highly precise and as an example, the error estimate for forests and woodlands is below ten percent at 95% probability level indicating highly reliable volume estimates. The total Carbon in the living trees is 1,060.8 million tons. The major carbon sink is the woodland with 73.5% of the Tanzania mainland Carbon. TFS is committed to monitor her forests through re-measurements of the permanent sample plots established by NAFORMA. NAFORMA answers to the increasing need for forest resources data for national policy and international reporting addressing REDD and climate change as a whole.Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani
Vulnerability of rain-fed paddy producing households to climate change and variability: a case of North ‘B’ District, Unguja
No full textMSc- Thesis in Management of Natural Resources for Sustainable AgricultureClimate change and variability is one of great challenges facing households in Tanzania. The main objective of this study was to evaluate vulnerability of farm households engaged in rain-fed paddy production to climate change and variability in Zanzibar’s North ‘B’ District. Specifically, the study aimed at determining farm households vulnerability to the effect of climate change and variability; examining the temperature and rainfall trend and to determine factors affecting paddy production. Primary data was collected using pre-structured questionnaires and focus groups discussions. Secondary data for climate were collected from the Tanzania Meteorological Agency office (TMA). The livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) was used to analyse households’ vulnerability; the climatic data were analysed using the MAKESENS model and multiple linear regression was used to analyse factors affecting paddy production. Results show that the overall LVI score for both Shehias was 0.47 while the LVI-IPCC was 0.080, indicating that households in the study area were most vulnerable with (LVI) while moderately vulnerable under the (LVI-IPCC). With respect to rainfall, results were not statistical significant but with the negative slopes for annual and seasonal precipitation. The average surface maximum and minimum temperatures for January-February were found to be statistically significant (p<0.005) with positive slope. Examination of factors influencing paddy production showed that cultivated land size, labour and type of fertilizer used were statistical significant. The study concludes that, decreasing of rainfall and increasing of maximum and minimum temperature are matter of concern and the effect of climate changes appears to take its toll with enormous implications in farm management. This is in terms of inconsistency rainfall patterns. It is recommended that, the government should pay more attention to the other methods like irrigation used by rain fed farm households in adapting the effect of climate change and variability
Tanzanian rangelands in a changing climate: impacts, adaptations and mitigation
No full textThis article is available at http://www.netjournals.orgLivestock are central to the livelihoods of Tanzanians who rely on them for income via sales of milk, meat,
skins and draught power. Owning livestock is amongst the ways in which many Tanzanians could diversify
their risks, increase assets and improve their resilience to changes in climate. Though local coping
strategies can deal with shocks in the short-term, they are hardly able to cope with more frequent and
severe climate events. Observably, temperature, rainfall and atmospheric CO2 concentration interact with
grazing and land cover change to influence rangeland quality and composition. Increased temperature
increases drought stress and tissue lignifications in plants and, consequently, affects their digestibility and
decomposition rate. Increased temperature and lower rainfall also increases vegetation flammability
resulting in a shift in species composition due to increased fire frequency. Literature indicates that, Tanzania
rangelands receiving between 400 and 1000 mm of rain per year (e.g. Kongwa, Monduli, Kiteto, Simanjiro,
Ngorongoro, Babati, Hanang, Mbulu and Karatu) have greatest impact on climate change on surface
drainage. A 10% drop in rainfall of 1000 mm per year in a rangeland results in a decline in surface drainage
of only 17%, while in areas of 500 mm per year will result in a 50% decline. Interventions such as controlled
animal stocking rates, sustainable yield and use of good pasture will lessen the negative impacts of climate
change on rangelands. Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions on rangelands include
maintaining or increasing carbon sequestration through better soil management and reducing methane
production by altering animal management practices on rangelands. There is a need to focus on enabling
herd mobility through securing better access to water resources, land use planning, and improve early
warning systems and supporting a diversification of livelihood
Modeling the impact of climate change on the dynamics of Rift Valley Fever
No full textThis article is also available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/627586A deterministic SEIR model of rift valley fever (RVF) with climate change parameters was considered to compute the basic
reproduction number R0 and investigate the impact of temperature and precipitation on R0. To study the effect of model
parameters to R0, sensitivity and elasticity analysis of R0 were performed. When temperature and precipitation effects are not
considered,R0 is more sensitive to the expected number of infected Aedes spp. due to one infected livestock andmore elastic to the
expected number of infected livestock due to one infected Aedes spp.When climatic data are used,R0 is found to bemore sensitive
and elastic to the expected number of infected eggs laid by Aedes spp. via transovarial transmission, followed by the expected
number of infected livestock due to one infected Aedes spp. and the expected number of infected Aedes spp. due to one infected
livestock for both regions Arusha and Dodoma. These results call for attention to parameters regarding incubation period, the
adequate contact rate of Aedes spp. and livestock, the infective periods of livestock and Aedes spp., and the vertical transmission in
Aedes species.TanzaniaMeteorological Agency (TMA),University of Iringa, and Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST
Economics of climate change adaptation in smallholder rice production systems in Wami-Ruvu Basin, Tanzania
No full textMSc-Thesis in AgribusinessThe aim of this study was to assess the economics of climate change adaptation in smallholder rice production systems. The study covered three smallholder rice production systems including irrigation, rainwater harvesting system and upland rainfed rice systems in Mvomero and Morogoro rural Districts. The specific objectives were: (i) To assess the perceptions of farmers on climate change impacts in different rice production systems, (ii) To analyse the determinants of rice productivity and profitability on land; (iii) To estimate the impact of climate change on net revenue from rice enterprise under different emission scenarios and iv) To estimate the costs and benefits of adaptations strategies in different rice production systems. The data for this study were collected using a structured household questionnaire that was administered to a random sample of 150 households composed of equal sub-samples from the three rice production systems. Descriptive and quantitative methods were used to analyze the data. Likert scale, an average production function based on Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation approach, Regression-based prediction and cost-benefits analysis were used in data analysis. Results indicated that smallholder farmers were aware of the impact of climate change by contributing to crop infestation and diseases, higher food costs and low yields. Irrigation was identified as the most preferable adaptation having higher net present value of Tshs 12 491 951/ha followed by rainwater harvesting Tshs 2 665 769 /ha and rainfed Tshs 1 199 253/ha. The cost-benefit ratios were 1.22; 1.14 and 1.16 in irrigated, rainfed and rain water harvesting systems, respectively. Therefore, the government and other private institutions should invest more in irrigation as it tends to boost up production during drought period or when there is low rainfall
Analysis of structure and diversity of the Kilengwe forest in the Morogoro region, Tanzania
No full textThe document is also available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/516840This study investigates the structure, species composition, and diversity of a section of the Kilengwe Forest in Tanzania. In order to
accomplish the proposed objectives, 18 plots of 20m× 20mwere randomly established in the forest and the number of tree species
in each plot was identified and counted. The most important families and species were determined using importance value indices
at the respective taxonomic levels. Diversity was measured using the Shannon-Wiener and Fisher alpha diversity indices. A total
of 276 stems/ha representing 93 species/ha within 26 families were documented from 0.72 ha. Fabaceae and Julbernadia globiflora
were the dominant family and species, respectively. Seventy-eight percent of the total species were rare.The average basal area of
the forest was 7.1m2/ha. The Shannon-Wiener index (4.02) and Fisher’s alpha diversity (35.5) indicated high species diversity within
the forest. The species-area and species-abundance curves revealed an escalating trend implying that more sampling efforts could
result in a higher number of species existing in the forest. The size class distribution displayed a reverse J-shaped pattern; however,
the larger size classes DBH >50 cm were not represented.The study suggests the necessity for anthropogenic disturbance control
as this is the major source of forest degradation in the studied area.Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD
Economic value of agricultural land for community livelihoods within the context of REDD+
No full textAvailable at www.sciencedomain.orgA study was carried out in two villages of Mughunga and Pohama in Singida Rural District, central Tanzania, to assess the economic value of agricultural land for community livelihoods within the context of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Market price valuation method was used to assess the economic value of agricultural land. Findings showed that a good number of people in both villages depend on agriculture (96.4%) and livestock keeping (90.1%) for their livelihoods. The economic value of agriculture land was revealed to be 35,871,750 and 49,259,382Tsh per acre for Mughunga and Pohama villages respectively, with high contribution from sunflower, followed by sorghum and maize crops. The study results revealed lower economic value, mainly of food crops such as maize and bulrush millet. This implicates changes in the agricultural land as these crops were valued high in the past. The major reasons for such changes include decline in agricultural production and increased pressure for land resources. For sustainability of agricultural land in the study area, efforts need to be scaled up towards conservation of agricultural land by all parties, that is, communities, government and private entities.Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani
The cost of managing forest carbon under REDD+ initiatives: a case of Kolo hills forests in Kondoa District, Dodoma, Tanzania
No full textThis article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/920964Countries considering participating in a REDD+ mechanism need information on what it would cost them to reduce emissions
fromdeforestation and forest degradation. This study was conducted to estimate the cost ofmanaging forest carbon under REDD+
initiatives in Kolo Hills Forest, Kondoa, Tanzania. Socioeconomic and biophysical information was collected through structured
questionnaires, focus group discussions, and forest inventory, respectively. Results show that the community participated in
managing the forest by undertaking a range of activities such as tree planting, patrolling, and fire protection.The estimated total
cost was USD 418,349.38 while the average cost was USD 79.06/ha.The average carbon stored was 19.75 tC ha−1, which is equivalent
to 72.48 tCO2 ha−1. Costs incurred by managing the forest in relation to tCO2 stored were USD 1.0485 tCO2 e−1ha−1. The project
was found to be economically feasible at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% discount rates withNPVs ofUSD107,102,331.83,USD33,986,255.86,
USD 10,312,945, and USD 1,245,905.11, respectively. The internal rate of return was 21.21% which is much higher than the World
Bank rate of 15.8% and the Tanzania rate of 14.8%. We therefore conclude that the decision to undertake this REDD+ project was
worthwhile and should be favoured against the “do nothing” alternative.The Norwegian Government through a Programme on Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation for Tanzani